颞下经岩骨前部入路的显微解剖观测及临床意义

目的　对颞下经岩骨前部入路的解剖结构进行观测 ,以指导临床应用。方法　模拟临床手术过程 ,在显微镜下对 1 0具 (2 0侧 )成年国人灌注头颅标本进行解剖观测。结果　除弓状隆起外 ,另可见中颅窝底有两个较恒定的骨性突起 ,一个位于中颅窝底的中央部 ,其对应的颅外颅底无解剖结构 ;另一个位于岩骨基底部 ,其颅外颅底对应为颞下颌关节。颈内动脉岩骨段水平部位于Kawase三角下方的骨质中 ,鼓膜张肌位于Glasscock三角下方的骨质中 ,咽鼓管位于颈内动脉岩骨段水平部和鼓膜张肌之间。上半规管延长线与岩骨嵴的交点至内耳孔前缘的距离相对恒定。结论　对中颅窝底恒定骨性突起的观测及命名 ,有利于扩大手术视野、减少对颞叶的牵拉和保护颞下颌关节。在Kawase三角中定位、显露颈内动脉岩骨段水平部 ,不会伤及鼓膜张肌和咽鼓管。熟悉解剖、术前CT扫描及术中对“蓝线”的识别 ,有助于保护骨迷路。     

乙状窦后经内听道上入路显微外科解剖学研究

目的研究乙状窦后经内听道上入路(RSSMA)的显微外科解剖。方法成人颅骨标本10例,头颅标本18例。在改良乙状窦后入路开颅的基础上,磨除内听道上结节和岩尖,采用实体和CT相结合的方法测量内听道上结节、岩尖的切除范围;记录内听道上结节、岩尖切除前后显露中颅窝、上斜坡的面积和三叉神经的范围;观察内听道上区的动脉、静脉、神经、硬膜等解剖结构。结果内听道上结节左右、前后方向骨性组织可全部切除,将内听道的上壁轮廓化可切除其上下径。岩尖的前后、左右、上下方向骨性组织均不能完全切除。中颅窝扩大显露范围为(144.6±13.9)mm2,上斜坡扩大显露(90.3±16.7)mm2。小脑前下动脉、后下动脉、岩上静脉、岩上窦;前庭耳蜗神经、三叉神经、外展神经均得以认定。结论RSSMA可以将乙状窦后入路的手术野扩大显露到中颅窝的中线侧和上斜坡的侧方,并可显露Meckel's腔内的三叉神经。岩骨骨迷路限制中颅窝的显露。RSSMA下的重要解剖结构有三叉神经、面听神经、小脑上动脉、小脑前下动脉、弓下动脉、岩静脉、岩上窦等,术中要注意保护。RSSMA是处理主体在后颅窝,同时侵犯中颅窝病变的安全、有效入路。     

颞下经岩尖-小脑幕入路手术的显微解剖研究

目的 为颞下经岩骨入路手术处理斜坡及脑干腹侧病灶提供解剖学资料。方法 模拟颞下经岩尖—小脑幕入路的手术操作,在手术显微镜下对20侧(10具)福尔马林固定的国人成年带颈头颅标本进行解剖,并观测各主要解剖结构的相互关系。结果 颞下硬脑膜外经前内侧的三叉神经压迹、外侧的岩浅大神经沟及岩上窦所形成的三角区磨削岩骨尖。其周围结构的测量结果为:上半规管垂直于岩骨嵴,位于弓状隆起下方,耳蜗位于内听道前方、岩骨颈内动脉膝后方,内听道位于上半规管与岩浅大神经夹角中央。20侧中有2侧面神经膝裸露,耳蜗至膝状神经节的距离约为3.30 mm±0.79 mm,耳蜗距颈内动脉膝约2.48 mm±1.14 mm,内听道距岩斜缝约16.03 mm±1.94 mm,颈内动脉水平段距岩上窦约10.73 mm±2.00 mm。结论 颞下经岩尖—小脑幕入路能增加岩斜坡及脑干腹侧的显露,但显露范围有限,且需一定程度的颞叶牵拉。同时可能因为不熟悉解剖而误伤耳蜗、颈内动脉及第Ⅶ脑神经、第Ⅷ脑神经,选择应用时应审慎考虑。     

经去颧弓扩大颞下入路切除海绵窦,岩尖,上斜坡肿瘤

本文介绍采用改进的去颧弓扩大颞下入路手术治疗８例位于或累及海绵窦、岩骨尖部、上斜坡、天幕游离前外缘肿瘤患者。该方法的要点是断去颧弓，扇形形成颞肌瓣，翻向颧弓断段以下，咬除蝶骨嵴外侧部分，形成低位颞额骨窗，仅轻度上抬颞叶，则可充分暴露病变范围。由于手术空间扩大，更利于肿瘤切除。本组８例均达到全部或大部分切除，患者术后均得以康复，原有体征不同程度改善。     

耳科学

20050656颞下经岩骨前部入路的显微解剖观测及临床意义/沈沉浮…//中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志·2005,11(1)·5~7目的:对颞下经岩骨前部入路的解剖结构进行观测,以指导临床应用。方法:模拟临床手术过程,在显微镜下对10具(20侧)成年国人灌注头颅标本进行解剖观测。结果:除弓状隆起外,另可见中颅窝底有两个较恒定的骨性突起,一个位于中颅窝底的中央部,其对应的颅外颅底无解剖结构;另一个位于岩骨基底部,其颅外颅底对应为颞下颌关节。颈内动脉岩骨段水平部位于Kawase三角下方的骨质中,鼓膜张肌位于Glasscock三角下方的骨质中,咽鼓管位于颈内动脉…     

内镜下经鼻扩大入路至斜坡区的应用解剖学研究

目的　对颅底斜坡区周围的重要解剖标志进行观察,为内镜下经鼻扩大入路至斜坡区的临床手术应用提供解剖学依据。方法　选取10具湿性头颅标本,分别进行显微和内镜解剖学研究。结果　①通过模拟经鼻扩大至斜坡区的手术入路,确定了内镜下磨除斜坡区域骨质可以暴露自脚间窝至枕骨大孔的脑干腹侧面及三对血管神经复合体。②骨性斜坡区由蝶骨体及枕骨斜坡部共同构成,该区域的上界为鞍背,下界为枕骨大孔前缘。岩斜裂位于斜坡区的外缘,将枕骨与颞骨岩部分隔开。结论　①内镜下经鼻扩大入路可根据斜坡区及其邻近的后颅窝病变的具体位置通过磨除局部斜坡区骨质后到达并切除病变组织;②理解和掌握斜坡区的解剖结构有助于提高术者对该区域手术操作的精确性和安全性。     

颧颞入路切除中颅底内侧肿瘤

目的提高中颅底内侧肿瘤的手术效果.方法回顾分析4例侵及鞍旁、海绵窦、岩尖部的中颅底内侧肿瘤的治疗,均采用截断颧弓、颞肌下翻的低位颞部骨窗人路.结果肿瘤全切除3例,次全切除1例,术时只需轻抬颞叶即可获得良好暴露.结论中颅底内侧肿瘤切除应用颧颞入路可获理想的暴露,术中应注意面神经额支的保护.     

颞盂入路及其在颈静脉球体瘤切除术中的应用

目的介绍颞盂入路切除向颅内外扩展的颈静脉球体瘤。方法采用颞盂入路联合乳突或乳突枕下入路,监控颈内动脉(ICA)和面神经远心端,从颈静脉孔外、后、下3个侧面,于直视下分离切除肿瘤。结果5例颈静脉球体瘤成功切除,术后恢复良好(无下颌运动障碍)。结论颞盂入路联合乳突或乳突枕下入路,可监控ICA远心端和面神经,充分暴露并安全切除颈静脉球体瘤。     

乳突-枕下和颞盂入路切除颈静脉孔向颅内外扩展的肿瘤

现代显微外科、影像诊断、介入疗法、影像导航等高新技术的发展 ,使安全、彻底切除颈静脉孔的病变成为可能。切除此处病变的入路有多种〔1～ 6〕,可因病制宜 ,择优选择。若肿瘤在 3cm以上 ,并向颅内或颅外深入扩展 ,企图单纯从一种入路安全地完整切除则有困难 ,本文介绍乳突 -枕下和颞盂入路。此入路的特点是 :可监控颈内动脉 (ICA)远心端及面神经 ,尽量保全听功能 ;充分暴露和彻底切除病变。我们曾从颞盂入路监控面神经和 ICA颅底段 ,切除迷路和岩尖病变 ,收效良好〔7〕。自 1 997年以来 ,我们先后采用经颞盂入路联合乳突 -枕下入路 ,切…     

显微手术切除斜坡肿瘤

目的：报告１３例斜坡区肿瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法：对各例肿瘤的临床表现、神经放射学的特点和不同的手术入路进行回顾性分析。结果：其中８例全切，５例次全切除。术后死亡１例：３例颅神经症状完全恢复，３例颅神经功能有所改善，２例无变化，４例出现新的神经受损体征。结论：手术入路选择，上斜坡及中上 肿瘤可取幕上下联合岩周入路切除，中斜坡用枕下乙状窦后入路，下斜坡可经枕下极外侧穿髁入路或经口入路切除肿瘤。     

枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的总结应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验。探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术技术,提高肿瘤手术切除程度与术后疗效。方法回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术治疗的11例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,并对手术方法进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除8例(72.7%),次全切除3例。术后新增脑神经损害2例(18.2%),无手术相关死亡病例。结论应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路,采用显微神经外科技术处理岩斜区脑膜瘤,可获得满意的手术疗效。该入路明显扩大对中颅窝和上斜坡的显露,是切除主体位于后颅窝,同时累及中颅窝的岩斜区肿瘤的良好途径,掌握手术技巧和术中注意事项,有利于提高肿瘤切除率和疗效。     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路达颈静脉孔区的显微解剖研究

目的 研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的微创手术人路。方法 选择经10％福尔马林固定成人头颈标本10具，显微镜下模拟枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路的手术操作，逐层显露颈静脉孔区，研究该区显微解剖特征及显露范围。结果 该人路直接沿乙状窦、颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构，其中后颅窝可经枕下显露，颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分别自后、外、下和上方显露颈静脉孔。头侧直肌是界定颞下窝结构和枕下三角内结构的确切标志。后组颅神经，交感千和颈内动、静脉行于其前方，椎动脉寰椎上段及其周围的静脉丛行于其后方。结论 枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路可自多个方向充分显露颈静脉孔区结构，且可保护面神经、迷路、耳蜗和椎动脉等结构免受不必要的损伤。     

Infratemporal fossa approach to the hypoglossal canal: practical landmarks for elusive anatomy

OBJECTIVE: At the conclusion of the article the readers should be able to safely and reliably find the hypoglossal canal using the infratemporal fossa approach. HYPOTHESIS: Very little has been written on the regional anatomy of the hypoglossal canal as seen through a transtemporal approach. This project attempts to further define the anatomy of the hypoglossal canal and provide the surgeon with guidelines for reaching it. Our hypothesis is that the hypoglossal canal can be safely and consistently reached by way of the temporal bone with preservation of hearing and cranial nerves (CN) IX to XI. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective anatomic study. METHODS: The study was performed using cadaver temporal bones. Infratemporal fossa Fisch type-A dissections were performed. The hypoglossal canal was then completely exposed. The distance from the canal to the jugular bulb, carotid artery, round window, lateral canal, and roots of CN IX to XI were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen temporal bones were dissected and measured. The position of the hypoglossal canal is consistently located anterior, inferior, and medial to the jugular bulb. The distance from midcanal to the jugular bulb and the roots of CN IX to XI at the posterior fossa dura was 5.3 mm +/- 0.82 and 7.1 mm +/- 2.49, respectively. The distance from the carotid artery where it meets the jugular vein to the midcanal was 15.3 mm +/- 2.09. The distance from the round window to the canal was 21.7 mm +/- 3.17. CONCLUSIONS: The hypoglossal canal can be consistently reached using the infratemporal fossa approach. Hearing and CN IX to XI can be preserved. The distance from the jugular bulb and roots of CN IX to XI can be used as guideposts. If a tumor is involving the bulb, then the carotid artery and the round window are the next most reliable indicators of position.     

鼻内镜下经鼻翼突径路旁中线颅底手术

内镜颅底手术中选取合适的手术径路至关重要,视野暴露良好、避免重要血管神经损伤是两大原则,相对固定的解剖参考标志也是十分必要的。在内镜下经鼻腔入路旁中线颅底手术中,翼突根部、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、咽鼓管圆枕等解剖结构相对固定,可以互相作为参考。内镜经鼻翼突径路可以处理翼腭窝、颞下窝、海绵窦、Meckle腔、斜坡旁至海绵窦段颈内动脉、岩斜坡区域、岩尖区、咽鼓管区域、咽旁间隙上部。加强以翼突为解剖标志的内镜颅底手术,可以增加术中辨别的标志,并能以此为中心,向内、外扩展,充分利用其空间定位,增加术者在操作中的空间立体感,有助于内镜颅底手术的扩展。     

Extended middle fossa approach to the petroclival junction and anterior cerebellopontine angle.

OBJECTIVES: This article seeks to demonstrate the use of the extended middle cranial fossa approach in the treatment of tumors arising in the anterior cerebellopontine angle and petroclival region. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS:: Ten-year retrospective chart review of over 800 skull base surgical cases demonstrated 16 cases in which the senior author used the extended middle cranial fossa as the sole approach to access the posterior cranial fossa, petroclival junction, or the anterior cerebellopontine angle. There were five males and 11 females, 13 meningiomas, 2 trigeminal schwannomas, and 1 brainstem glioma. Presenting symptoms were dependent on extent of brainstem compression and involvement of surrounding cranial nerves. The symptoms are broken down as follows: hydrocephalus, one; balance disturbance, three; diplopia, five; trigeminal neuralgia, two; hemifacial numbness, one; seizures, one; expressive aphasia, one; and hearing loss, two. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients in this study, one patient needed postoperative care in a skilled nursing facility. Postoperative facial nerve weakness was not experienced in any patient. One patient developed a transient cerebrospinal fluid leak that resolved spontaneously. One patient developed a pseudomeningocele secondary to postoperative hydrocephalus. This was corrected with wound exploration and placement of a ventricular peritoneal shunt. Hearing was not maintained in one patient. Two patients developed new fourth nerve paresis and two patients developed new sixth nerve palsies. There were no postoperative infections and no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The extended middle cranial fossa approach provides excellent access and exposure to tumors in the anterior cerebellopontine angle and petroclival junction. The approach allows more direct access to the area anterior to the internal auditory canal. The key to the approach is adequate bone removal of the petrous apex to provide exposure down to the inferior petrosal sinus and anteriorly to Meckel's cave and the petroclival junction. Extradural elevation of the temporal lobe with suitable brain relaxation minimizes postoperative complications.     

Use of reconstructed sagittal computed tomography images to plan middle cranial fossa surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To facilitate planning in temporal bone surgery for the middle cranial fossa approach by using sagittal reconstructed temporal bone computed tomography images. STUDY DESIGN: Comparison of anatomic measurements on random high-resolution, reformatted computed tomography scans of the temporal bone. METHODS: High-resolution computed tomography of 10 normal temporal bones in the axial and coronal planes was obtained, and two-dimensional sagittal reconstructions were performed using a commercial software program. Eight anatomical relationships between neural and/or vascular structures were measured. Representative images were inverted to recreate the plane of the middle cranial fossa approach. RESULTS: Anatomical relationships among the vestibule, superior semicircular canal, internal auditory canal, internal carotid artery, and middle cranial fossa exhibited a high SD in the 10 subjects. The sample size and the large range for the eight anatomical relationships precluded the detection of a significant difference between right and left temporal bones or sex and age of the patient. CONCLUSION: The present report presents a novel, practical measurement protocol for rapidly evaluating important individual anatomical differences in patients before middle cranial fossa surgery. Inverted sagittal reconstructions facilitate presurgical planning for the middle cranial fossa approach by 1) assessing critical anatomical relationships before surgery and 2) providing customized measurements between vital landmarks and the first in vivo measurements. This decreases the likelihood of surgical mishaps and improves teaching by providing the first in vivo measurements of practical anatomical relationships in the sagittal plane.     

Petrous apicitis: surgical anatomy

Various surgical approaches to the petrous apex for exposure and drainage of suppurative processes are available to the otologist. The petrous apex may be conveniently divided into anterior and posterior portions by a line in the coronal plane through the internal auditory canal. The approach to the posterior petrous apex follows fistulous tracts in the sinodural angle, the subarcuate fossa, and the infralabyrinthine tract. The anterior petrous apex may be entered by means of a radical mastoidectomy. Fistulous tracts into an infected anterior petrous apex may be found through the hypotympanum, below the cochlea, through a triangle anterior to the cochlea, below the middle fossa dura, and above the carotid artery. In this approach to the petrous tip, one must have a thorough knowledge of the anatomical relationships around the carotid artery and cochlea: the carotid artery lies within 1.69 +/- 0.70 mm of the cochlea anteriorly, and the carotid artery may be exposed within the middle ear.     

Invasive verrucous carcinoma: a temporal bone histopathology report

Only nine cases of primary verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone have been reported in the English literature. We describe histopathologic findings in a 78-year-old man dying of intracranial complications of primary verrucous carcinoma of the external auditory canal. Following autopsy the temporal bone was prepared for light microscopic examination. The temporal bone was serially sectioned horizontally after fixation, decalcification, and embedding, and each 10th section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy. The carcinoma originated from the external auditory canal, infiltrating the mastoid cavity, the middle ear, tissue adjacent to the internal carotid artery, and the posterior cranial fossa, where it invaded the right cerebellum and produced an abscess. The labyrinth and internal auditory canal were not infiltrated. Metastasis to lymph nodes or distant sites was not identified. In the present case, the verrucous carcinoma originating from the external auditory canal extended into the posterior cranial fossa, while it did not invade the membranous labyrinth.