类固醇肌病：附2例肌活检病理报告及文献复习

报告２例结缔组织病患者在应用皮质类固醇治疗过程中出现类固醇肌病。其主要临床表现为盆带肌无力。肌活检病理组化特点为选择性Ⅱ型纤维萎缩伴Ⅰ型纤维内脂质增加。电镜观察发现肌原纤维萎缩，其间有大量变性线粒体、糖原及脂滴聚积。本文还结合文献对类固醇肌病的诊断、鉴别诊断及处理措施进行了讨论。     

抗核基质蛋白2抗体阳性炎性肌病临床及病理分析

目的探讨抗核基质蛋白2(NXP2)抗体阳性炎性肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉病理特点和治疗。方法回顾性分析就诊于我院的4例抗NXP2抗体阳性炎性肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉病理改变和治疗方法。结果 4例患者均出现对称性四肢近端无力,2例出现皮肌炎样皮疹,3例出现吞咽困难,2例出现肢体水肿。3例血清肌酸激酶显著升高,1例正常;4例肌电图均为肌源性损害;4例下肢肌肉磁共振显示肌肉及筋膜组织水肿信号;4例血清抗NXP2抗体阳性。肌肉病理3例表现为束周萎缩,血管周围和肌束膜炎性细胞浸润;1例表现为间质水肿。4例患者均给予糖皮质激素治疗,随访3例患者好转,1例出院后意外死亡。结论抗NXP2抗体阳性炎性肌病以皮肌炎为主要临床表现,多伴有吞咽困难和肢体水肿,肌肉磁共振显示肌肉及筋膜水肿信号;主要病理特点为束周萎缩;糖皮质激素治疗效果较好。     

选择性Ⅱ型肌纤维萎缩病因探讨和分析

选择性Ⅱ型肌纤维萎缩是一个病理学概念,是指经ATPase染色证实萎缩肌纤维绝大多数为Ⅱ型纤维的一种特殊的病理改变。在多数文献中,选择性Ⅱ型纤维萎缩被认为是一种非特异性的肌源性病理损害,见于多种肌病,但有关其临床病理联系的研究,国内外均未见报道。本文对23例具有选择性Ⅱ型纤维萎缩患者的临床和病理特点进行了回顾性分析。     

脊髓性肌萎缩症临床与肌肉病理学研究

目的　总结近端脊髓性肌萎缩症 (SMA)各类型的临床与肌肉病理学特征的关系及临床意义。方法　收集 39例做过肌肉活检的各型SMA病例 ,进行临床及肌肉病理学分析。肌肉病理采用本实验室常规组织学及组织化学技术方法。结果　四型SMA有各自特点。SMA Ⅰ多于出生时发病 ,肌无力及肌萎缩以四肢近端为主 ,血清CPK正常 ,病程快 ,死亡率高 ,肌活检示大组的小萎缩肌纤维 ,常累及整个肌束。SMA Ⅱ发病慢 ,下肢肌无力重于上肢 ,肌萎缩不明显 ,血清CPK偶有升高 ,预后相对好 ,肌活检示少见大组萎缩肌纤维 ,同型肌群化突出。SMA Ⅲ起病隐袭 ,近端肌无力及肌萎缩呈进行性发展 ,血清CPK升高 ,需与进行性肌营养不良鉴别。肌活检变化多样 ,以同型肌群化为主要特征。SMA Ⅳ于 40岁左右发病 ,起病与进展均较隐袭 ,肌活检示神经源性损害 ,同型肌群化为主。结论　结合临床表现做肌肉活检可为确定诊断提供可靠的证据 ,在鉴别诊断中有重要价值 ,并可为基因诊断研究提供确诊病例。     

杆状体肌病二例并文献复习

目的 探讨杆状体肌病的临床表现和病理特点。方法 分析2例经肌肉活检确诊的杆状体肌病患者的临床和组织病理学特点并复习文献。活检组织常规行HE、MGT、NADH-TR、SDH、NSE、ORO、PAS和ATP染色及超微结构观察。结果 先天性杆状体肌病者属于该病经典型,具有典型的四肢近端无力和肌张力低,伴高足弓畸形;成人起病者可无典型肌病表现。2例患者肌肉病理检查均可见I型纤维占优势,改良Gomori染色可见肌膜下大量蓝紫色粗颗粒样或杆状物质,部分肌纤维萎缩;1例电镜下可见部分肌纤维膜下、肌核旁多个与Z线电子密度一致的杆状小体。结论 成年起病的杆状体肌病临床表现具较大异质性。     

抗核基质蛋白2抗体阳性炎性肌病临床及病理分析

目的 探讨抗核基质蛋白2（NXP2）抗体阳性炎性肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉病理特点和治疗。方法 回顾性分析就诊于我院的4例抗NXP2抗体阳性炎性肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉病理改变和治疗方法。结果 4例患者均出现对称性四肢近端无力,2例出现皮肌炎样皮疹,3例出现吞咽困难,2例出现肢体水肿。3例血清肌酸激酶显著升高,1例正常;4例肌电图均为肌源性损害;4例下肢肌肉磁共振显示肌肉及筋膜组织水肿信号;4例血清抗NXP2抗体阳性。肌肉病理3例表现为束周萎缩,血管周围和肌束膜炎性细胞浸润;1例表现为间质水肿。4例患者均给予糖皮质激素治疗,随访3例患者好转,1例出院后意外死亡。结论 抗NXP2抗体阳性炎性肌病以皮肌炎为主要临床表现,多伴有吞咽困难和肢体水肿,肌肉磁共振显示肌肉及筋膜水肿信号;主要病理特点为束周萎缩;糖皮质激素治疗效果较好。     

强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型临床、病理、骨骼肌磁共振特点

目的总结11例强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型(DM1)患者的临床、病理和双下肢肌肉受累的特点。方法回顾性分析2012年01月至2020年10月就诊于南京鼓楼医院神经内科的11例DM1患者的临床、骨骼肌活检病理及5例双下肢骨骼肌磁共振的特点。结果11例患者均有不同程度的肌强直、伴有肌无力/肌萎缩症状,肌无力/肌萎缩远端重于近端。骨骼肌病理特点:10/11例患者可见Ⅰ型肌纤维轻度萎缩,部分患者可见核内移、核聚集、肌浆块现象。双下肢肌肉磁共振:5例患者双下肢远端脂肪浸润重于近端,双侧肌肉受累程度不对称,大腿肌肉脂肪浸润以股中间肌最严重,小腿肌肉以腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、腓骨长肌最严重。结论骨骼肌磁共振对诊断强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型有重要的提示意义。     

脂质沉积性肌病临床与病理学分析

目的分析脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathy,LSM)临床和病理学特点。方法对采用肌肉酶组织化学染色方法诊断的53例LSM患者,收集临床资料、归纳分析其临床与病理特点。结果 53例患者中男性37例,平均发病年龄26.64±10.37岁;女性16例,平均发病年龄23.99±15.03岁,64.15%患者于冬春季节发病,以肢体近端无力(52.83%)、不耐受疲劳(22.64%)及肌痛(7.55%)为首发表现,血清CK波动于39.8⁴609.6 U/L之间,平均1311.20±1147.50 U/L;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)波动于944609.6 U/L之间,平均1311.20±1147.50 U/L;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)波动于94⁵027.8 U/L,平均1286.30±2579.6 U/L;CK、LDH值与年龄、病程及起病年龄均无相关性(P>0.05)。70.59%的患者肌电图呈肌源性损害;4.88%肌源性合并神经源性损害;24.53%肌电图正常。肌肉酶组织化学染色结果提示12例为重度LSM;13例为中度;28例为轻度。病理下肌纤维内大量空泡形成,两型纤维均可受累,以Ⅰ型为主。结论本组肌活检的LSM检出率为2.73%,男性占多数,散发为主,发病年龄及病程跨度较大,半数以上合并颈肌及球部肌无力,病理脂滴沉积现象越重肌酶水平越高。     

慢性类固醇肌病(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的报道1例糖皮质激素致慢性类固醇肌病的病例,探讨患者发生慢性类固醇肌病的原因。方法回顾性收集1例使用糖皮质激素致慢性类固醇肌病患者的临床资料,并进行文献分析。结果患者自7年前诊断为系统性红斑狼疮后开始应用糖皮质激素治疗,2017年5月诊断狼疮性肾病,行环磷酰胺和糖皮质激素冲击治疗后患者逐渐出现下肢乏力、肌肉萎缩,完善检查后诊断为慢性类固醇肌病,建议患者就诊风湿免疫科调整治疗方案,尽量减少糖皮质激素用量。结论慢性类固醇肌病发病与糖皮质激素的应用剂量无明确相关性,糖皮质激素与环磷酰胺同时应用可能会使糖皮质激素的代谢受到抑制,糖皮质激素相关不良反应也更易发生,但仍需临床研究进一步确证。     

Nonaka肌病临床病理及肌肉磁共振特点分析

目的探讨Nonaka肌病的临床、肌肉病理及肌肉磁共振特点。方法入选2例患者,女性1例,男性1例,临床表现均以双下肢远端肌肉无力、萎缩为主,双上肢仅轻度受累。血清肌酸激酶轻度升高,肌电图提示肌源性损害,神经传导速度均正常。对患者完善大腿及小腿肌肉磁共振检查,并予以左上肢肱二头肌活检,进行组织学、酶组织化学及免疫组织化学染色,抽取外周静脉血2mL送基因公司进行遗传性肌肉病相关基因测序。结果肌肉病理提示,肌纤维肥大、萎缩、再生,肌纤维内可见镶边空泡,符合肌病样病理改变。肌肉MRI提示,大腿股四头肌脂肪化程度较轻,尤其是股外侧肌未受累及,大腿后组肌群及小腿胫前肌、胫后肌脂肪化程度严重。基因结果均提示GNE基因突变。结论 Nonaka肌病是一种与GNE基因突变相关的常染色体隐性遗传性远端肌病,临床表现特点为胫前肌首先受累,而股四头肌早期不受累。病理改变特点为肌纤维内镶边空泡形成。肌肉MRI可提示肌肉脂肪化的程度及分布规律,为诊断提供依据。     

类固醇肌病大鼠模型的建立及其骨骼肌病变的形态学研究

目的探讨不同剂量皮质类固醇激素以及合成代谢类激素对大鼠骨骼肌的影响。方法用不同剂量地塞米松(dexamethasone,DX),分别为5mg/kg腹腔注射,每日1次,连用14d和10、20、40、60、90mg/kg腹腔注射,每日1次,连用5d诱导类固醇肌病(steroidmyopathy,SM)的大鼠模型,观察其骨骼肌的病理改变;观察苯丙酸诺龙(NPP)对类固醇肌病的预防效果。结果DX5mg/kg腹腔注射,每日一次连续3天即足以造成大鼠的实验性SM模型,随剂量和疗程的增加,肌肉病变加重;病肌显示肌纤维萎缩和结构破坏,以Ⅱ型纤维为主,Ⅰ型纤维亦可受累,但程度较轻;Ⅰ型肌纤维在DX40、90mg/kg组中比例增高;NPP与DX5mg/kg同步使用未能防止SM的发生,但减轻了肌纤维的坏变程度。结论大鼠实验性SM模型的病肌以肌纤维萎缩为主,伴纤维结构破坏,病变随激素剂量和疗程的递增而加剧;Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纤维均可受累;合成代谢类激素不能防止SM的发生。     

晚发型糖原累积病II型的临床和病理研究

目的：总结晚发型糖原累积病II型（CSDII型）的临床及病理学特点。方法：回顾性分析11例GSDII型患者的临床和病理资料,并对部分患者进行随访。结果：临床表现为对称性四肢肌无力,以近端受累为主,可伴有呼吸肌无力,肌酸激酶（cK）可有不同程度升高,肌电图检查均呈肌源性损害肌电表现,可伴肌强直电位。外周血α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显减低,肌肉活组织检查均以肌纤维空泡样变为主要病理特征,过碘酸希夫反应可见空泡内大量糖原沉积,酸性磷酸酶染色阳性。结论：晚发型GSDII型多表现为慢性肌病,易累及四肢肌和呼吸肌,血清CK轻度至中度升高,肌肉病理见明显空泡样变。α-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显减低,有助于确诊。     

糖原累积病Ⅱ型20例临床及病理特点

目的 总结糖原累积病Ⅱ型(GSDⅡ型)的临床及病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析20例经肌肉活体组织检查病理诊断的GSDⅡ型患者的临床和病理资料,并对部分患者进行随访.结果 20例患者中婴儿型1例,表现为全身肌力、肌张力低下,肌萎缩,运动发育迟缓,喂养困难,反复肺部感染合并心功能不全,血清肌酸激酶778 IU/L,肌电图示肌源性损害,超声心动图示肥厚性心肌病;晚发型19例(少年型18例,成人型1例),表现为双侧对称性四肢近端肌萎缩或呼吸肌无力等症状,呼吸肌与肢体肌受累可不平行.15例有实验室检查记录的患者中,14例血清肌酸激酶不同程度升高(208～2600 IU/L).17例行肌电图检查,9例为肌源性损害(其中1例伴易激惹现象),4例为可疑肌源性损害,1例为肌强直样放电,1例神经源性肌源性损害合并存在,2例正常.11例行超声心动检查,发现肥厚性心肌病1例,室间隔增厚、肺动脉高压各2例.肌活体组织病理检查均以肌纤维空泡样变为主要特征,空泡形态多样,多含有嗜碱性颗粒,过碘酸Schiff反应、酸性磷酸酶染色阳性反应明显.结论 GSDⅡ型在临床上表现为慢性肌病,以躯干肌和呼吸肌受累常见.多数患者血清肌酶轻度升高,肌肉病理检查有明显空泡样变,有助于确诊.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical and pathological features of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ⅱ. Methods The clinical and pathological data of the 20 GSD type Ⅱ patients were reviewed. Results One patient with infantile-onset mainly presented hypotonia, muscle weakness, feeding difficulties, pulmonary infection and cardiomyopathy insufficiency and increase of serum creatine kinase (778 IU/L) and echographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were detected. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy. Nineteen cases were late-onset, presenting a slowly progressive proximal myopathy with truncal involvement or with symptoms dominated by respiratory insufficiency. Not all muscles were equally affected. Increase of serum creatine kinase (208-2600 IU/L) was detected in 14 patients and normal level in 1 patient. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy in 9 patients,with abnormal irritability in 1 patient and susceptible in 4 patients and myotonic discharge in 1 patient and no abnormalities in 2 patients. Echographic evidence of thickening of the interventricular septum and pulmonary hypertension were detected in 2 patients respectively. The common light microscopic feature of all case was a vacuolar myopathy with high glycogen content and acid phosphatase activity in the vacuoles. Conclusions GSD type Ⅱ often presents slowly progressive myopathy which often affect the toro and respiratory muscles.In most patients the serum creatine kinase level is elevated slightly. Muscle biopsy is of use to make the definite diagnosis of this disease.     

Myopathological findings in thalassemia major

In thalassemia major (TM) one third of patients suffers from muscle wasting, weakness and cramps. Six patients with TM were studied. All had muscle wasting and proximal weakness; serum levels of vitamin E were low (0.6-7.0 micrograms/dl) while CPK, LDH and aldolase were normal. EMG revealed low-amplitude short-duration polyphasic potentials in 3 patients and normal activity in 3 others. Nerve conduction velocities were normal in 3 patients studied. On muscle biopsies, moderate variation in fiber size with fiber atrophy and preponderance of type 1 fibers were discovered. Our findings confirm the existence of nonspecific myopathic changes in TM. Chronic vitamin E deficiency should be considered in the pathogenesis of the myopathy in TM.     

临床诊断眼咽远端型肌病1例及文献复习

目的:探讨眼咽远端型肌病(OPDM)的临床表现、肌肉病理和分子遗传学特征.方法:报道1例临床疑似OPDM患者的临床和肌肉病理资料,对患者及其亲属共3名行多聚腺嘌呤结合蛋白核1(pabpnl)基因突变分析,并结合文献报道病例予以比较.结果:患者24岁起病,表现双侧眼外肌麻痹、声音嘶哑.肌肉病理显示个别肌纤维萎缩为主的肌源性损害,pabpnl基因检测无异常GCG重复序列扩增.结论:OPDM起病早,早期仅表现眼外肌及咽喉肌群麻痹,pabpnl基因GCG重复序列无异常扩增.     

Acute myopathy and hyperthyroidism

A 40 year-old woman with a rapidly progressive proximal muscle deficit of all four limbs had an acute myopathy secondary to hyperthyroidism. Biopsy of the quadriceps femoris revealed signs of non specific muscle impairment with type II fiber atrophy. Treatment with methimazole and correction of the thyroid condition led to rapid disappearance of the disorders. Eighteen months later the clinical status was normal and a second quadriceps femoris biopsy showed that the muscle had normalized.     

脂质沉积性肌病诊断及误诊分析

目的分析脂质沉积性肌病（LSM）的临床及病理特点,探讨脂质沉积性肌病被误诊的原因。方法分析8例确诊为脂质沉积性肌病患者的临床特点、实验室检查、神经电生理及病理学资料。结果LSM的临床特点是四肢近端肌无力和运动不耐受;肌酶谱轻中度甚至重度升高;肌电图表现肌源性损害、神经源性损害或混合性损害;肌肉病理学检查显示肌纤维中大小不等的空泡形成;7例0R0染色显示Ⅰ型肌纤维中大量脂质颗粒沉积,1例显示脂肪成分正常者电镜检查可见肌纤维内大量脂滴沉积,呈串珠状排列。2例进行神经活检,1例正常,1例光镜下部分髓鞘变薄,崩解脱失。电镜下髓鞘板层分离,雪旺氏细胞内出现脂滴沉积。确诊的LSM曾被误诊为多发性肌炎、肢带型肌营养不良、脊肌萎缩症、胶原血管病、慢性吉兰-巴雷综合征、病毒性心肌炎。结论LSM很易被误诊为其他肌病或神经源性肌病,肌肉活检及组化OR0染色可能染色不成功造成阴性结果,电镜检查是诊断LSM的主要依据。     

The significance of type 1 fiber atrophy (hypotrophy) in childhood neuromuscular disorders

To determine the incidence of selective type 1 fiber atrophy (hypotrophy) and its possible significance in various muscle diseases of childhood, we reviewed 2212 muscle biopsies from children which we had examined in the past 20 years histochemically with ATPase staining. Type 1 fiber atrophy was seen in a variety of neuromuscular disorders, but predominantly in congenital myopathies, including all patients with congenital fiber type disproportion myopathy (20 patients), central core disease (12 patients) and multicore disease (four patients). Although type 1 fiber atrophy was not a constant feature in nemaline myopathy and myotubular myopathy, all patients with these diseases had abnormal fiber type distribution which included type 1 fiber predominance both with and without type 2B fiber deficiency. Together with abnormal fiber type distribution, type 1 fiber atrophy was a common finding in childhood neuromuscular disorders, especially congenital myopathies.     

Congenital neuromuscular disease with uniform type 1 fibers : a case report

A 3-year-old boy was seen because of delayed developmental milestones, waddling gait, nonprogressive proximal muscle weakness and hyporeflexia. Serum creatine kinase levels were normal and EMG was non-diagnostic. Muscle biopsy revealed complete absence of type 2 A and 2 B fibers in addition to a moderate variation in fiber size. Diagnostic findings for congenital nonprogressive myopathies were not present such as nemaline bodies, cores, targetoid structure, central nuclei or selective type 1 fiber atrophy. This was the first case of a distinct form of non-progressive congenital myopathy, "congenital neuromuscular disease (myopathy) with uniform type 1 fibers", accompanied with mental retardation in Japan.     

Nemaline myopathy of cats

An apparently inherited myopathy, characterized by the presence of large numbers of nemaline rods in skeletal muscle fibers, was investigated in five cats. Onset of signs varied from 6 months to 1.5 years of age and consisted of reluctance to move, jerky gait and muscle twitching, hyporeflexia, and muscle wasting, which was most prominent in the proximal muscles of the forelimbs. All of the cats, three males and two females, were from the same dam. In addition to the presence of rods, the myopathy was characterized by marked fiber size variation, with atrophy of type 1 and type 2a muscle fibers. In addition, there was infolding of the sarcolemma and fiber splitting. Ultrastructurally, the rods closely resembled those described in human nemaline myopathy.