2型糖尿病并发短暂性脑缺血的相关因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者发生缺血性脑血管病的危险因素.方法 选取该院2013年1月-2014年1月收治的122例2型糖尿病并发短暂性缺血脑血管病患者和60岁患者以上非糖尿病短暂性缺血性脑血管病患者98例（非糖尿病组）,进行分析,比较两组患者的基本资料、颅脑CT特点.结果 两组相比,DM病程、吸烟史、HDL-C、FPG、HbA1C、血压、高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）存在统计学差异（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.结论 hsC-RP、FPG和糖尿病病程是促使T2DM并发缺血性脑血管病的独立危险因素.     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白自身抗体和高敏C-反应蛋白在糖尿病合并冠心病中的作用研究

目的探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白自身抗体（oxLDL-Ab）、高敏C-反应蛋白（hsC-RP）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并冠心病（CHD）的关系以及oxLDL与hsC-RP之间的相关性。方法采集123例确诊的T2DM患者和123名正常对照者的血液标本,用胶乳增强透射免疫比浊法和酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测hsC—RP和oxLDL-IgG、oxLDL—IgM水平,并作相关分析。结果oxLDL—IgG、oxLDL-IgM和hsC-RP水平,糖尿病非冠心病（T2DM）组和糖尿病合并冠心病（T2DM＋CHD）组均显著高于正常对照（NC）组（P均＜0．01）,T2DM＋CHD组均显著高于T2DM组（P均〈0．01）。经Spearman相关分析,在各组均未发现oxLDLAb与hsc-RP之间存在相关性。结论oxLDL-Ab与hs（2-RP水平,T2DM合并冠心病患者显著高于T2DM不伴冠心病患者,且二者无明显相关性。     

2型糖尿病患者血清高敏C反应蛋白水平与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的通过对以不同的代谢综合征（MS）的组分出现的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血清高敏C-反应蛋白（hsC-RP）水平的比较，探讨T2DM患者hsC-RP水平与MS的关系。方法共计调查了病例组（MS组）96例，T2DM对照组（T2DM组）104例，正常对照组80例。比较了以上三组及合并不同数量、不同种类MS组分的各组间hsC-RP水平，并进行各指标之间的相关分析。结果MS组患者hsC-RP水平明显高于正常对照组及T2DM组，且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），T2DM患者中hsC-RP水平与合并MS所含组分的数量呈正相关（P〈0．01），与合并MS所含组分的种类无关（P〉0．05）。吸烟、BMI、WHR、胰岛素抵抗、高TG血症、血糖、高血压与hsC-RP呈正相关。结论T2DM患者hsC-RP水平与MS有相关性，炎症反应可能在MS的发病机制中起重要作用。     

2型糖尿病患者血清L-选择素与大血管病变的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者大血管病变与L-选择素（CD62L）的关系。方法将T2DM患者分为合并大血管病变（A组）60例、无大血管病变（B组）65例,采用ELISA测定其血清CD62L、血糖、血脂等,并与55例正常对照组比较。结果A组血清CD62L显著高于B组和对照组;CD62L与超敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）、纤维蛋白原、甘油三酯、胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白呈显著正相关,且收缩压、hsC-RP和CD62L与T2DM大血管病变呈独立正相关。结论早期检测CD62L对预防及诊断糖尿病大血管病变具有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能改变特点及其相关因素的研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的特点及其相关影响因素。方法 选用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）作为认知功能检测工具,筛选出T2DM合并MCI患者90例（MCI组）和T2DM无MCI的患者93例（对照组）。对两组患者进行体格检查,并收集患者的一般资料,检测血压、体质量指数（BMI）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、同型半胱氨酸（HCY）以及总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）,并对两组患者的认知评分和相关因素进行对比分析。结果 在MoCA中,MCI组患者的记忆力、注意力、抽象能力、视空间与执行功能及总分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;MCI组患者MoCA评分与受教育程度、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、HCY、TC及LDL-C存在相关性;多因素逐步回归分析显示,受教育程度、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、HCY是MoCA量表评分的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 T2DM容易并发MCI,且存在多领域的认知损害。有效地控制血糖、降低HCY、提高受教育程度可能有助于预防或延缓T2DM患者认知功能障碍的发生。     

2型糖尿病并发糖尿病足相关危险因素分析

目的：分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者并发糖尿病足（DF）的危险因素。方法将503例T2DM患者根据是否并发DF分为DF组201例和NDF组302例,比较两组的临床资料、实验室指标及辅助检查结果,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DF发病的危险因素。结果两组性别、T2DM病程、BMI、HbA1C、TC、TG、HDL-C、sCr、BUN、胱抑素C（Cys C）、血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、血黏度、尿微量白蛋白（MA）比较,P均＜0．05;与NDF组比较,DF组周围神经病变、糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）、糖尿病肾病、外周动脉粥样硬化闭塞症发生率均升高（P均＜0．05）;多因素Logistic回归分析,T2DM病程、HbA1C、DR是T2DM患者DF发病的危险因素,HDL-C、ALB则是保护因素（P均＜0．05）。结论 T2DM患者并发DF的危险因素是T2DM病程、HbA1C、DR,保护性因素为HDL-C、ALB。     

影响2型糖尿病患者动脉硬化的多因素分析

目的　探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者动脉硬化的危险因素。方法　选取T2DM住院患者164例,通过流式细胞术检测血浆内皮细胞微粒（EMP）水平及超声测定颈动脉内膜中膜厚度（IMT）,收集相关临床指标,采用多因素LR　Logistic回归分析2型糖尿病患者动脉硬化的危险因素。结果　根据超声测定IMT值分两组,T2DM伴颈动脉硬化（CAS）组（120例）,T2DM无CAS组（44例）。与T2DM无CAS组比较,T2DM伴CAS组年龄较大,糖尿病病程较长（P<0.01）,EMP、糖化血红蛋白、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）、体质指数（BMI）水平升高（P<0.05）。多因素LR　Logistic回归分析显示EMP、LDLC、BMI是CAS独立危险因素（EMP　OR＝1.382,P＝0.023;LDLC　OR＝5.992,P＝0.050;BMI　OR＝1.837,P＝0.017）。结论　2型糖尿病患者的EMP、LDLC、BMI与IMT增厚有关,为动脉硬化的独立危险因素,可用于预测、评估其大血管病变风险。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病危险因素的临床分析

目的对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病的危险因素进行系统分析,为临床治疗提供有效参考。方法回顾分析2012年1月—2014年1月该院诊治的175例T2DM患者的临床资料,其中85例患者合并冠心病纳入观察组,其余90例无冠心病T2DM患者纳入对比组,对比分析两组患者临床资料,总结T2DM并发冠心病的危险因素。结果通过分析,病程、血尿酸(UA)、血肌酐(SCr)、血甘油三酯(TG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)是T2DM并发冠心病的主要危险因素(P0.05)。结论 T2DM并发冠心病有多种危险因素,需对患者进行综合治疗和护理。     

糖尿病伴高血压性肾损害的特征、识别及临床处理

流行病学资料显示1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者糖尿病肾病（DN）发生率达40％,而2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者,尿蛋白发生率可达20％。糖尿病（DM）合并高血压（HT）约占DM患者的30％-80％。已有HT后合并T2DM其并发DN风险明显升高;合并HT的DM患者随病程进展病人蛋白尿的发生率高于无HT的DM患者;T2DM患者血压升高与糖尿病肾损害进展相关;     

血清抵抗素与2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化病变关系的研究

目的探讨血清抵抗素(Resistin)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)病变的关系。方法研究共入选130例,分为健康对照组40例,T2DM 90例。根据超声对T2DM患者颈部及下肢血管斑块的检查,分为有AS组及无AS组。分别检测各组甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1C)及血清Resistin水平,并分析血清Resistin水平与T2DM合并AS的关系。结果 T2DM及T2DM合并AS患者血清Resistin水平升高(P<0.05);年龄、吸烟及高血压在T2DM合并AS和无AS组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示仅有年龄、吸烟及糖尿病病程为T2DM合并AS的危险因素。结论 Resistin不是T2DM合并AS的危险因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.