人垂体瘤转化基因在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达

目的 从mRNA和蛋白质水平探讨人垂体瘤转化基因（hPTTG）表达和非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的关系，为肺癌基因诊断和基因治疗的研究提供理论依据。方法 应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测38例肺癌组织和癌旁正常肺组织中hPTTG mRNA的表达，再应用免疫组织化学方法和Western blot检测肺癌组织中hPTTG蛋白的表达，同时对实验对象进行随访资料生存分析，绘制生存率曲线，探讨与肺癌患者生存时间的关系。结果 RT-PCR显示肺癌组织中hPTTG mRNA表达明显高于癌旁正常肺组织（P〈0．05），不同类型和不同分化程度肺癌组织中hPTTG mRNA水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），Ⅲ期肺癌组织中hPTTG mRNA表达明显高于Ⅰ期＋Ⅱ期（P〈0．05）；免疫组织化学显示肺癌组织中hPTTG蛋白表达明显高于癌旁正常肺组织（P〈0．05）；腺癌组织中hPTTG蛋白表达高于鳞癌组织；Western blot显示肺癌组织中hPTTG蛋白表达明显高于癌旁正常肺组织；生存分析方法显示hPTTG mRNA高表达者生存时间短于低／无表达者（P〈0．05，n=36）；用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法观察生长曲线检测数据表明hPTTG的反义RNA表达载体转染组细胞的增殖明显比对照组细胞和空载体转染组细胞缓慢。结论 hPTTG表达增加与NSCLC发生、发展、浸润及转移有关，可作为判断NSCLC生物学行为的参考指标；hPTTG的反义RNA表达载体对SPC-A1肺癌细胞株的生长具有一定的抑制作用。     

细胞外信号调节激酶在胃癌中的过表达与胃癌的恶性潜能相关

目的 探讨胃癌中细胞外信号调节激酶ERK－1和ERK－2蛋白的表达与活性及其与胃癌临床病理因素的关系。方法 用固定化蛋白质印迹法检测42例胃癌及邻近正常胃粘膜中ERK-1和ERK－2蛋白及磷酸化ERK（P－ERK）的表达;免疫组织化学法分析其在细胞内的定位。结果 胃癌中ERK－1和ERK－2的蛋白表达水平明显高于正常胃粘膜（P＜0．01） ;ERK蛋白表达水平与肿瘤大小及组织学分化无关（P＞0．05）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌中ERK－1和ERK－2蛋白表达水平高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌（P＜0．05）;有淋巴结转移胃癌中ERK－1和ERK－2蛋白表达水平高于无淋巴结转移胃癌（P＜0．05）;侵犯浆膜胃癌中ERK－1和ERK－2蛋白表达水平高于无浆膜侵犯的胃癌（P＜0．05）;ERK－1与ERK－2蛋白在胃癌中的表达阳性呈正相关（r=0.550,P＜0．01）。ERK－1和ERK－2的蛋白表达水平与P－ERK表达水平一致。ERK蛋白主要表达于细胞浆,胃癌组织中的表达量明显高于癌旁正常胃粘膜。结论 ERK－1和ERK－2蛋白的过表达可能在胃癌的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用,与胃癌TNM分期、浆膜侵犯及淋巴结转移有关。     

促血管生成素家族在大肠腺癌中的表达及与微血管密度和临床病理特征的关系

目的 探讨促血管生成素-1（Ang-1）、促血管生成素-2（Ang-2）、促血管生成素受体（Tie-2）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在大肠腺癌及癌旁正常组织中的表达，及与微血管密度（MVD）和临床病理特征的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie-2及VEGF在45例大肠腺癌及10例癌旁正常组织中的表达。结果 大肠腺癌组织中的Ang-2蛋白及VEGF蛋白明显高于癌旁正常组织（P〈0．01），腺癌的分化程度越低，Ang-2及VEGF蛋白的表达率越高（P〈0．05），Ang-2与VEGF蛋白的表达存在明显正相关性（r=0．997，P〈0．01）；大肠腺癌组织中的Ang-1蛋白明显低于癌旁正常组织（P〈0．01），腺癌的分化程度越高，Ang-1蛋白的表达率越高（P〈0．05）；Tie-2蛋白在大肠腺癌和癌旁正常组织中的表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。大肠腺癌的分化程度越低，MVD越高（P〈0．05），腺癌组织中Ang-1蛋白阳性表达组MVD明显低于阴性表达组（P〈0．01），Ang-2蛋白阳性表达组MVD明显高于阴性表达组（P〈0．01）。≥5cm及有淋巴结转移的大肠腺癌组织中，Ang-2蛋白的表达明显增加（x^2=8．889，P〈0．01；x^2=10．020，P〈0．01）。结论 在大肠腺癌组织中，相对Ang-1占优势的Ang-2的过度表达，可能在肿瘤的血管生成和进展过程中起着重要作用。     

非小细胞肺癌Survivin和Skp2的表达及其临床意义

目的检测Survivin和Skp2蛋白在非小细胞肺癌中的表达,探讨其相互关系及临床意义。方法用实时定量PCR的方法检测30例非小细胞肺癌组织及其对应的癌旁组织中survivin mRNA的表达,应用免疫组织化学法检测50例非小细胞肺癌组织中Survivin和Skp2的表达,统计Survivin与病理特征及Skp2的关系。结果 76.7%（23/30）肿瘤组织survivin mRNA表达量明显高于对应的癌旁组织。Survivin蛋白在癌组织的阳性表达率（74.0%）显著高于癌旁组织（16.7%）,χ2=25.9,P〈0.001。Skp2在非小细胞肺癌组织中的阳性表达率（70.0%）也显著高于癌旁组织（20.0%）,χ2=18.8,P〈0.001）。Survivin表达与非小细胞肺癌的病理类型、分化程度、肿瘤分期以及是否有淋巴结转移无统计学意义的相关性（P〉0.05）。Survivin表达与Skp2表达呈正相关（χ2=8.32,P〈0.05）。结论 Survivin在肺癌组织中高表达,其阳性表达率与肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤分期、细胞分化程度和淋巴结转移无明显相关性,与Skp2表达呈正相关。     

非小细胞肺癌患者中B细胞淋巴瘤-2、人体第二表皮生长因子受体蛋白表达的比较研究

目的 研究非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者B细胞淋巴瘤-2（Bcl-2）、人体第二表皮生长因子受体（Her-2）蛋白的表达情况及临床意义.方法 应用组织芯片、免疫组化技术检测208例NSCLC患者的肿瘤组织、150例癌旁组织以及17例良性肺疾病肺组织中的Bcl-2、Her-2蛋白的表达情况.结果 ①NSCLC癌组织中Bcl-2蛋白表达率明显高于癌旁组织及肺良性疾病肺组织（ P〈0.05）;Bcl-2蛋白表达水平与NSCLC临床分期及淋巴结转移有相关性（P〈0．05）.②NSCLC癌组织中Her-2蛋白的表达率明显高于癌旁组织及肺良性疾病肺组织（P〈0.05）;Her-2蛋白表达水平与NSCLC分化程度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）.结论 ①Bcl-2、Her-2蛋白在NSCLC组织中均高表达,提示Bcl-2及Her-2基因的表达异常与NSCLC的发生发展密切相关;②Bcl-2蛋白表达程度与NSCLC的临床分期及淋巴结转移有关,Her-2蛋白表达程度与NSCLC的分化程度有关,提示两者均与肿瘤恶性生物学行为密切相关.     

p27kip1及相关分子skp2在人肝癌组织中的表达变化

目的探讨细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制蛋白27（p27^kip1）和细胞S相激酶相关蛋白2（skp2）表达与人肝癌发生的关系。方法用免疫组织化学SP法检测62例肝癌组织中p27^kip1、skp2蛋白的表达，并与22例癌旁正常肝组织作对比。结果p27^kip1蛋白阳性表达率在肝癌中为46．77％，而癌旁肝组织中为95．45％（P〈0．01）。skp2蛋白阳性表达率在肝癌中为32．26％，而癌旁正常肝组织中为13．64％（P〈0．05）。p27^kip1、skp2蛋白在肝癌中的表达呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论p27^kip1、skp2蛋白检测有助于肝癌的临床诊断及判断预后。     

载脂蛋白M在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床病理相关性

目的探讨载脂蛋白M（apoM）在结直肠癌组织中表达水平的变化及其临床相关性。方法采用荧光定量PCR检测20例结直肠癌组织及其癌旁组织中apoM的mRNA表达：采用免疫组织化学方法检测7例正常肠黏膜、6例肠炎组织、10例肠息肉、20例结直肠癌及其癌旁组织中apoM的蛋白表达水平。结果apoMmRNA在结直肠癌组织和癌旁组织中均有表达．前者相对表达量显著低于后者（0．05±0．01比0．19±0．05,P〈0．05）。无淋巴结转移者apoMmRNA表达水平显著低于有淋巴结转移者（P〈0．01）。结直肠癌组织中apoM蛋白表达中位分值为5．50．显著低于癌旁组织（10．5,P〈0．05）、肠炎组织（9．75,P〈0．05）、肠息肉组织（11．0,P〈0．01）及正常黏膜组织（10．5,P〈0．05）。未见结肠癌组织中apoM蛋白水平与患者临床病理特征有关（P〉0．05）。结论载脂蛋白apoM在肠癌组织中的mRNA及蛋白水平较正常组织及良性病变组织显著降低。结直肠癌组织中apoMmRNA表达水平与淋巴结转移有关。     

SFRP1和SFRP2在肾细胞癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨wnt信号通路拮抗剂分泌型卷曲相关蛋白1（SFRPl）和分泌型卷曲相关蛋白2（SFRP2）在肾细胞癌组织中的表达及其意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法对55例肾细胞癌组织及15例癌旁正常肾组织的SFRPl、SFRP2表达情况进行检测,初步探讨两者与肾细胞癌生物学特性的关系。结果：SFRPI和SFRP2在癌旁肾组织中较肾细胞癌组织明显增高（P〈0．01）。SFRPl和SFRP2阳性表达率在不同组织学类型的肾细胞癌中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。SFRPl和SFRP2表达主要与病理分期、肿瘤细胞分级有关（P〈0．05）,而与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤直径及临床表现无关（P〉O．05）。在肾细胞癌中,SFRPl与SFRP2表达具有相关性。应用Spearman相关检验分析得出：SFRPl表达与SFRP2表达呈正相关（r=0．392,P=0．003）。结论：wnt信号通路拮抗剂SFRPl和SFRP2在RCC中表达下调或减弱,SFRPl、SFRP2可能为预防RCC及RCC早期诊断和预后评估提供新思路。     

Survivin和Vimentin在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨凋亡蛋白抑制因子生存素（Survivin）和波形蛋白（Vimentin）在肾透明细胞癌（clearcellrenalcellcarcinoma,ccRCC）中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测56例ccRCC、25例癌旁组织及13例正常肾组织中Survivin和Vimentin的表达及定位情况。结果Survivin在肾透明细胞癌中高表达,而在癌旁及正常组织中未见表达;其表达与ccRCC临床分期及病理分级呈正相关,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。Vimentin在正常肾组织及癌旁组织中亦未见表达,而在肾透明细胞癌中高表达,且与临床分期及病理分级呈正相关,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。并且两个因子的表达呈显著正相关（r=0．566,P〈0．01）。结论Survivin和Vimentin在ccRCC组织中高表达,共同促进了ccRCC的发生、发展、侵袭与转移,联合两因子检测可为ccRCC的预后评估提供重要的信息。     

CUG结合蛋白1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及与预后的关系

目的探讨非小细胞型肺癌组织中CUG结合蛋白1（CUGBP1）mRNA及蛋白的表达以及与预后的关系。方法选取2009年7月至2011年4月在青岛大学附属医院胸外科接受手术治疗的57例非小细胞型肺癌患者,男32例,女25例;年龄43～74（60．6±8．9）岁。通过半定量逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）及免疫组织化学技术检测癌组织及周围正常组织CUGBP1的基因和蛋白表达情况。所有患者术后每2个月电话随访1次,采用肿瘤进展时间（TTP）作为观察评估指标,分析CUGBP1 mRNA及临床病理各指标与预后的关系。采用χ^2检验对CUGBP1 mRNA及蛋白的表达进行统计分析,采用COX单因素及多因素分析CUGBP1 mRNA对于肺癌预后的意义。结果CUGBP1 mRNA及CUGBP1蛋白在肺癌组织中高表达,并且与TNM分期及分化密切相关。通过单因素及多因素分析,CUGBP1 mRNA[P=0．0074,HR=3．701,95％CI（1．420,9．648）]、TNM分期[P〈0．0001,HR=4．043,95％CI（2．098,7．794）]及年龄（P=0．0018,HR=3．207,95％CI（1．544,6．664）]可以作为非小细胞肺癌患者的独立预后因素。结论CUGBP1 mRNA及蛋白在肺癌组织中高表达。作为非小细胞肺癌患者的独立预后因素,CUGBP1 mRNA高表达患者预后较差。     

激活态雪旺细胞信号转导通路的初步研究

目的培养、鉴定激活态的雪旺细胞，探索激活态雪旺细胞信号转导通路。方法用改良成年sD大鼠雪旺细胞培养法激活态的雪旺细胞，S-100染色鉴定，Western Blot法测定ERK1／2水平，初步探索激活态雪旺细胞的信号转导通路。结果光镜下激活态雪旺细胞和正常态的雪旺细胞形态上无差异，S-100染色均为阳性，Western Blot法检测细胞内的ERK1／2水平无明显的差异，但P-ERK1／2水平两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。这可能是雪旺细胞被激活的一个关键。结论激活态雪旺细胞和正常态雪旺细胞是同一细胞的二种不同存在的状态，有活性的P-ERK1／2水平的升高可能是雪旺细胞激活的关键。对于激活态雪旺细胞完整的信号转导通路尚需要进一步研究。     

The effect of nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on Ets-1 and Ets-2 expression in head and neck cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND: The protooncogenes Ets-1 and Ets-2 are involved in carcinogenesis of different tumors. Nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, has antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. The question arises whether nimesulide influences Ets-1 and Ets-2 synthesis in head and neck tumors. METHODS: Expression of Ets-1 and Ets-2 was analyzed in tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. The influence of nimesulide and an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor on cell proliferation of two head and neck cancer cell lines and Ets-1 and Ets-2 expression was determined by automated cell counting and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed a high expression of Ets-1 and Ets-2 in tumor tissues. In both cell lines, Ets-1 and Ets-2 expression were reduced after 24 and 48 hours by nimesulide. CONCLUSION: Both Ets-1 and Ets-2 are overexpressed in head and neck cancer specimens. Inhibition of Ets-1 and Ets-2 expression in head and neck cancer cell lines by nimesulide might explain the proapoptotic property of this COX-2 inhibitor.     

索拉菲尼对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖、凋亡和P-ERK表达的影响

目的：探讨多分子靶向药物索拉菲尼（sorafenib）对体外人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖、凋亡的影响及对癌细胞P-ERK表达的影响,并探讨其可能机制。 方法：以MTT法检测索拉菲尼对SGC-7901细胞的杀伤抑制作用;免疫细胞化学法检测胃癌细胞内P-ERK蛋白的表达;流式细胞仪检测胃癌细胞凋亡的变化情况。 结果：索拉菲尼对胃癌细胞生长增殖具有抑制作用,随药物浓度的增加作用也增强,呈剂量—时间双效应关系(P<0.05);经索拉菲尼处理的SGC-7901细胞的P-ERK表达明显下降(P<0.05);细胞凋亡率增高(P<0.05)。 结论：sorafenib在体外对SGC-7901细胞具有明显的抑制作用,主要机制为抑制其P-ERK表达,从而抑制其增殖和促进凋亡。     

ITGB1通过激活MAPK/ERK通路促进前列腺癌细胞侵袭

目的 研究ITGB1基因在前列腺癌中的表达情况及对前列腺癌细胞侵袭行为的影响和可能作用机制.方法 实时荧光定量PCR检测ITGB1在前列腺癌标本和前列腺癌细胞株PC3和LNCaP中的表达水平.设计小干扰RNA干扰ITGB1的表达,观察干扰效率以及干扰后对前列腺癌PC3和LNCaP细胞的迁移和侵袭能力的影响.结果 ITGB1 mRNA在前列腺癌标本中表达水平上调(t =5.12,P＜0.05),在前列腺癌细胞株LNCaP和PC3中表达水平也较正常前列腺上皮高(P＜0.01).siRNA成功干扰ITGB1表达后,划痕实验显示,前列腺癌Lncap和PC3细胞迁移能力显著下降.Transwell侵袭实验显示干扰ITGB1后,前列腺癌细胞的侵袭能力较对照组也显著下降.GCBI基因网络分析显示,ITGB1与MAPK通路具有显著相关性.进一步行蛋白质免疫印迹杂交实验显示,干扰ITGB1后,MAPK通路中ERK蛋白和磷酸化的ERK的蛋白表达下降,并且下游MMP9蛋白水平也呈现下降.结论 ITGB1通过激活MAPK信号通路,促进前列腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭.     

Androgen receptor pathway in rats with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Androgens have been implicated in mediating disease escalation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an agonist, and flutamide (FLT), an antagonist, were administered to Han:SPRD rats with ADPKD, and the role of androgen receptor (AR) abundance and activation on the enlargement and function of cystic kidneys was evaluated. Renal AR abundance determined by immunoblots in 8- to 10-wk-old Cy/+ male rats was naturally increased four-fold above that of littermate +/+ controls. In male Cy/+, castration decreased AR abundance below control +/+ by -89.4%, and AR expression within cyst mural epithelial cells was strikingly decreased. Castration of Cy/+ male rats also reduced the usual increases in kidney weight by -49.7%, kidney cyst area by -34.0%, and serum urea nitrogen by -72.8%; these indices were restored to precastration levels by DHT. In Cy/+ male rats, FLT administration reduced the increase in kidney weight by -27.6% and serum urea nitrogen by -53.7% and decreased the increment in AR expression by -84.2% in comparison with untreated +/+ controls. There was no effect of FLT in female rats. Immunoblot expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (P-ERK) and B-Raf, key intermediates in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that are abnormally elevated in Cy/+, was unaffected by castration and/or administration of DHT or FLT. AR was not expressed in renal epithelial cell nuclei of androgen-deficient rats but was displayed in most tubule and mural cyst cell nuclei of androgen-replete rats. In androgen-deficient Cy/+, 80.6% of renal epithelial cells that had entered the cell cycle (proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive) also expressed P-ERK. In androgen-replete rats, proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells co-expressed AR (12.7%), P-ERK (36.4%), and P-ERK + AR (45.0%); 5.9% were probably stimulated by other mitogenic mechanisms. It is concluded that androgens potentiate renal cell proliferation and cyst enlargement through ERK1/2-dependent and ERK1/2-independent signaling mechanisms in Han:SPRD. It is suggested that the basal rate of cell proliferation is determined by ERK1/2 signaling to a major extent and that androgens have additive effects.     

Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases in human renal dysplasia

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is developmentally regulated. Dysregulation of MAPKs may lead to kidney malformation. Thus, we investigated the expression of MAPKs in human renal dysplasia, one of the most common kidney malformations. METHODS: Prenatal (gestational ages 20 to 36 weeks, N = 6) and postnatal (2 years old, N = 1) dysplastic kidneys, and normal kidneys (gestational ages 19 to 34 weeks, N = 4) were examined. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-MAPKs (P-MAPKs), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL method. RESULTS: In dysplastic kidneys, proliferation was prominent in dysplastic tubules and also found in cyst epithelia. TUNEL staining was detected in dysplastic tubules and cysts, and occasionally in undifferentiated cells. p38 and anti-phospho-p38 (P-p38) were strongly expressed in dysplastic epithelia, but not detected in normal kidneys at any stage examined. On the other hand, JNK and P-JNK were positive in tubular epithelia of normal kidneys, whereas their expression was barely detectable in dysplastic tubules and cysts. ERK was expressed in all tubular segments, and P-ERK was detected in distal tubules and collecting ducts of normal kidneys. Dysplastic kidney epithelia stained exclusively positive for ERK and P-ERK. CONCLUSIONS: p38 is ectopically expressed, and JNK is down-regulated in dysplastic kidney epithelia. Furthermore, dysplastic epithelia are exclusively positive for ERK and P-ERK. Activated p38 and ERK may mediate hyperproliferation of dysplastic tubules resulting in cyst formation, whereas down-regulated JNK expression may be the cause or the result of an undifferentiated state of dysplastic epithelia.     

Histological determinants of survival in completely resected T1-2N1M0 nonsmall cell cancer of the lung

BACKGROUND: The histologic determinants of survival after surgical resection of stage II nonsmall cell lung cancer are poorly understood. We analyzed the prognostic significance of a number of histologic features after complete resection of T1-2N1M0 nonsmall cell cancer of the lung. METHODS: The case notes and histology of all patients who underwent a potentially curative surgical resection for T1-2N1M0 nonsmall cell carcinoma of the lung between 1991 and 1997 were reviewed retrospectively. The following histologic factors were recorded: histologic type of tumor; number of nodes with metastatic deposits together with their nodal station; the presence of vascular invasion, visceral pleural involvement, and cellular necrosis; and grade of tumor. The results from 98 patients were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that only three factors had a statistically significant correlation with a poor prognosis: vascular invasion (p = 0.002), nonsquamous histology (p = 0.005), and visceral pleural involvement (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that all three factors were significant independent adverse prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral pleural involvement, nonsquamous histology, and vascular invasion are all significant adverse prognostic factors after surgical resection of T1-2N1M0 nonsmall cell cancer of the lung. These findings conflict with previously published reports, and we advocate a prospective, large-scale study in order to clarify the prognostic significance of histologic characteristics in stage II disease.     

抑癌基因p16和RB与肺癌早期诊断的临床实验研究

目的 研究肺癌组织中ｐ１６和ＲＢ基因失活的比率和失活的机制,探讨其与肺癌生物学特性及临床、病理和基因分型诊断的关系。方法 采用免疫组化、双重原位杂交、ＰＣＲ、ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ以及序列分析等方法,检测１０６例肺癌患者的癌组织和正常肺组织以及２３例肺良性疾病标本抑癌基因ｐ１６和ＲＢ的改变,并做对比研究。结果 肺癌细胞ｐ１６ＲＢ在蛋白和ｍＲＮＡ水平的表达明显低于正常肺组织和良性疾病肺组织,且与肺癌组织学类型、有无淋巴结转移以及临床病理分期密切相关,较早期肺癌（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）病例即 较显著的抑癌基因０ｐ１６和ＲＢ的失活（３２．６％和２８．３％）;非小细胞肺 以ｐ１６基因失活为主（５０．１％）,小细胞肺癌以ＲＢ基因失活为主（８８．２％）,ｐ１６基因失活的主要机制有纯合缺失、甲基化和点突变。结论 抑癌基因ｐ１６和ＲＢ在肺癌发生     

High expression of PKC-MAPK pathway mRNAs correlates with glomerular lesions in human diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is a major signaling pathway for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta to induce extracellular matrix (ECM) production in diabetic nephropathy (DN). PKC also activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is called the PKC-MAPK pathway. The PKC-MAPK pathway is probably responsible for PKC-related abnormalities in diabetic glomeruli. To confirm the involvement of this pathway, we determined the localization and expression of mRNAs in glomeruli by in situ hybridization method. METHODS: In the present study, we examined expression of PKCbeta1, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) 1, MEK2, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1, ERK2, and TGF-beta1 mRNAs using renal tissue samples from kidneys affected by DN (N= 21) and from normal human kidney (NHK; N= 6). We also performed an immunohistochemical study using anti-phosphorylated MEK1/2 (P-MEK) and ERK1/2 (P-ERK) antibodies. The glomerular severity of DN was classified into three groups according to mesangial expansion: D1 (N= 4), D2 (N= 13), and D3 (N= 4). We analyzed differences and correlations between variables. RESULTS: In the glomeruli, the number of cells that stained for these mRNAs in DN was significantly higher than in NHK. The expression of PKC-MAPK pathway mRNAs tended to be inversely proportional to the degree of mesangial expansion. The P-MEK and P-ERK signal intensity were parallel to its mRNA expression pattern. Furthermore, there were significant correlations among the P-MEK, P-ERK signal intensity, PKCbeta1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high expression of PKC-MAPK pathway mRNAs plays an important role in the development and/or progression of early tissue damage in DN.