早期乳酸清除率对ICU重症感染者预后的评估价值

目的探讨早期乳酸清除率对重症监护室(ICU)重症感染者治疗及预后的评估价值。方法选择ICU重症感染者152例,根据入院14 d后转归情况,分为存活组和死亡组,观察2组一般资料和入ICU即刻、治疗6 h、24 h临床指标。根据早期乳酸清除率,将患者分为高清除率组和低清除率组,比较2组一般资料及临床指标,并分析不同程度乳酸清除率与脓毒症休克发生率、死亡率的相关性。结果存活组脓毒症休克发生率显著低于死亡组(P0.01),6 h及24 h乳酸清除率均高于死亡组(P0.05或P0.01)。随时间增加,存活组急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分降低,死亡组升高,2组比较差异显著(P0.01)。高清除率组脓毒症休克发生率及死亡率均低于低清除率组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。不同程度乳酸清除率与脓毒症休克发生率、死亡率均呈显著负相关(r=-3.622、-5.458,P0.01)。结论早期乳酸清除率可作为评估ICU重症感染者预后的敏感指标。     

感染性休克患者血乳酸浓度的变化与预后的关系

【目的】评价动态血乳酸监测与感染性休克患者预后的相关性。【方法】分析43例感染性休克患者的临床资料,观察入ICU时的APACHEⅡ评分及血乳酸值,并与入院后6h的数值进行比较,计算6h乳酸清除率,比较其统计学差异。【结果】性别构成、年龄、入ICU时的APACHEⅡ评分和血乳酸值在存活与死亡两组间相比较无统计学差异。存活组的乳酸清除率高于死亡组（P〈0．05）;高乳酸清除率组的病死率明显低于低乳酸清除率组,且两组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。【结论】动态血乳酸监测对判断感染性休克患者的预后具有较好的敏感性和特异性。     

乳酸清除率对感染性创面致严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者治疗效果及预后的评估作用

目的 回顾性研究乳酸清除率作为感染性创面致严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者治疗效果及预后评估指标的作用.方法 收集入住ICU的感染性创面致严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克患者54例.记录患者创面大小,早期液体复苏前、复苏后24小时平均动脉压(MAP),复苏前后血乳酸及乳酸清除率、降钙素原、血肌酐、氧合指数,28天生存情况、ICU停留时间,并按患者入ICU后第一个24小时内的最差值计算急性生理与慢性健康(APACHE)Ⅱ评分.对血乳酸清除率、MAP、创面大小与APACHEⅡ评分进行相关分析.患者按28天治疗结局分为生存组和死亡组.比较两组间各临床及预后指标,并对影响患者预后的因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 与生存组比较,死亡组患者APACHEⅡ评分升高、复苏后24小时乳酸清除率明显下降(P＜0.05).同时,死亡组复苏后24小时血肌酐值升高、复苏后24小时降钙素原升高、ICU停留时间延长(P＜0.05).患者液体复苏后24小时血乳酸与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r =0.773,P＜0.05),复苏后24小时乳酸清除率与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关(r=-0.574,P＜0.05).多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,复苏后24小时乳酸清除率(OR=3.288)、复苏后24小时降钙素原(OR=0.886)、APACHEⅡ评分(OR =0.596)、复苏前乳酸水平(OR=0.072)为患者存活的独立危险因素.且以复苏后24小时乳酸清除率危险性最高.结论 乳酸清除率可以评估感染性创面致严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克患者治疗的效果和判断预后.     

早期乳酸清除率对脓毒症患者预后的评估

目的:探讨早期动脉血乳酸清除率对脓毒症休克患者预后的评估,与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分的比较。方法:回顾性收集我科室2015-07-2016-08期间78例感染性休克患者的临床资料,根据患者住院28d转归,将患者分为生存组和死亡组。根据ROC曲线,分析6h动脉血乳酸清除率,寻找出最佳截断值,根据最佳截断值分为高乳酸清除率组及低乳酸清除率组,分析2组乳酸、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及病死率之间的差异。结果:研究收集78例感染性休克患者,其中存活44例,死亡34例。存活组和死亡组:入院动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及早期乳酸清除率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。早期乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分ROC曲线下面积分别为0.649、0.793、0.881。最高约登指数0.60时,对应的早期乳酸清除率为29%时,以此分为高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组,2组APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及预后差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:早期乳酸清除率可作为判断感染性休克患者预后的指标。     

早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后相关性的研究

目的：探讨早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后的相关性。方法：选择2009-01-2012-03入住我院内科ICU的231例严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者,按预后分为生存组（139例）和死亡组（92例）,比较2组患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;比较严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;早期不同时段乳酸清除率与APACHE Ⅱ评分进行相关回归分析。结果：2组患者入院时血乳酸、入院后6h及12h乳酸清除率、入院后各时段APACHEⅡ评分比较,差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.05及〈0.01）,入院后24h、48h和72h乳酸清除率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者入院后6h乳酸清除率的差异也有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）;入院后6h和12h乳酸清除率与同时段APACHEⅡ评分存在负性直线相关关系。结论：ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期（入院后6h和12h）乳酸清除率对于判断其预后具有重要的临床意义。     

脓毒症早期检测血乳酸清除率的临床意义

目的:探讨脓毒症早期血乳酸清除率检测的临床意义。方法:对2011年10月至2013年6月ICU收治的脓毒症患者63例分为存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组,测定入组时(0 h)及入组后6 h、24 h的动脉血乳酸水平及6 h、24 h乳酸清除率,入住ICU后24 h的APACHEⅡ评分、48 h的器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率,比较存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组间的差异。结果:存活组的6 h乳酸清除率高于死亡组(P0.05);高乳酸清除率组的24 h APACHEⅡ评分、48 h器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组(P0.05)。结论:早期血乳酸清除率可指导脓毒症的治疗及评估其预后。     

早期乳酸清除率和中心静脉血氧饱和度监测对重症肺炎患者预后的研究

目的：探讨重症肺炎患者早期动脉血乳酸清除率、中心静脉血氧饱和度（ScvO2）的监测价值。方法回顾性研究2012年1月—2013月12月56例重症肺炎患者,入科即刻和6 h时测定动脉血乳酸浓度和早期ScvO2,计算6 h乳酸清除率,并进行急性生理与慢性健康（APACHEⅡ）评分,根据APACHEⅡ评分将患者分为3组：10-＜20分组（A组）,20-＜30分组（B组）,≥30分组（C组）,比较不同组别早期乳酸清除率和ScvO2的差别,并分析其与预后的关系。结果①B组初始动脉血乳酸较A组高,C组初始动脉血乳酸较B组高,但组间差异均无统计学意义（均 P＞0．05）;②B组早期6 h乳酸清除率、ScvO2均较A组低,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）,C组早期6 h乳酸清除率、ScvO2均低于B组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。③B组病死率高于A组,C组病死率高于B组,差异均有统计学意义（均 P＜0．05）;④死亡组APACHE Ⅱ评分高于存活组,早期动脉血乳酸清除率和ScvO2水平低于存活组,差异均有统计学意义（均 P＜0．05）;⑤APACHEⅡ评分与早期乳酸清除率呈显著负相关（r＝0．661,P＜0．01）,与早期ScvO2水平呈显著负相关（r＝0．579,P＜0．01）。结论早期动脉血乳酸清除率及ScvO2水平是反映重症肺炎患者病情严重程度和预测患者转归的参考指标。     

乳酸和乳酸清除率对危重病患者预后的意义

目的 探讨血乳酸水平和乳酸清除率对危重病患者预后的早期评估作用.方法 分析北京大学人民医院286例高乳酸血症患者的临床、实验室资料及预后情况,分析不同乳酸水平的病死率、APACHE Ⅱ评分差异;根据入院7d内的转归分为存活组、死亡组,比较两组pH、HCO3-、BE、Lac等参数的差异,并对严重高乳酸血症进行上述分析,比较存活与死亡组乳酸清除率、APACHE Ⅱ评分的差异;对严重高乳酸血症患者按照乳酸清除率分为高、低清除率组,比较两组间参数的差异.结果 按乳酸水平分层(≥2,＜4 mmol/L; ≥4,＜10mmol/L;≥10 mmol/L),其对应的病死率分别为14.04％、46.67％、78.79％,随着乳酸上升,pH失代偿比例上升,APACHEⅡ评分增加,病死率也上升.存活组与死亡组之间的乳酸、乳酸清除率、APACHE Ⅱ评分均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).高、低乳酸清除率组间治疗6h后APACHE Ⅱ评分、病死率差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组乳酸和初始APACHE Ⅱ评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).乳酸与APACHE Ⅱ评分呈正相关(r=0.868,P＜0.01),乳酸清除率与APACHE Ⅱ评分呈负相关(r=-0.823,P＜0.01).结论 乳酸分层、早期乳酸清除率对评估危重患者预后有重要价值,结合动态APACHEⅡ评分,三者能更好地指导临床治疗、评价预后.     

ICU患者血离子钙与APACHEⅡ评分相关性分析

目的：观察ICU患者血离子钙（iCa）水平与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性。方法：选择南京市浦口医院2011-01—2011-12入住ICU临床资料完整的55例危重病患者为研究对象。入ICU后抽取动脉血测定iCa，行APACHEⅡ评分，分析iCa水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关性。根据APACHEⅡ分值分为A组（≥20分）和B组（〈20分）。根据治疗结果，出院病人分为存活组和死亡组。结果：A组iCa明显低于B组患者（P〈0．01）；A组患者病死率明显高于B组患者（P〈0．01）。死亡组患者的APACHEⅡ评分分值明显高于存活组APACHEⅡ评分分值（P〈0．05）及LAC水平（P〈0．05）。死亡组患者的iCa明显低于存活组患者（P〈0．05）。差异均有统计学意义。iCa水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论：①ICU患者中低钙血症发生率高。②动脉血iCa水平与APACHEⅡ评分有相关性。     

血乳酸水平及其6小时清除率在重症患者预后评估中的价值

目的探讨重症患者的血乳酸水平及其6 h清除率在预后评估中的价值。方法选择58例重症患者,入ICU时检测其动脉血乳酸水平,并在6 h后复检,计算出该患者6 h血乳酸清除率及相应的A-PACHEⅡ评分;根据疾病的转归,将患者分为存活组(43例)和死亡组(15例);按患者入ICU时的血乳酸浓度,将患者分为高乳酸血症组(38例)和乳酸性酸中毒组(20例);根据6 h血乳酸清除率值,将患者分为低乳酸清除率组(23例)和高乳酸清除率组(35例)。结果与死亡组相比,存活组患者的6 h血乳酸清除率高[(38.74±2.24)%vs.(16.28±2.31)%,P<0.01],而入ICU时的血乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ评分两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);高乳酸血症组患者病死率和APACHEⅡ评分均低于乳酸性酸中毒组(P<0.05);低6 h血乳酸清除率组患者病死率高于高6 h乳酸清除率组(43.43%vs.14.28%,P<0.05),两组间APACHEⅡ评分差异无统计学意义;重症患者随着血乳酸水平增加APACHEⅡ评分也逐渐升高(P<0.05)。结论血乳酸水平可作为判断重症患者病情严重程度的指标,而6 h血乳酸清除率对患者的预后评估意义更大。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.