氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2-血管紧张素(1～7)-MAS-ERK通路的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)-血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang(1-7)]-MAS-ERK通路的影响。方法30周龄SHR随机分为SHR组(n=11)、氯沙坦组[氯沙坦灌胃30mg/(kg·d),n=12],以Wistar大鼠(WKY)作正常对照(n=12)。处理12周后,应用放射免疫法检测大鼠血浆及心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang-(1-7)]水平;采用RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠心肌血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)、ACE2和MAS受体mRNA水平;采用Western blot法检测ACE、ACE2和磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(pERK1/2)蛋白表达水平。结果用药12周后,氯沙坦组血压明显低于SHR组[(164.3±21.6)比(241.3±24.5)mmHg,P<0.01];SHR组心肌ACE mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著高于WKY组,而ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、心肌MAS受体mRNA表达水平明显低于WKY组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);氯沙坦组ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、MAS mRNA表达水平高于SHR组(P<0.01),心...     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构与ACE2 mRNA的表达

目的:观察不同月龄的自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的心脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)mRNA表达水平,探讨心脏重构与ACE2的内在联系。方法:将12周龄雄性SHR 18只和12周龄WKY Wistar-Kyoto rats大鼠18只随机分为两组,从WKY大鼠组和SHR组中各抽取9只处死,剩余的9只再喂养12周后处死。测量大鼠心脏的质量(HW)与体质量(BW)并计算HW/BW的比值。以实时定量RT-PCR法检测ACE2 mRNA的表达。结果:①与同周龄WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组HW/BW的比值显著增加(P0.01);与12周龄SHR组比较,24周龄SHR组的HW/BW显著增加(P0.05)。②与同周龄的WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01);与12周龄的SHR组比较,24周龄的SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构伴随着心脏中ACE2 mRNA的表达下调。     

苯那普利、缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察苯那普利与缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)和肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平的影响,探讨ACE2在高血压发病机制和药物治疗中的意义.方法12周龄雄性SHR 28只,分为空白对照组(Sc)、苯那普利组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sl)、大剂量缬沙坦组(30 mg/kg·d)(Sh),每组7只,7只雄性WKY大鼠为正常对照.药物治疗3月后,用放射免疫法测定血浆Ang Ⅱ含量,RT-PCR法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达.结果与WKY大鼠相比,SHR肾脏中ACE2 mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显降低,而ACE mRNA的表达和血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则明显升高(P<0.05).缬沙坦治疗后SHR血压显著下降而血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则进一步升高,肾脏中ACE2的表达水平明显升高,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05).苯那普利治疗对SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ水平及肾脏ACE2的表达则无明显影响.结论SHR体内ACE和ACE2的表达失衡可能在高血压的发病机制中有重要意义.血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)可能通过升高SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ的水平而增加肾脏中ACE2的表达,ACE2表达的增加可能是ARB抗高血压治疗的一个新药理机制.     

苯那普利、缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察苯那普利与缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平的影响,探讨ACE2在高血压发病机制和药物治疗中的意义。方法12周龄雄性SHR28只,分为空白对照组(Sc)、苯那普利组(10mg/kg.d)(Sb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10mg/kg.d)(Sl)、大剂量缬沙坦组(30mg/kg.d)(Sh),每组7只,7只雄性WKY大鼠为正常对照。药物治疗3月后,用放射免疫法测定血浆AngⅡ含量,RT-PCR法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达。结果与WKY大鼠相比,SHR肾脏中ACE2mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显降低,而ACEmRNA的表达和血浆AngⅡ水平则明显升高(P<0.05)。缬沙坦治疗后SHR血压显著下降而血浆AngⅡ水平则进一步升高,肾脏中ACE2的表达水平明显升高,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。苯那普利治疗对SHR血浆AngⅡ水平及肾脏ACE2的表达则无明显影响。结论SHR体内ACE和ACE2的表达失衡可能在高血压的发病机制中有重要意义。血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)可能通过升高SHR血浆AngⅡ的水平而增加肾脏中ACE2的表达,ACE2表达的增加可能是ARB抗高血压治疗的一个新药理机制。     

心力衰竭大鼠ACE/ACE2相互负向调节及卡维地洛的作用

目的 探讨心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠心肌组织血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）与ACE2相互负向调节及卡维地洛的作用。方法 结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支复制心肌梗死后心力衰竭模型,随机分为心力衰竭组,卡维地洛组和假手术组;喂养2个月后检测血流动力学指标,计算左心室质量指数;放射免疫法测定心肌组织和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测心肌组织ACE和ACE2mRNA表达;蛋白质免疫印迹法检测心肌组织ACE和ACE2蛋白表达。结果 心力衰竭组大鼠循环和心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平明显升高（P〈0.01）,心肌组织ACE和ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均增强（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,ACE/ACE2升高。卡维地洛组大鼠血流动力学指标改善（P〈0.01）,心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平下调（P〈0.05）,心肌组织ACE mRNA和蛋白表达下降（P〈0.01）,ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增强（P〈0.01）,ACE/ACE2降低。结论 心力衰竭大鼠心肌组织ACE和ACE2表达上调,ACE/ACE2升高;卡维地洛抑制ACE表达,增强ACE2表达,ACE/ACE2比值下降。     

高血压大鼠ACE2的表达及其与一氧化氮相关性分析

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)中的表达情况并对其与血清一氧化氮(NO)水平作相关性分析。方法分别采用实时荧光定量PCR,Northern印迹以及免疫印迹技术测定心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA与蛋白表达情况,同时用硝酸还原酶法检测血清NO含量。结果与WKY对照组相比,SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降(ACE2/GAPDH mRNA拷贝数比值为:心脏0·043±0·012vs1.291±0·619;肾脏0·051±0·016vs0·914±0·433,P均<0·01;蛋白相对OD值为:心脏0·729±0·046vs1±0·053;肾脏0·734±0·063vs1.005±0·05,P均<0·01),同时出现血清NO浓度下降[(24.3±8.0vs78.4±27.9)μmol/L,P<0·01)。相关分析发现,大鼠血清NO水平与心、肾组织中ACE2/GAPDH的mRNA拷贝数比值呈正相关(r=0·610,0·521,P均<0·05),而与血压水平则呈负相关(r=-0·656,P<0·05)。结论SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降,很可能与体内NO水平降低及血压上升有关。特异性影响ACE2转录和表达的药物将对高血压病的防治有重要的临床应用价值。     

缬沙坦、苯那普利对自发性高血压大鼠心脏、肾脏ACE表达的影响

目的观察缬沙坦、苯那普利对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏,肾脏血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)表达的影响。方法采用免疫组织化学方法。结果苯那普利、缬沙坦干预明显降低SHR的血压、心体比、LVM(IP<0.05),苯那普利增加SHR心脏、肾脏ACE表达(P<0.05);缬沙坦组增加肾脏ACE表达(P<0.05),且大小剂量组无明显差别。结论苯那普利使ACE表达上调,且这种上调与血压下降及靶器官保护有关;缬沙坦只能使肾ACE表达增加。     

缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠血管中血管紧张素转化酶2 mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血管中的表达以及缬沙坦对ACE2mRNA表达的影响。方法:24只12周龄雄性SHR随机分为SHR组和缬沙坦组,每组各12只,另设12只同龄雄性血压正常的Wistar大鼠作为对照组。缬沙坦组大鼠给予缬沙坦30mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃,SHR组及对照组给予等量0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃。10周后,截取胸主动脉,光镜观察血管的病理变化,测定中膜厚度与血管腔内径之比;采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学法检测胸主动脉中ACE2的表达。结果:与对照组比较,SHR组血管壁明显增厚,管腔变窄,且血管中ACE2mRNA和蛋白的表达均下调;而缬沙坦组ACE2mRNA和蛋白的表达明显高于SHR组。结论:高血压时血管重构可能与ACE2的表达下调有关,缬沙坦可能通过增加血管中ACE2的表达而发挥保护血管的作用。     

血管紧张素转换酶短发夹RNA对自发性高血压大鼠的降压效果

背景 高血压是多基因遗传病,与基因表达异常有关.因此.寻找一种长期有效的、通过调节体内基因表达而控制高血压的基因疗法,可能是解决高血压的最终临床方案.目的 用RNA干扰技术下调血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)表达,观察其对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压及肾脏表达ACE的影响.方法 SHR随机分为3组:空白对照组(注射生理盐水);病毒对照组(注射对照腺病毒:Ad5-EGFP);治疗组(注射表达ACE基因特异性短发夹RNA的重组腺病毒载体:Ad5-EGFP-ACE-shRNA);同时设WKY正常血压对照组(注射生理盐水).以上各组大鼠均于实验的第1天单次尾静脉注射给药.干预前后检测尾动脉压及心率的变化.于注射后第3天,取主动脉、肺、心肌、肾脏组织,荧光显微镜下观察对Ad5-EGFP-ACE-shRNA的吸收情况.并用RT-PCR及Western blot法检测肾组织中ACE mRNA及蛋白的表达.结果 治疗组尾动脉压于注射后第3天明显下降(19.0±3.2)mmHg,第13天时下降(22.1±3.3)mmHg,降压作用至少可持续14天,而空白对照和病毒对照组血压则持续升高.主动脉、肺、心肌、肾脏组织在荧光显微镜下可见大量绿色荧光表达.治疗组与空白对照和病毒对照组相比,治疗组肾组织中ACE mRNA(分别下降61.1%、62.3%)及蛋白(分别下降56.2%、53.3%,P<0.05)与WKY组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 RNA干扰可在mRNA水平有效抑制ACE的表达,对SHR起到明显持久的降压作用.RNA干扰技术可能成为高血压病基因治疗的一种新策略.     

伊贝沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2基因表达的影响

目的观察自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)的表达,探讨伊贝沙坦对SHR肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达的调节作用。方法20只14周龄雄性SHR分为SHR组和伊贝沙坦组,各10只。伊贝沙坦组每只大鼠予以伊贝沙坦50 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,给药时间12周。同时取14周龄雄性京都种Wistar大鼠10只为对照组。SHR组和对照组给予等量蒸馏水灌胃12周。采用免疫组织化学和逆转录聚合酶链反应检测各组大鼠肾脏ACE2表达,利用放射免疫测定法检测各组大鼠血浆血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ浓度。结果与对照组比较,SHR组ACE2 mRNA表达显著减少(0．72±0．11对1．11±0．15);与SHR组比较,伊贝沙坦组经12周治疗后,ACE2 mRNA表达明显提高(1．03±0．13对0．72±0．11),均为P<0．05。SHR肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达与血浆AngⅡ浓度成正相关(r=0．83,P<0．05)。结论ACE2在高血压大鼠肾脏表达显著减少,可能是高血压病理生理变化之一。AngⅡ-1型受体阻滞剂伊贝沙坦上调SHR肾组织ACE2 mRNA表达,提示这可能是该药物反向调节过度激活的肾素-血管紧张素系统又一新途径。     

High expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in preservation injury after liver transplantation in rats

Aim:  To explore the possible role of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in preservation injury (PI) after liver transplantation by studying expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the transplanted liver of rats and its relationship with PI.
Methods:  The animals receiving liver transplantation were assigned to cold preservation group (CP group) and non-cold preservation group (NCP group). The sham-operation group was used as the control. The severity of PI was assessed by histology. The mRNA and protein expressions of ACE and ACE2 were detected by real-time PCR, Western blot, respectively. Tissue hypoxia was assessed by pimonidazole staining.
Results:  Various degrees of tissue injury were observed after liver transplantation, especially in CP group. ACE2 mRNA and protein expressions in the transplantation groups were elevated significantly compared with those of the control group ( P  < 0.01, P  < 0.05), and higher in CP group than those in NCP group ( P  < 0.05). There was a close positive correlation between PI and mRNA expression of ACE and ACE2. Positive pimonidazole staining distributed around the hepatic central vein, and became darker and more extensive with deterioration of PI.
Conclusion:  ACE2 was closely related to tissue hypoxia due to CP-induced PI of the transplanted liver, and ACE may aggravate the inflammation in PI. Local RAS may play an important role in PI of the transplanted liver.     

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity in Strains of Normo- and Hypertensive Rats

The concentration of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung, kidney and plasma of the following strains of rats were investigated: Sprague Dawley (SD), Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), stroke prone SHR (SP-SHR) and low blood pressure SHR (LBP-SHR) i.e. SHR whose blood pressures were below 150 mm Hg. The enzyme concentrations in the lung of the hypertensive rats were significantly higher than those of the normotensive rats but the reverse was true for plasma ACE concentrations. The kidney ACE concentrations in the hypertensive rats were also lower than those of the normotensive rats, but the differences were not significant. There were no significant differences in enzyme concentrations between the normotensive SD and WKY. Similar results were obtained with the three sub-strains of hypertensive rats despite the fact that their mean blood pressure (MBP) varied significantly from each other.     

Characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme in isolated cerebral microvessels from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: Abnormalities in the vascular renin-angiotensin system have been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis and complications of hypertension. In animal models of hypertension, there is wide variation in reported vascular angiotensin converting activity, particularly in cerebral microvessels. In this study, we sought to characterize, quantitate and compare cerebral microvessel angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in genetically hypertensive rats and normotensive rats. DESIGN: Brain microvascular ACE from 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was measured and compared with ACE from brain microvessels of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. METHODS: Isolated cerebral microvascular ACE was measured using two methods, enzyme kinetic assay or radioligand binding assay. RESULTS: In SHR, cerebral microvessel ACE was of similar activity and concentration and had similar ligand binding affinities to WKY rats. Plasma ACE activity was significantly elevated in WKY rats compared with SHR. CONCLUSION: Cerebral microvascular ACE is similar in SHR and WKY rats. Microvascular ACE is unlikely to participate in the pathogenesis or complications of hypertension in this model.     

Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by all-trans retinoic acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats

There is increasing evidence that all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) influences gene expression of components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. To further validate effects of atRA on the RAS and to assess the possibility that atRA affects the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), gene, and protein expression of ACE2 have been examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Rats were treated with atRA (10 or 20 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) or placebo given as daily intraperitoneal injection for 1 month. ACE2 expression was markedly decreased in placebo-treated SHR when compared with WKY rats. However, in atRA-treated SHR, a significant upregulation of ACE2 expression was observed in heart and kidney. In conclusion, chronic atRA treatment increases gene and protein expressions of ACE2, resulting in the reduction of blood pressure and the attenuation of myocardial damage in SHR, which suggests that atRA may be an attractive candidate for the potential prevention and treatment of human essential hypertension.     

自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2 mRNA转录及其蛋白表达

目的观察不同月龄自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2) mRNA转录及其蛋白表达,初步探讨ACE2在高血压发生、发展过程中的可能作用。方法雄性SHR1月龄组(S1)、2月龄组(S2)、3月龄组(S3)、6月龄组(S6)和9月龄组(S9)共5组,每组各6只,各组均有相应月龄匹配的Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠作对照。采用RBP-Ⅰ型大鼠血压心率测定仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压(SBP);逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测肾脏ACE2 mRNA的转录水平;免疫组化染色结合计算机图像分析方法测定肾脏ACE2蛋白的表达水平。结果1)SHR的SBP随着月龄的增加而上升,6月龄后趋于稳定。2)SHR和WKY肾脏ACE2蛋白和 mRNA水平均随着月份的增加而增加,3月龄时达高峰,6月龄后趋于稳定;且SHR肾脏ACE2蛋白和 mRNA水平均低于同龄的WKY。S1肾脏髓质内侧部ACE2免疫染色阳性面积百分比较皮质和髓质外侧部高,与1月后的分布相反。结论1)SHR肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平比WKY大鼠低。2)大鼠肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达具有时间和部位分布上的差异。     

N-domain angiotensin I-converting enzyme with 80 kDa as a possible genetic marker of hypertension

We have previously described angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) forms in urine of normotensive (190 and 65 kDa) and hypertensive patients (90 and 65 kDa, N-domain ACEs). Based on the results described above, experimental and genetic models of hypertension were investigated to distinguish hemodynamic and genetic influence on the generation of ACE profile in urine: Wistar-Kyoto and Brown Norway rats (WKY and BN), spontaneously and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR and SHR-SP), one kidney/one clip rats (1K1C), deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-treated and untreated rats, and enalapril-treated SHR (SHRen). Two peaks with ACE activity were separated from the urine of WKY and BN rats submitted to an AcA-44 column, WK-1/BN-1 (190 kDa), and WK-2/BN-2 (65 kDa), as described for urine of normotensive subjects. The same results were obtained for urine of 1K1C and DOCA salt-treated and untreated rats, analyzed to evaluate the influence of hemodynamic factors in the ACE profile in urine. The urine from SHR, SHR-SP, and SHRen presented 80 (S-1, SP-1, Sen-1) and 65 (S-2, SP-2, Sen-2) kDa ACE forms, differing from the urine profile of normotensive rats, but similar to that described for hypertensive patients. The presence of 80 kDa ACE in urine of SHR, SHR-SP, and SHRen and its absence in urine of experimental hypertensive rats (1K1C and DOCA salt) support the hypothesis that this enzyme could be a possible genetic marker of hypertension. Taken together, our results provide evidence that ACE forms with 90/80 kDa isolated from the urine of hypertensive subjects and genetic hypertensive animals behaves as a possible genetic marker of hypertension and not as a marker of high blood pressure.     

Ventricular performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with reduced cardiac mass

Summary This study was designed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of captopril treatment on cardiac mass and performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular mass of SHR and normotensive WKY rats was reduced (p<0.01). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) in the treated SHR and WKY were reduced; cardiac (CI) and stroke (SI) indices remained unaltered in SHR but increased in WKY. Ventricular performance (i.e., cardiac pumping ability), assessed by rapid blood infusion, did not differ between untreated SHR and WKY, and between treated and untreated WKY rats. However, the ventricular performance curves for the treated SHR shifted down and to the right from the untreated SHR (p<0.01). Moreover, when MAP of treated SHR (with regressed LV mass) was elevated to their pretreatment levels, cardiac performance curves shifted further rightward and downward. In contrast, the performance curves of treated WKY whose MAP was also elevated to the level of untreated WKY were no different from those of untreated WKY. These data demonstrate that captopril treatment (at doses used in this study) reduced MAP in SHR through decreased TPRI while decreasing biventricular mass. Furthermore, the cardiac-pumping ability of previously hypertrophied SHR hearts was reduced, suggesting that certain antihypertensive agents that diminish cardiac mass could produce impaired cardiac function when called upon to increase performance (e.g., when MAP is suddenly raised).     

High angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II) activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously hypertensive adult rats

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, Kininase II, E.C. 3.4.15.1) activity was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of 4- and 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive controls. Adult SHR showed higher cerebrospinal fluid enzyme activity than normotensive age-matched WKY (19.6 +/- 1 and 32.3 +/- 5 nmol/h per ml in WKY and SHR, respectively, P less than 0.025). Conversely, there were no significant differences in enzyme activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of young animals. Our results support the hypothesis of enhanced activity of the central angiotensin system during the established phase of spontaneous hypertension in rats.