2012年广东省婴幼儿食品中3种食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解广东地区市场上销售的婴幼儿食品中3种食源性致病菌的污染状况。方法根据广东省人口分布情况、食品生产特点和地域分布特点选择广东省13个地区的市及县、乡镇的超市、百货、便利店和农贸市场进行采样,参照2012全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册,对婴幼儿食品（包括婴幼儿配方食品和婴幼儿谷基辅助食品）分别进行阪崎肠杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的定性和定量检测。结果共采集到64个生产厂家的婴幼儿食品314份,其中婴幼儿配方奶粉92份、婴幼儿谷基辅助食品222份。314份样品中检出阪崎肠杆菌10份,检出率为3.18%,其中婴幼儿配方奶粉阳性检出率为2.17%（2/92）,谷基辅助食品阳性检出率为3.60%（8/222）;检出蜡样芽孢杆菌90份,检出率为28.67%,其中婴幼儿配方奶粉阳性检出率为30.43%（28/92）,谷基辅助食品阳性检出率为27.93%（62/222）;未检出金黄色葡萄球菌。10份阪崎肠杆菌阳性样品定量检测结果：9份〈5 MPN/100g,1份〉110 MPN/100g;90份蜡样芽孢杆菌阳性样品中66份采用MPN法检测,结果显示3份〉103MPN/100g,41份〈102MPN/100g,22份未检出,另外24份采用平板法检测,结果显示14份〈102cfu/g,10份未检出。结论广东省婴幼儿食品中阪崎肠杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染状况不容忽视,对婴幼儿的健康可能存在风险,今后应加强婴幼儿食品的监管,预防和控制婴幼儿食源性疾病的发生。     

甘肃省儿童主要食源性致病微生物与暴露食品分析

目的 了解甘肃省儿童食源性疾病病例中主要食源性致病微生物感染分布情况,为制定有效防控措施和临床诊疗提供科学依据。方法 收集2013-2015年来自甘肃省监测哨点医院的6320例儿童病例数据,采集3968份生物样品,分析其主要致病微生物检出情况。结果 不同年龄段主要致病微生物检出率不同,6~14岁年龄组非伤寒沙门菌(3.54%)和志贺菌(2.25%)检出率最高(χ²=11.76,P=0.01),1~2岁幼儿组致泻大肠埃希菌(3.23%, χ²=21.72,P=0.01)检出率最高。诺如病毒在儿童各年龄段检出率均较高,年龄组间差异无统计学意义。儿童腹泻病例中非伤寒沙门菌和致泻大肠埃希菌每月检出率不同,非伤寒沙门菌检出率最高为3月(3.23%,χ²=21.65,P=0.03),致泻大肠埃希氏菌检出率最高为8月(4.81%,χ²=52.49,P=0.01)。儿童食源性疾病病例可疑暴露食品以乳与乳制品为主,水果类食品同样值得关注。结论 儿童食源性疾病病例中不同年龄段主要致病微生物检出率不同,致病微生物检出高峰期不同。可疑暴露食品以乳与乳制品为主,水果类食品的暴露值得关注。     

Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative foodborne bacterial pathogens associated with foods of animal origin

Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens are acquired primarily through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin or water. While there is much disagreement on the health burden imposed by resistance in foodborne bacterial pathogens, it is generally agreed that the use of antimicrobials, whether for growth promotion, prevention, or treatment, can select for resistant bacterial pathogens, and that these pathogens can be transmitted on food originating from sites processing treated animals. Information on the evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens shows that the situation is complex and differs by organism and antimicrobial. A clearer understanding of the ecology of resistance is needed in order to support science-based assessments of the public health risks due to the use of antimicrobials in the animal husbandry environment.     

南京市主要细菌性病原体食源性疾病负担研究

目的 研究南京市主要细菌性病原体致食源性疾病负担,提出食源性疾病监测策略。方法 根据南京市11个区17家食源性疾病哨点医院主动监测和食源性疾病负担调查结果,结合各主要细菌性病原体的食源性比例等各项乘数,获得人群中各主要细菌性病原体的发病率及疾病负担。结果 2015年全市共采集1 208份食源性疑似病例生物标本,检出非伤寒沙门氏菌31株、副溶血性弧菌20株、致泻大肠埃希氏菌15株,检出率分别为2.57%、1.66%、2.56%;全市疾病负担调查3 600人,急性胃肠炎的月患病率为3.9%,年发病率为0.55次/人年;推算出南京市非伤寒沙门氏菌食源性感染发病率为1 292/10万,0~4岁年龄组发病率最高(3 481/10万);副溶血性弧菌食源性感染发病率为619/10万,15~24岁年龄组发病率最高(2 076/10万),致泻性大肠埃希氏菌的食源性感染发病率为1 653/10万,5~14岁年龄组发病率最高(5 263/10万)。结论 南京市非伤寒沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌感染负担较重,儿童非伤寒沙门氏菌和致泻性大肠埃希氏菌、青壮年副溶血性弧菌的感染负担尤为突出,针对不同人群加强相应病原体的监测,同时应进一步完善相关监测及研究,为制定相应的风险控制措施提供科学依据。     

Methods and tools for comparative genomics of foodborne pathogens

A comparison of genome sequences and of encoded proteins with the database of existing annotated sequences is a useful approach to understand the information at the genome level. Here we demonstrate the utility of several DNA and protein sequence comparison tools to interpret the information obtained from several genome projects. Comparisons are presented between closely related strains of Escherichia coli commensal isolates, different isolates of O157:H7, and Shigella spp. It is expected that comparative genome analysis will generate a wealth of data to compare pathogenic isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity, which in turn may reveal mechanisms by which the pathogen may adapt to a particular nutrient supply in certain foods. These genome sequence analysis tools will strengthen foodborne pathogen surveillance and subsequent risk assessment to enhance the safety of the food supply.     

食源性致病菌快速检测技术研究进展

目的建立快速检测食品中单增李斯特菌的实验方法。方法与国家标准方法对比研究Veriflow方法检测单增李斯特菌的效能,对3种食品样品和4种环境表面样品进行单增李斯特菌的定性检测,以建立和验证快速检测食品中单增李斯特菌的实验方法。结果Veriflow方法的检测结果与国标方法的结果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。Veriflow方法的特异性验证结果显示该法对单增李斯特菌检测的包容性和特异性均为100%。Veriflow方法的检测时间只需26 h,短于国家标准的检测时间(6 d),检测效率明显提高。结论Veriflow是一种准确、特异性强并且操作简单的单增李斯特菌快速检测方法,具有良好的推广前景。     

2010年洛阳市食源性致病菌检测结果分析

目的了解洛阳市食品中食源性致病菌的污染情况,为食品安全风险评估提供依据。方法采集洛阳市8大类180件食品,依据国家标准GB4789-2010,检测沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157、阪崎肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌8种致病菌。结果检测样品180份,检出致病菌29株,总检出率为16.11%。在8种致病菌中,以单增李斯特菌检出率为最高(6.67%),其次是沙门氏菌(3.89%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(3.33%),副溶血性弧菌为2.22%。在8类食品中,以肉与肉制品污染率最高(28.85%)其中生禽肉污染率为最高(68.75%),其次为餐饮食品(19.44%),其中鲜榨果汁污染率为最高(33.33%)。动物性水产品、豆制品、粮食加工品及米面制品等食品均存在不同程度的污染。结论洛阳市居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染,监督部门应提供有效的监管措施,避免食源性食物中毒的发生。     

Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in retailed foods in Thailand

Abstract The consumption of foodborne pathogens contaminated in food is one of the major causes of diarrheal diseases in Thailand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and types of contaminating bacteria in retailed foodstuffs in Thailand. Food from four categories (137 samples total), including meat (51 samples), vegetables (38 samples), fish or seafood (37 samples), and fermented food (11 samples), was purchased randomly from seven different open-markets and seven supermarkets in Thailand from August 2010 to March 2011. Seven types of major foodborne pathogens were identified using conventional culture methods. Approximately 80% of meat samples tested was contaminated with Salmonella spp. In contrast, the Salmonella spp. contamination rate of vegetable (5%) or fermented food (9%) samples was comparatively low. Six strains of Cronobacter sakazakii and two strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were also isolated. A substantially higher rate of contamination by Bacillus cereus was observed in fermented food (82%) than in samples of meat (2%) and fish or seafood (5%). Seven Listeria spp. isolates were obtained from meat and fish or seafood samples. Approximately 39% of samples tested were found to be contaminated with Staphylococcus spp. (54 isolates). The rate of bacterial contamination of meat did not depend on the type of market. However, the contamination rate of Staphylococcus spp. in vegetables was higher in open markets than in supermarkets, and the contamination rate of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in fish or seafood samples purchased in open markets was likewise higher than in those purchased in supermarkets. Therefore, improvement of hygienic practices throughout the food chain may be required to reduce the risk of food poisoning.     

Evolution of foodborne pathogens via temperate bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer

Temperate bacteriophages have always been central to the evolution of bacteria, although their importance has been consistently underestimated compared to transformation and conjugation. In the last 20 years, as more gene and genome sequences have become available and researchers have more accurately determined bacteriophage populations in the environment, we are gaining a clearer picture of their role in the past and potential role in the future. The transductive and lysogenic capacities of this class of bacteriophages have contributed to the evolution and shaping of emerging foodborne pathogenic bacteria through the dissemination of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. For example, the genome sequences of Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the Stxencoding bacteriophages demonstrate the critical role bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer events played in the evolution of these high-profile human pathogens. In this review, we describe the basic genetic exchange mechanisms mediated by temperate bacteriophages and how these mechanisms have been central to the dissemination of virulence genes, such as toxins and antibiotics from one species to another (the shiga-like toxins, and multiple antibiotic resistance dissemination in Salmonella are used as specific examples). Data demonstrating the role of bacteriophages in the spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, including interspecies transduction, are also presented. That temperate bacteriophages play a role in the on-going evolution of emerging pathogenic bacteria is obvious, but it is also clearly an on-going process with a breadth that must be appreciated as well as studied further if we are to be able to foresee what new challenges will arise to imperil food safety.     

Identifying and controlling emerging foodborne pathogens: research needs.

Systems for managing the risks associated with foodborne pathogens are based on detailed knowledge of the microorganisms and the foods with which they are associated--known hazards. An emerging pathogen, however, is an unknown hazard; therefore, to control it, key data must be acquired to convert the pathogen from an unknown to a known hazard. The types of information required are similar despite the identity of the new agent. The key to rapid control is rapid mobilization of research capabilities targeted at addressing critical knowledge gaps. In addition, longer-term research is needed to improve our ability to respond quickly to new microbial threats and help us become more proactive at anticipating and preventing emergence. The type of contingency planning used by the military in anticipating new threats serves as a useful framework for planning for new emergence.     

A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis involving two different pathogens.

On the evening of October 10, 1990, many of the 474 inmates of a state prison in Florida began to experience symptoms of gastroenteritis. An investigation included interviews with inmates, evaluation of the kitchen and food-handling practices, cultures of leftover food, stool cultures, and cultures from the nares and skin lesions of food handlers. Of the 331 inmates interviewed, 215 (65%) had diarrhea, vomiting, or both. The median incubation period was 5 hours (range, 1-41 hours). Cases with onset of illness 8 or more hours after the evening meal were more likely than those with earlier onset to have had only diarrhea without vomiting (p < 0.001). Eating turkey at the evening meal on October 10 was associated with risk of illness (relative risk = 4.8, 95% confidence interval 1.7-13.7). Cases who became ill within 8 hours of the evening meal and those who became ill later were both more likely to have eaten turkey than those who did not become ill (p < 0.001 and p < 0.007, respectively). Salmonella infantis and enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus were both isolated from samples of leftover turkey, and S. infantis was isolated from 18 of 20 stool specimens. Cultures of the anterior nares and skin lesions of food handlers grew S. aureus, but phage typing failed to link these strains to the outbreak. Improper food-handling practices contributed to the development of this outbreak. This report highlights the importance of recognizing multiple-organism outbreaks, since the authors' recommendations for prevention of more cases depended upon knowing the risks associated with the distinct organisms and the possible sources of contamination.     

2012年江门市食品中食源性致病菌监测结果

目的 了解江门市2012年食品中食源性致病菌的污染情况,确定可能污染致病菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测工作提供科学依据.方法 依照GB 4789.4.10.30.40-2010、GB/T 4789.7.36-2008、GB 4789.5-2012以及《食品安全风险监测工作手册》[1]检测技术要求,对采集的样品进行病原菌分离鉴定.结果 从6类291份食品中共检出致病菌23株,总阳性检出率为7.9％.其中副溶血性弧菌检出7株,检出率为8.8％;金黄色葡萄球菌检出11株,检出率为5.2％;单增李斯特菌5株,检出率为2.4％;未检出沙门菌、大肠杆菌O157∶H7、创伤弧菌、阪崎肠杆菌和志贺菌.直接入口婴幼儿食品蜡样芽孢杆菌检测24份,检出阳性16份,污染率为66.7％.结论 江门市存在着食源性致病菌的污染,焙烤食品、凉拌菜、生食动物性水产品、熟肉制品和要幼儿食品污染严重,应加强卫生监管监督措施,定期提供预警信息.     

Antimicrobial resistance of major foodborne pathogens from major meat products

The bacterial contamination of raw and processed meat products with resistant pathogens was studied. The raw samples included sheep (40), goat (40), pork (120), beef (80), and chicken (19) meat, and the processed samples included turkey filets (33), salami (8), readymade mincemeat (16), stuffing (22), and roast-beef (50). The samples were collected from retail shops in Northwestern Greece over a period of 3 years. The isolated pathogens were evaluated for susceptibilities to 19 antimicrobial agents used in humans. Out of 428 samples, 157 strains of Escherichia coli, 25 of Yersinia enterocolitica, 57 of Staphylococcus aureus, 57 of Enterococcus spp., 4 of Salmonella spp., and 3 of Campylobacter jejuni were isolated. Among the isolates 14.6% of the E. coli, 10.5% of S. aureus, 4% of Y. enterocolitica, 25% of Salmonella spp., and 42.1% of Enterococcus spp. were susceptible to antibiotics. E. coli from chicken exhibited high rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin (62.5%) followed by lamb/goat (10.9%), pork (15.7%), and beef (27.9%) meat. Resistance to nitrofurantoin dominated in the lamb/goat isolates (60%). Resistance to tetracycline predominated in pork (68.2%) and chicken (62.5%), and resistance to aminoglycosides dominated in lamb/goat meat isolates. S. aureus resistance to clindamycin predominated in lamb/goat isolates (50%), whereas resistance to ciprofloxacin predominated in the pork strains, but no resistance to methicillin was observed. Of the enterococci isolates 21.1% were resistant to vancomycin. High resistance to ampicillin (96%) was observed in Y. enterocolitica and all of the C. jejuni isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, and cefuroxime. These results indicate that meat can be a source of resistant bacteria, which could potentially be spread to the community through the food chain.     

南阳市食源性感染的危险因素分析

目的 分析食源性感染的危险因素并进行膳食指导。方法 采用流行病学调查方法,以问卷调查方式收集2018年2月—2020年10月南阳市食源性疾病主动监测网络报告系统中527例疑似食源性感染患者的一般资料,统计阳性确诊率,收集患者年龄、性别、是否在外就餐、是否食用海产品等信息,分析危险因素。结果 本组527例疑似食源性感染患者中,阳性163例,阴性364例;阳性率30.93%(163/527)。年龄、季节、是否在外就餐和是否食用畜肉、海产品、水果蔬菜是发生食源性感染的单因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);logistic回归分析显示,年龄<5岁(95%CI 2.258～9.125,OR=4.539)、夏秋季节(95%CI 1.136～7.426,OR=2.904)、在外就餐(95%CI 2.269～30.416,OR=8.307)、食用畜肉(95%CI 1.854～32.169,OR=7.723)、食用海产品(95%CI 2.398～24.387,OR=7.647)是发生食源性感染的危险因素(P<0.01),食用水果蔬菜(95%CI 0.251～0.876,OR=0.876)是发生食源性感染的保护因素(P=0.005)。结论 年龄<5岁、夏秋季节、在外就餐、食用畜肉、食用海产品是食源性感染的危险因素,食用水果蔬菜是其保护因素。     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者医院感染的病原菌分布与CD_4~+水平检测

目的探讨获得性免役缺陷综合征患者医院感染的病原菌分布及CD4+水平,对临床诊治和预防提供参考,降低获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者医院感染率。方法选取2011年3月-2014年3月获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者240例,将发生感染的118例患者设为观察组,未发生感染的122例患者设为对照组,取感染部位体液进行病原菌培养,统计病原菌分布;抽取两组患者血液行CD4+水平检测;采用SPSS13.0软件进行分析。结果观察组118例患者共检出病原菌143株,其中革兰阳性菌87株占60.84%,革兰阴性菌53株占37.06%,真菌3株占2.10%;对照组患者CD4+水平0~100、101~200、201~300、301~400、>400个/ml者分别占0、4.1%、13.1%、20.5%和62.3%,观察组患者分别为25.4%、29.7%、24.6%、12.7%和7.6%,观察组患者CD4+水平明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于合并获得性免疫缺陷综合征的患者应积极预防,避免其发生医院感染;一旦发生感染,应早期给予抗菌药物治疗。     

An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with contaminated hazelnut yoghurt

The largest recorded outbreak of foodborne botulism in the United Kingdom occurred in June 1989. A total of 27 patients was affected; one patient died. Twenty-five of the patients had eaten one brand of hazelnut yoghurt in the week before the onset of symptoms. This yoghurt contained hazelnut conserve sweetened with aspartame rather than sugar. Clostridium botulinum type B toxin was detected in a blown can of hazelnut conserve, opened and unopened cartons of hazelnut yoghurt, and one faecal specimen. Cl. botulinum type B was subsequently cultured from both opened and unopened cartons of the hazelnut yoghurt and from one faecal specimen. Investigations indicated that the processing of the conserve was inadequate to destroy Cl. botulinum spores. Control measures included the cessation of all yoghurt production by the implicated producer, the withdrawal of the firm's yoghurts from sale, the recall of cans of the hazelnut conserve, and advice to the general public to avoid the consumption of all hazelnut yoghurts.     

新型液相芯片系统在食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用研究

目的:评估一种新型液相芯片系统应用于食源性致病菌进行快速检测的可行性。方法:使用荧光多重PCR技术以及液相芯片检测系统对食源性致病菌进行快速检测。结果:荧光多重PCR技术结合液相芯片检测系统能够对多种食源性致病菌在8 h内实现定性和半定量检测,其灵敏度、特异性、抗干扰能力明显优于传统方法。结论:基于荧光多重PCR技术的液相芯片系统操作简便、干扰少、检测结果准确可靠,能够应用于食源性致病菌快速检测。     

不同方法对食源性致病菌耐药性监测研究

目的了解江苏地区食源性致病菌的常用抗菌药耐药谱,评价不同药敏方法在致病菌耐药性监测中的适用性。方法用Etest和微量肉汤稀释法,对江苏省2012-2014年食源性疾病常规监测检出的金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌菌株进行药敏鉴定。结果金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素的耐药率最高,其次为复方磺胺甲噁唑和四环素,且有多重耐药;副溶血性弧菌除对四环素和复方磺胺甲噁唑有一定的耐药,对其他6种革兰氏阴性菌抗生素均敏感。沙门菌对萘啶酸的耐药率超过50.0%。两种方法药敏检测结果对不同抗生素符合率有差异,但符合率均80%。结论 Etest和微量肉汤稀释法有较好的一致性,但所需时间及操作要求有差异,可根据实际需要进行选择。