早期肠内营养支持对卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者营养状况及结局的影响

目的 评价肠内营养支持对卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者的营养状况及临床结局的影响.方法 选取2013年8月至2014年7月在郑州大学第五附属医院住院的急性卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的患者148例,于入院48内采用抽签法随机分入肠内营养组(n =75,早期肠内营养支持)和对照组(n =73,常规饮食).比较入院第1天和第21天两组患者的营养状况(肱三头肌皮褶厚度,血清总蛋白、白蛋白及血红蛋白水平)、肺部感染发生率、病死率及神经功能恢复情况.结果 入院第1天,肠内营养组的肱三头肌皮褶厚度,血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白水平与对照组差异无统计学意义[(15.4±4.1)mm比(15.1±3.7) mm,t=1.36,P=0.392; (75.7±2.6) g/L比(76.6±3.1) g/L,t=1.12,P=0.254; (39.2±1.8) g/L比(38.7±2.1) g/L,t=1.24,P=0.200; (137.4±14.5) g/L比(135.1 ±15.3) g/L,t=1.01,P=0.461];入院第21天,肠内营养组这4项营养状况指标均显著高于对照组[(13.5±3.9)mm比(11.2±4.6) mm,t=2.08,P=0.019;(63.3±4.1) g/L比(57.1±4.7) g/L,t=4.01,P=0.001; (35.7±1.6) g/L比(34.1±2.0)g/L,t=2.31,P=0.022;(125.7±17.9) g/L比(120.3±16.7)g/L,t=2.39,P=0.027].肠内营养组肺部感染发生率、病死率及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分均显著低于对照组(41.3％比63.2％,x2=9.69,P=0.002; 15.3％比21.2％,x2 =3.27,P=0.01; 11.1±4.1比14.7±3.9,t=2.98,P=0.007).结论 早期肠内营养支持可改善卒中合并吞咽功能障碍患者的营养状况及临床结局,可能还有助于改善患者的神经功能.     

肠外肠内营养支持用于溃疡性结肠炎的效果

目的 探讨肠外营养(PN)及肠内营养(EN)支持对溃疡性结肠炎的效果.方法 本前瞻性研究选取2012年1月至2013年9月本科收治的112例溃疡性结肠炎患者,采用随机数字表法分为PN+ EN组(n=56)及对照组(n=56).两组均接受4周溃肠性结肠炎药物治疗,4周后比较两组的治疗效果及治疗前后的Mayo评分、总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白和体重指数.结果 PN+ EN组营养支持4周后总有效率显著高于对照组(83.93％比48.21％,P=0.00),Mayo评分显著低于对照组(3.11 ±0.46比7.46 ±0.88,P=0.00).与对照组比较,PN+ EN组营养支持后总蛋白[(65.32±6.78) g/L比(59.81 ±6.98) g/L,P=0.00]、白蛋白[(36.20 ±6.89) g/L比(29.20 ±5.79) g/L,P=0.01]、前白蛋白[(267.23±63.48) g/L比(245.38±57.39) g/L,P=0.000]、体质量指数[(23.45±3.02) kg/m2比(21.34±3.07) kg/m2,P=0.04]均显著升高.结论 对溃疡结肠炎患者进行PN+ EN支持可提高临床治疗效果,降低溃疡性结肠炎活动性,并显著改善患者的营养状况.     

低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养对胃癌患者炎性因子与免疫因子的影响

目的 探讨低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养对胃癌患者炎性因子与免疫因子的影响。方法 选择2018年1月—2019年2月于我院接受胃癌根治术治疗的87例患者进行研究,以随机数字表法进行组别划分,其中对照组44例,研究组43例。对照组接受全胃肠外营养支持治疗,研究组则采取低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养支持治疗。观察对比两组术前1 d与术后7 d时营养指标(前白蛋白、转铁蛋白)、免疫因子(免疫球蛋白IgM、IgA、IgG)与炎性因子指标的变化。结果 术后研究组胃癌患者前白蛋白(282.2±18.9)mg/L与转铁蛋白(1.7±0.2)g/L,高于对照组(197.5±20.6)mg/L、(1.1±0.2)g/L(t=5.856,5.086,P=0.018,0.020)。术后研究组胃癌患者IgM(1.9±0.5)g/L、IgA(2.6±0.4)g/L、IgG(14.4±3.0)g/L指标均高于对照组(1.5±0.4)g/L、(2.1±0.5)g/L、(12.5±5.6)g/L(t=4.866,4.540,5.856,P<0.05)。术后研究组胃癌患者TNF-α(36.5±10.0)ng/L、CRP(108.6±15.5)mg/L 指标低于对照组(50.6±8.9)ng/L、(135.6±10.5)(t=4.856,6.056,P<0.05),IL-2指标(65.4±7.0)ng/L高于对照组(57.6±5.9)ng/L(t=5.356,P<0.05)。结论 低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养能够有效调节胃癌手术患者的炎症因子与免疫因子,强化术后营养状态,值得临床推广。     

机械通气患者肠内与肠外营养治疗的临床对比研究

目的 分析比较肠内与肠外营养对行机械通气的危重症患者的影响.方法 80例行机械通气的危重症患者按随机数字表法分为肠内营养组和肠外营养组,每组40例.肠内营养组给予常规治疗和肠内营养支持治疗,肠外营养组给予常规治疗和静脉营养支持治疗.比较两组治疗前后营养指标变化差值(△值)、2周内撤机成功率、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、营养支持并发症的发生情况.结果 肠内营养组血清白蛋白、血红蛋白△值显著高于肠外营养组[(2.65±0.51) g/L比(1.41 ±0.57) g/L,(4.82±1.82)g/L比(2.75±0.64) g/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肠内营养组机械通气时间、住ICU时间均少于肠外营养组[(7.6±0.7)d比(10.8±0.9)d,(11.6±2.4)d比(16.8±3.2)d],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肠内营养组2周内撤机成功率为92.5％(37/40),显著高于肠外营养组的70.0％( 28/40),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肠内营养组腹胀发生率显著高于肠外营养组[30.0％(12/40)比0],而肠外营养组诱发或加重心力衰竭及中心静脉炎发生率显著高于肠内营养组[ 15.0％(6/40)比0,15.0％( 6/40)比0](P＜0.05).结论 机械通气患者行肠内营养支持符合生理状态,较肠外营养有更好的营养效果,能显著缩短机械通气时间,提高撤机成功率,同时可缩短患者住ICU时间,减少患者的住院费用.     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养预防肺部感染的临床观察

目的 探讨食管癌术后早期肠内营养对于肺部感染临床预防效果,为临床工作提供帮助.方法 选取医院2011年5月-2012年5月行食管癌手术切除患者50例,采用随机数字表法分为肠外营养组和肠内营养组,每组各25例,分别术后给予全静脉肠外营养支持和鼻肠管滴注肠内营养支持;比较两组患者肺部感染发生率、治疗前后血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶水平、术后排气时间、体重下降等.结果 肠外营养组患者肺部感染发生率为32.0％0,明显高于肠内营养组患者肺部感染发生率的12.0％,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肠外营养组和肠内营养组患者血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶及天冬氨酸转氨酶水平组间比较差异无统计学意义;肠内营养组患者疗后血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶及天冬氨酸转氨酶指标分别为(35.5±6.1) g/L、(90.2±10.4) g/L、(63.7±8.8) U/L、(73.3±13.7)U/L,均明显优于肠外营养组的(39.7±7.5) g/L、(99.6±13.8) g/L、(37.1±6.2) U/L、(36.4±7.4) U/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);同时肠内营养组患者术后排气时间及体重下降指标分别为(67.2±5.0)h、(1.9±0.5) kg,均明显优于肠外营养组的(90.8±7.5)h、(2.6±1.0) kg,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 食管癌术后早期肠内营养可有效改善术后营养水平,降低肺部感染发生风险,具有临床使用价值.     

全胃切除术患者经空肠造口与留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养比较分析

目的 比较全胃切除术患者经空肠造口与留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养的疗效.方法 2007年1月至2011年8月收治因胃癌行全胃切除术患者78例,在征求患者意见的基础上按随机数字表法分为空肠造口组和鼻空肠营养管组,每组39例,分别予经空肠造口和留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养2周,对肠内营养完成情况、肠道功能恢复时间、营养状况、并发症等指标进行比较分析.结果 空肠造口组肠内营养成功率100.0％( 39/39),肠道功能恢复时间(36.4±8.3)h,并发症发生率7.7％(3/39),鼻空肠营养管组分别为92.3％(36/39)、(45.3±10.7)h、30.6％( 11/36),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).空肠造口组与鼻空肠营养管组肠内营养后14d的体重、总蛋白、白蛋白较肠内营养前均存在不同程度下降[空肠造口组:(47.3 ±8.7) kg比(58.5±9.8) kg、(58.6±4.9)g/L比(67.5±12.8)g/L、(33.6±4.4) g/L比(41.5±6.3) g/L;鼻空肠营养管组:(48.1±9.2) kg比(57.6±10.7) kg、(57.8±5.3)g/L 比(68.3±11.9) g/L、(32.8±4.9) g/L比(40.4±7.4) g/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肠内营养后14d的体重、总蛋白、白蛋白空肠造口组与鼻空肠营养管组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05).结论 全胃切除术患者经空肠造口行肠内营养在提供必要的营养支持的同时,成功率高、并发症少,容易为患者所接受,值得进一步推广.     

早期肠内营养对70岁以上急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难患者氮平衡及预后的影响

目的研究早期肠内营养支持对70岁以上急性脑卒中(ABS)伴吞咽困难患者氮平衡及预后的影响,为提高患者营养水平,降低并发症发生风险提供科学依据。方法选取天津市职业病防治院2014年11月至2016年3月收治的ABS患者87例为研究对象,随机将患者分为肠内营养支持组(43例)和对照组(44例)。对照组患者入院后72 h内留置鼻胃管并给予流质饮食,肠内营养支持组给予肠内营养支持。观察两组患者治疗期间氮平衡情况、血浆白蛋白水平、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及并发症发生率。用STATA 4.0软件进行t检验和χ2检验。结果治疗第1~4周肠内营养支持组氮平衡分别为(-4.4±1.2)、(-3.6±1.3)、(-2.9±1.4)和(-2.1±1.0)g/d,对照组分别为(-8.6±3.2)、(-7.2±2.1)、(-6.4±1.4)和(-5.9±1.0)g/d,肠内营养支持组患者氮平衡均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肠内营养支持组治疗2、3、4周后,血浆白蛋白水平分别为(34.2±2.1)、(35.1±1.9)和(36.2±1.7)g/L,明显高于对照组[分别为(28.6±1.9)、(27.7±2.1)和(28.4±1.8)g/L],差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为13.05、18.16和20.77,P0.05)。治疗前及治疗1周时,对照组血浆白蛋白分别为(37.2±2.4)和(35.3±2.0)g/L,肠内营养支持组分别为(38.0±2.2)和(35.1±2.4)g/L,差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.21、0.42,P0.05)。肠内营养支持组和对照组治疗前NIHSS评分分别为(14.8±3.1)、(15.1±3.3)分,差异无统计学意义(t=0.44,P0.05);治疗后,肠内营养支持组NIHSS评分为(6.1±2.3)分,明显低于对照组[(8.3±2.4)分],差异有统计学意义(t=4.36,P0.05)。肠内营养支持组住院治疗期间误吸、肺感染、腹泻、腹胀及消化道出血发生率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期肠内营养能够快速纠正老年ABS患者负氮平衡,提高营养水平,降低相关并发症发生风险。     

早期肠内营养对患者免疫与营养状态及术后感染的影响观察

目的 观察胃肠道术后早期给予肠内营养对患者免疫和营养状态及术后感染的影响,以降低术后感染率.方法 选取在医院行手术治疗的186例胃肠道疾病患者为研究对象,根据入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组各93例,观察组患者在手术后早期给予肠内营养支持治疗,对照组患者术后常规给予补液支持治疗,比较两组患者术后机体免疫和营养状态及术后感染率.结果 观察组患者术后10d前白蛋白为(285.2±17.1)mg/L,白蛋白为(36.7±1.3)g/L,体重为(59.7±5.4)kg; IgG、IgM和IgA分别为(14.47±1.92) g/L、(1.47±0.15) g/L和(2.62±0.14) g/L;CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+比值分别为(54.06±5.31)％、(43.29±3.06)％和(2.49±0.47),均明显高于术前和对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患者术后感染发生率为1.08％,低于对照组的7.53％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对胃肠道手术患者术后给予早期肠内营养有利于改善患者营养和免疫状况,降低术后感染率.     

肝癌肝切除术后早期免疫增强型肠内营养对患者结局的影响

目的 研究免疫增强型肠内营养对肝切除术后肝癌患者肝功能及术后感染性并发症的影响.方法 选择2010年1月至2011年12月因原发性肝癌行肝部分切除的患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,分别采用免疫增强型肠内营养剂和肠内营养混悬液进行肠内营养,每组48例.从术后第1天起,从胃管给予两组患者等热量、等氮量的肠内营养剂,共5d.分别于术前、术后第1天、第6天检测血常规和肝功能;分析术后感染性并发症及住院时间.结果 术前、术后第1天及第6天,两组的血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶及总胆红素的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).术后第6天免疫增强型肠内营养组的外周血总淋巴细胞计数为(2106±1057) /μL,显著高于常规肠内营养组的(1648±1079)/μL (P=0.038).免疫增强型肠内营养组及常规肠内营养组的平均住院时间分别为(10.3±5.6)及(13.4±6.7)d,术后总感染性并发症发生率分别为16.7％及35.4％,两组的住院时间(P=0.016)及感染性并发症发生率(P =0.036)的差异均有统计学意义.结论 肝癌肝切除术后早期应用免疫增强型肠内营养支持可能有改善患者临床结局的作用.     

早期肠内营养在高龄食管癌患者术后的应用价值

目的 探讨早期肠内营养在高龄食管癌患者术后的应用价值.方法 选取62例年龄≥70岁食管癌患者,按随机数字表法分为肠内营养组和肠外营养组,每组31例,测定两组患者术前、术后第1天、术后第8天的血清白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)水平,并观察术后感染性并发症和心血管并发症的发生情况.结果 肠内营养组和肠外营养组术后第8天血清ALB[分别为(36.82±2.43)、(36.20±1.46)g/L]、PA[分别为(0.252±0.041)、(0.220±0.038)g/L]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.535、2.880,P＜0.05),肠内营养组在改善患者营养状况方面优于肠外营养组.肠内营养组感染性并发症、心血管并发症分别为9、4例,肠外营养组分别为17、19例,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.24、15.55,P＜0.05).结论 高龄食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养能明显改善患者营养状况,减少并发症的发生率,有极高的应用价值.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.