支气管扩张症48例临床分析

目的探讨支气管扩张症的临床特点。方法总结1998-2003年确诊的支气管扩张症的临床资料。结果既往患麻疹、肺炎、哮喘者共5例，病程多数较长，平均病程8年，30岁前起病者占54．1％，咳嗽36例，占75％，无痰及少痰者41例，占85．4％，多量脓痰者3例，仅占6．2％，单纯表现咯血平时无明显咳嗽咳脓痰即干性支气管扩张16例，占33．3％，部分患者无明显自觉症状仅在CT检查时被发现。结论近年来支气管扩张临床表现不典型，轻型多见，甚至可无明显自觉症状，咳大量脓痰少见，干性支气管扩张多见。     

长期小剂量阿奇霉素治疗支气管扩张症的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨长期小剂量阿奇霉素对于支气管扩张症治疗临床效果。方法:选择2016年6月—2017年12月我院收治的136例支气管扩张症患者作为研究对象,按照随机原则平均分成A、B两组,每组68例。A组应用常规止咳祛痰治疗,B组在A组基础上加以长期小剂量阿奇霉素,对比两组临床效果。结果:经过治疗,B组相比A组,日均咳痰量明显更少,呼吸困难评分明显更低,肺功能指标明显更优,组间差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:长期应用小剂量阿奇霉素治疗支气管扩张症,能够有效缓解慢性咳嗽、咳痰、咯血等临床症状,改善呼吸系统功能,有助于提高生活质量。     

舍雷肽酶肠溶片联合噻托溴铵治疗支气管扩张症的疗效观察

目的探讨舍雷肽酶肠溶片联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗支气管扩张症的临床疗效。方法对2015年9月—2016年9月在延安大学附属医院接受治疗的86例支气管扩张症患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方案的差别分为治疗组和对照组,每组各43例。对照组用吸入器吸入噻托溴铵粉吸入剂,18μg/次,1次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服舍雷肽酶肠溶片,1片/次,3次/d。两组患者均连续治疗7 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后咳嗽程度评分、咳痰量评分、肺部啰音评分、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气流速(PEF)的变化情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为81.40%、97.67%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者咳嗽程度评分、咳痰量评分、肺部啰音评分均显著降低,FEV1、FVC、PEF均显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组咳嗽程度评分、咳痰量评分、肺部啰音评分低于对照组,FEV1、FVC、PEF高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论舍雷肽酶肠溶片联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗支气管扩张症具有较好的临床疗效,可明显改善患者的临床症状和肺功能,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

抗生素在严重急性呼吸综合征诊断中作用的探讨

目的探讨抗生素在严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)诊断中的作用。方法对太原市定点医院的304例住院确诊SARS病例住院前临床症状及抗生素的使用情况进行分析、评价。结果304例SARS患者主要的临床症状有发热298例,占98.0%;咳嗽161例,占53.0%;乏力156例,占51.3%;全身肌肉酸痛95例,占31.3%;咯痰84例,占27.6%;畏寒85例,占27.3%;少数有头痛、咽痛、关节痛、呼吸困难、恶心呕吐、腹痛及腹泻等。77%的SARS患者在入院前使用了抗生素,其中98%治疗效果为无效、差或一般。123例有明确的流行病学接触史,占40.5%。早期白细胞正常或下降的SARS患者有213例,占93.4%。结论SARS患者临床症状以全身症状(如发热、寒战、乏力、肌痛及畏寒)和呼吸道症状(如咳嗽、气促及呼吸困难)为主;多数有明确的流行病学接触史及抗生素治疗史,而且抗生素治疗无效为特征。     

38例高原藏族结核性支气管扩张症的临床分析

目的分析高原藏族结核性支扩的临床表现、影像学检查特点及治疗。方法对我院2010年1月至2012年11月收治的38例高原藏族结核性支气管扩张的住院患者分析。结果病变范围一个肺叶以内19例,经内科治疗后,3年内随访无咳嗽、咯痰、咯血者16例,占84.21%,超过一个肺叶仅累及单侧者12例,经内科治疗后无反复咳嗽、咯痰、咯血5例,占41.66%,因出现大咯血作手术者1例,占8.33%。结论对结核性支气管扩张患者,管腔严重狭窄,远端肺组织反复感染,合并顽固性咳嗽、咯痰、咯血等,并呈现毁损肺等,应及早手术治疗。     

支气管扩张合并哮喘的临床特点及其治疗的探讨

目的探讨支气管扩张合并哮喘(支扩合并哮喘)此一特殊类型临床特点和治疗方法。方法①用支气管激发试验和支气管舒张试验对临床诊断为支气管扩张的102例患者进行测试,筛选出支扩合并哮喘的病例。②对单纯性支扩和支扩合并哮喘此两类患者的以往病史详细问卷。③对此两类型患者的临床表现进行观察。④对支扩合并哮喘此一类型的病例进行分组试验性治疗。A组按抗支扩加抗哮喘治疗。B组按常规抗支扩治疗,均治疗2个月。结果①102例临床诊断支扩患者,其中98例进行支气管激发试验,其中18例阳性(PD20FEV1<12.8μmol)4例进行支气管舒张试验,其中2例阳性(FEV1增加幅度>15%)。即102例临床诊断支扩患者,发现20例为支扩合并哮喘。另外82例为单纯性支扩。②支扩合并哮喘以往病史的特点是个人过敏病史和家族过敏史的频率很高,分别为120%和110%。而单纯性支扩的发生频率很低,仅为7.3%和3.6%。③支扩合并哮喘的临床特点是发病呈季节性加重(20例);常有上呼吸道过敏症状;痰液多为黏液脓性;除固定部位湿性音外,全部病例有散在性或弥漫性喘鸣音。④支扩合并哮喘类型的分组试验性治疗,用抗支扩+抗哮喘药物治疗的10例,疗效显著,基本属完全治愈,而单独用抗支扩药物的10例,大部分遗留下症状和体征。结论支扩合并哮喘是一个特殊类型,可通过支气管激发试验和支气管舒张试验和以往病史追询、临床特点观察,而与单纯性支扩相鉴别,其治疗方法也和单纯性支扩不同。对支扩合并哮喘应当应用抗支扩+抗哮喘的治疗方案。在抗哮喘方面应用表面糖皮质激素吸入,疗效确实而且安全。     

老年慢性咳嗽患者的诊疗现状探讨

目的了解广州地区老年慢性咳嗽患者的诊疗状况。方法以广州市第一人民医院呼吸内科及老年病科门诊就诊的老年慢性咳嗽患者为对象,纳入本研究的老年慢性咳嗽患者必须符合《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南》的诊断标准。通过问卷调查的方式,了解其病情及诊断、治疗史。结果共744例老年老年慢性咳嗽患者,平均年龄(72.2±8.32)岁,其中男性374例(50.26%),女性370例(49.74)%,平均病程为(57.3±87.34)个月。82.26%患者曾被诊断"慢性支气管炎、慢性咽炎、支气管炎"。92.07%患者曾使用抗生素,93.01%患者使用止咳药。仅有0.806%患者治疗后症状完全缓解,9.54%患者明显缓解。结论慢性咳嗽存在明显误诊、误治情况,对于慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治有待继续深入探讨研究。     

儿童感染后支气管扩张症1例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨儿童支气管扩张症的临床特征及诊治要点.方法:回顾分析1例儿童支气管扩张症的临床表现、诊疗经过及预后,并结合文献分析.结果:患儿,男,8岁,以反复喘息、咳嗽为首发症状,后逐渐出现大量咳脓痰.既往有重症肺炎、肺炎支原体感染、乙型流感病史.肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)早期无特异性,后期提示支气管扩张症;纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)提示化脓性支气管炎、支气管扩张症.排除其他病因后,确诊为感染后支气管扩张症.有效抗感染治疗后咳、痰、喘好转.经长期规律随访,坚持体位引流、呼吸训练、抗炎(糖皮质激素吸入、小剂量阿奇霉素口服)等治疗,急性发作次数逐渐减少,最终达到影像学上的治愈,肺功能正常,预后良好.结论:儿童支气管扩张症早期诊断困难,对于反复喘息、咳嗽患儿,应考虑支气管扩张症,动态监测肺部HRCT、肺功能、纤支镜等,并积极寻找潜在病因.儿童感染后支气管扩张症早诊断、早治疗,有可能完全康复.     

Osmotic stimuli increase clearance of mucus in patients with mucociliary dysfunction.

Mucociliary dysfunction results in mucus accumulation, airway obstruction, bacterial colonization, recurrent infective exacerbations, and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Studies in patients with cystic fibrosis, established that inhalation of hypertonic saline (HS) increases clearance of mucus acutely in a dose-dependent manner. Clearance over 90 min was 23.8 +/- 4.0% and 26.0 +/- 3.1% in response to 7% and 12% saline, which was significantly enhanced compared to 12.7 +/- 1.4% and 19.7 +/- 3.1% in response to 0.9% and 3% saline. Mannitol (approximately 300 mg) inhaled as a dry powder had a marked acute effect in patients with bronchiectasis. Clearance over 75 min was 34.0 +/- 5.0% with mannitol, 17.4 +/- 3.8% with control, and 11.7 +/- 4.4% at baseline. Further studies in patients with bronchiectasis showed that mannitol reduces the 24-h retention of radiolabeled mucus, suggesting that the effect of mannitol extends beyond the acute phase. Mannitol helped patients to clear mucus within 2 h that would have taken 24 h to clear without mannitol. A further study in CF patients showed that mannitol was equally effective as 6% HS at improving ciliary and cough clearance. The total clearance over 120 min with mannitol (27.6 +/- 3.7%) and with HS (31.0 +/- 5.5%) was significantly increased compared to their respective controls (18.6 +/- 3.8% and 20.9 +/- 3.6%). These preliminary results suggest that long-term treatment with HS or mannitol may benefit patients with mucociliary dysfunction.     

Differences in clinical predictors of influenza in adults and children with influenza-like illness

Influenza contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in the winter season. The aim of the study was to identify clinical signs and symptoms most predictive of influenza infection in children and adults with influenza-like illness. A prospective systematic sampling analysis of clinical data collected through sentinel surveillance system for influenza in 32 primary care centers and one tertiary care hospital in Slovenia during two consecutive influenza seasons (2004/2005 and 2005/2006) was carried out. Children and adults who had influenza-like illness, defined as febrille illness with sudden onset, prostration and weakness, muscle and joint pain and at least (cough, sore throat, coryza) were included and tested for influenza A and B virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus by RT-PCR. Clinical data were evaluated in statistical models to identify the best predictors for the confirmation of influenza for children (under age of 15) and adults. Of 1,286 patients with influenza-like symptoms in both seasons 211 were confirmed to have influenza A or B alone and compared to 780 influenza-negative patients. A fever over 38°C, chills, headache, malaise and sore eyes revealed a significant association with positive RT-PCR test for influenza virus in children. In adults, only three symptoms were significantly related to PCR-confirmed influenza infection: fever, cough and abnormal breath sounds. The stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that four symptoms predicted influenza in children: fever (38°C or more) (p=0.010), headache (p=0.030), cough (p=0.044) and absence of abnormal breathing sounds (p=0.015) with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 5.1%, 98.1%, 57.1% and 80.1%, respectively. For adults, the strongest impact on influenza positivity was found for fever (p=0.008) and cough (p=0.085). The model for adults had less favorable characteristics, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 0%, 100%, 0% and 76.4%, respectively. Differences in clinical predictors of influenza in children compared to adults were found. The model for adults was acceptable but not a good one. The model for children was found to be more reliable than the prediction model for adults.     

Drugstore personnel's management of a tuberculosis suspect: consideration of actual and perceived management

Objective To explore drugstore personnel's knowledge and practice on management of a suspected case of tuberculosis (TB). Method Seventy randomly selected drugstores in Songkhla province of Southern Thailand were visited by simulated clients (SCs) who asked for medication for relieving a one‐month cough with fever. All questions asked by the drugstore personnel, advice given and drugs dispensed were noted and analysed. The drugstores were subsequently visited and the managers were interviewed. Key findings For the SC study, 55 out of 70 (79%) drugstore personnel took a history before dispensing drugs, but only 14 (20%) asked about cough duration. Only four drugstore personnel identified TB as a possible diagnosis for a case with one‐month cough and fever, and only three recommended the SC to see a doctor. From the interviews, 46 (66%) perceived the probability of encountering TB at their workplace to be low. The knowledge on symptoms of suspected TB was poor. Sixty‐eight (97%) would suspect TB if and only if the client with prolonged cough also had tiredness, weight loss, difficulty breathing or haemoptysis. In contrast to their practice with the SC, 46 (66%) claimed that they would recommend a client with one‐month cough and fever to see a doctor. Conclusions The majority of drugstore personnel failed to detect suspected TB cases and did not give a proper referral. Interventions to educate drugstore personnel to recognise symptoms of suspected TB and to become aware in TB epidemics in this setting are urgently needed.     

Early diagnosis and therapeutic choice of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess

Nowadays, pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is still a common and severe intra-abdominal infection, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had emerged as the most common pathogenic bacteria worldwide in the past ten years. Our study aims to achieve an early pathogenic diagnosis and rational therapy modality for Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA) through clinical data analysis. A total of 197 inpatients in Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, diagnosed as having liver abscess between March 2001 and September 2009 were enrolled. Patients with monomicrobial infection were divided into two groups: patients with K. pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA group, n=106) and those with non-Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess (NKLA group, n=56). A retrospective analysis was made between these two groups on the aspects of underlying diseases, clinical characteristics, laboratory data, culture results, and imaging findings. To evaluate the effects of different medical interventions, monomicrobial KLA patients were further divided into four subgroups (percutaneous liver aspiration, aspiration plus antibiotics flushing, aspiration plus retained catheter, and aspiration plus antibiotics flushing and retained catheter), and corresponding therapeutic effects were analyzed. KLA was more likely to occur in patients with coexisting diseases such as diabetes mellitus (53.77% vs 25.00%, P=0.001) and hepatic adipose infiltration (16.04% vs 5.36%, P=0.029). Compared to NKLA group, clinical characteristics including abdominal pain (40.57% vs 57.14%, P=0.044), hypodynamia (19.81% vs 46.43%, P=0.001), and hepatomegaly (4.72% vs 14.29%, P=0.033) were much milder, but with a higher fasting blood glucose level (7.84±0.36 vs 5.76±0.30, P=0.001) on admission in KLA group. In addition, KLA abscess often appeared singly in the right lobe of the liver with gas forming nature (32.88% vs 13.51%, P=0.039), unsmooth rim (71.23% vs 40.54%, P=0.002), and dynamic septum enhancement (41.10% vs 16.22%, P=0.009). Compared to mono aspiration subgroup, additional antibiotic flushing could not further improve clinical outcomes of KLA patients (P>0.05); however, the retained catheter showed obvious advantage in reducing abscess diameter (34.38±3.25 mm vs 22.67±2.37 mm, P=0.017). It can be concluded that the strong association with diabetes, milder clinical symptoms, and gas-forming nature in CT images makes early pathogenic diagnosis of KLA possible. Comparatively, ultrasonography-guided percutaneous liver aspiration with retained catheter may be the most rational intervention modality of KLA.     

咳嗽变异性哮喘31例临床分析

报道确诊为咳嗽变异性哮喘31例,男19例,女12例。就诊年龄7个月～11 10/12岁,就诊时病程2个月～6个月。咳嗽多见于清晨者22例,夜间者9例,多为刺激性干咳。夏秋季发病者最多(54.8％),77.4％患儿有过敏史,家族过敏史占54.8％,58.1％末梢血嗜酸性粒细胞计数>0.3×10~9/L。19例做支气管扩张试验,PEF增加15％以上;12例口服博利康尼试验治疗有效,31例给予平喘药物治疗有效。     

Anti-social personality disorder and response to methadone maintenance treatment

A sample of 183 current methadone maintenance patients were interviewed on their drug use history, criminal history, current drug use, and symptoms of Anti-social Personality Disorder (ASPD). Thirty-nine percent of patients met the DSM-III-R criteria for a diagnosis of ASPD. ASPD patients had an earlier onset of drug use, drug injecting, heroin use, had wider polydrug using histories and had been arrested earlier and more frequently than other patients. Despite the different pretreatment histories of ASPD and other patients, there were no differences between the two groups in retention in treatment, methadone dosage or heroin use. It is concluded that heroin-dependent ASPD patients can be successfully retained in methadone treatment, on similar methadone doses and with similar in-treatment drug use patterns as those of non-ASPD heroin dependent patients.     

The impact of cocaine use in patients enrolled in opioid agonist therapy in Ontario,Canada

BackgroundOpioid agonist therapy is the gold standard of care for opioid use disorder; however, the efficacy of this treatment may be hindered by concurrent drug use, including the use of cocaine. This study examines the impact of cocaine use on treatment retention, while accounting for various risk factors, including geographic location, age, gender, and first-month cocaine use.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using anonymized electronic medical records from 58 opioid agonist therapy clinics in Ontario between 2011 and 2013. One-year treatment retention was the primary outcome of interest and was measured by differing frequencies of cocaine use – as well as baseline use – with an additional focus on geographic location (Northern Ontario vs. Southern Ontario).ResultsOur cohort consisted of 3835 patients, with the average retention rate of 44%. Baseline cocaine users had a retention rate of 39% and non-users had a retention rate of 46%. Patients who were cocaine-negative on admission benefited from an increased median days retained (302 vs. 212 days). Patients who used cocaine at higher frequencies had decreased retention rates compared to those who used less often. Despite increased levels of cocaine use, Northern patients were better retained than Southern patients.ConclusionNorthern patients and patients from urban communities are more likely to be baseline cocaine users. Both baseline and continued cocaine use is predictive of treatment dropout in Northern and Southern patients. The higher the frequency of cocaine use, the more likely a patient is to terminate treatment. Patients in Northern Ontario are retained in treatment at higher rates than their Southern counterparts.     

儿童肺结核45例临床特点及诊断分析

目的 分析儿童肺结核的临床特点,为提高儿童肺结核的诊治水平提供依据。方法 回顾性分析45例肺结核患儿的一般资料、实验室检查以及影像学检查结果,比较并分析胸部CT与胸X线片检查结果,并查阅纤维支气管镜检查、治疗支气管内膜结核情况。结果 45例患儿中男28例,女17例。明确接种卡介苗者42例（93.3%）。有明确近期活动性肺结核接触史者11例（24.4%）,既往家庭成员有结核病史者33例（73.3%）。单纯肺结核者37例（82.2%）,合并肺外结核者以结核性胸膜炎多见。常见症状为发热、咳嗽、喘息以及结核中毒症状。儿童肺结核以不同形式起病,以支气管炎和肺炎起病29例（64.4%）,以支气管哮喘起病3例（6.7%）,以慢性咳嗽起病5例（11.1%）,以发热待查起病6例（13.3%）,手术创伤后起病2例（4.4%）。结核菌素纯化蛋白衍生物试验中度以上阳性38例（84.4%）。胸部CT比胸X线片能更好地发现病变。45例中42例进行了纤维支气管镜检查,发现支气管内膜结核13例（31.0%）,予冷冻以及利奈唑胺灌洗治疗,2～3次后支气管内壁变光滑。结论 胸部CT的诊断价值优于胸X线片;纤维支气管镜下予...     

A double-blind clinical trial of fenticonazole (2%) spray versus naftifine (1%) spray in patients with cutaneous mycoses

A multi-centre, double-blind trial was carried out in 100 patients with cutaneous mycotic infections, confirmed by direct microscopy and/or culture, to compare the efficacy and tolerability of spray formulations of 2% fenticonazole and 1% naftifine. On entry, patients were allocated at random to receive once daily topical applications of one or other drug over a period of 2 to 4 weeks, treatment being stopped when patients had recovered or substantially improved. Clinical and mycological assessments were made before (baseline), at weekly intervals during treatment and, if possible, 2 to 3 weeks after the end of treatment (drug-free period). Treatment was continued for 19.25 days with fenticonazole and 19.62 days with naftifine. All patients had positive mycological findings on entry. The most frequently isolated pathogens were dermatophytes, mainly Trichophyton rubrum; however, Candida albicans was present in 33.3% of patients in the fenticonazole group and in 20.8% of those treated with naftifine. At the end of treatment, only 3 (6.3%) and 5 (10.4%) patients, respectively, of the 48 patients assessed in each group still had positive mycological findings. Assessments of symptoms indicated comparable, significant improvement in both groups, and at the end of treatment the overall opinion of doctors and patients was that about 90% of patients were cured or greatly improved. The end of the drug-free period evaluation showed that, of the patients assessed as cured or greatly improved at the end of treatment, only 1 (3.2%) patient who had received fenticonazole and 2 (6.3%) who had received naftifine were confirmed mycologically as having relapsed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

呼吸道异物420例临床分析

目的探讨呼吸道异物的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾分析了1983年10月至2008年4月我科治疗的420例呼吸道异物的处理过程。结果3岁以下婴幼儿365例,约占87％;误诊27例,约占6．43％;420例（99．05％）在全麻或表麻下经直接喉镜、气管镜成功取出,2例死亡、2例脑轻瘫。结论全麻下支气管镜检及异物取出术安全,手术成功率高。对气管异物、支气管异物术前正确快速判断,术中需做好应变准备,减少并发症和降低病死率。     

25例呼吸科住院患者24小时咳嗽监测及特征分析

目的:应用便携式咳嗽监测仪监测呼吸科常见病住院患者客观咳嗽状况。方法:在医院呼吸科10月住院患者中选取25例,采用自行研发的便携式咳嗽监测仪进行24小时咳嗽状况监测。结果:呼吸科常见病中COPD患者平均咳嗽136次/24小时,咳嗽多为6:00～9:00;支气管哮喘患者平均咳嗽127.3次/24小时,咳嗽多为4:00～8:00;支气管扩张患者平均咳嗽168.8次/24小时,咳嗽多为8:00～11:00;肺癌患者平均咳嗽82.2次/24小时、肺部感染患者平均咳嗽160.8次/24小时,两者大部分时间均有咳嗽且个体差异较大。结论:呼吸科住院患者常见病咳嗽各有其特征,咳嗽监测仪有望用于辅助临床诊断和疗效评估。