肝纤维化大鼠阴虚证表征的观察及一贯煎的干预作用

目的检测肝纤维化大鼠的阴虚证表征,观察滋补肝肾中药一贯煎对阴虚证表征的影响。方法将48只雄性Sprague-Dawlay大鼠随机分为4组,正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、一贯煎组,每组12只。除正常对照组外,均建立CCl4致肝纤维化大鼠模型,在CCl4停止注射后3 d,一贯煎组每只动物给予相应浓度的一贯煎浓缩液2 m L/200 g灌胃,1次/d。阳性对照组给予秋水仙碱灌胃,0.25 mg/kg,1次/d。正常对照组和模型组按相同方法灌服等量生理盐水。4周后,检测各组大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)等肝功能指标;通过HE染色评价肝脏炎症活动度(G)和纤维化程度(S);检测大鼠体重、舌面干湿度、舌面温度、舌微循环血流速度、饮水、大小便等阴虚证表征。结果 1一贯煎在改善肝功能、减轻炎症、抗肝纤维化方面作用较好:一贯煎组ALT[(41.66±3.72)U]较模型组[(61.00±0.00)U]降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);一贯煎组AST[(146.03±46.41)U]较模型组[(218.90±12.56)U]降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);一贯煎组炎症活动度[(1.00±0.00)]较模型组[(3.00±0.00)]降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);一贯煎组纤维化程度[(1.00±0.00)]较模型组[(2.00±0.00)]降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2肝纤维化大鼠具有阴虚证的表征,一贯煎能够改善阴虚证的症状。体重:模型组的体重[(380.66±37.29)g]较正常对照组[(507.00±17.69)g]减少(P<0.05);一贯煎组体重[(473.66±13.86)g]较模型组增高(P<0.05)。舌面干湿度:模型组的舌面干湿度[(0.000 36±0.000 28)g]较正常对照组[(0.007 32±0.001 26)g]减少(P<0.05);一贯煎组舌面干湿度[(0.012 83±0.005 85)g]较模型组增高(P<0.05)。舌面温度:模型组的舌温度[(34.48±1.24)℃]较正常对照组[(30.63±0.80)℃]增高(P<0.05);一贯煎组舌温度[(31.40±2.10)℃]较模型组降低(P<0.05)。舌血流速度:模型组的舌血流速度[(69.78±21.44)AU]较正常对照组[(31.43±1.58)AU]增高(P<0.05);一贯煎组舌血流速度[(40.50±3.89)AU]较模型组降低(P<0.05)。饮水:模型组饮水量[(37.52±10.46)m L]较正常对照组[(59.65±6.05)m L]显著减少(P<0.05);一贯煎组饮水量[(53.69±8.74)m L]较模型组显著增多(P<0.05)。大便:模型组大便[(1.00±0.00)分]较正常对照组[(2.00±0.00)分]分值减少(P<0.05);一贯煎组大便[(2.00±0.00)分]较模型组分值增多(P<0.05)。小便:模型组小便[(2.00±0.00)分]较正常对照组[(1.00±0.00)分]分值增高(P<0.05);一贯煎组小便[(1.33±0.57)分]较模型组分值减少(P<0.05)。结论肝纤维化大鼠具有阴虚证的特点,滋补肝肾中药一贯煎不仅能改善肝纤维化大鼠的病理,还能改善阴虚证的症状。该研究为肝纤维化大鼠阴虚证的诊断和药理机制的研究提供了新的思路。     

脂肪肝背景下肝血管瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的：探讨脂肪肝背景下肝血管瘤的多层螺旋CT表现特征。方法：回顾性分析本院98例经病理证实的肝血管瘤的影像资料,根据平扫是否有脂肪肝背景分为Ⅰ组（脂肪肝背景）,Ⅱ组（无脂肪肝背景且无其他肝脏疾病）,再根据CT增强表现分为A组（动脉期边缘结节样强化）,B组（动脉期均匀强化）,将Ⅰ、Ⅱ组及A、B组进行交叉归类统计分析。结果：肝血管瘤的CT平扫检出率为分别为Ⅰ组58.3％、Ⅱ组84.0％,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组之间差异具有统计学意义;增强CT检查：A组（ⅠA组、ⅡA组） CT增强诊断符合率100％,ⅠB组CT增强诊断符合率22.2％,ⅡB组CT增强诊断符合率88.9％,ⅠB组与ⅡB组之间差异具有统计学意义。结论：脂肪肝背景下,肝血管瘤病灶的相对密度会发生改变,但其强化方式及强化特征仍然符合肝血管瘤的经典诊断标准,对于少数表现不典型病例,则需要结合其他检查来减少误诊率。     

CT值与肝内血管诊断脂肪肝对比分析

目的:CT下探讨CT值与肝内血管密集度两种方法来诊断不同程度脂肪肝的价值.方法:对25例经肝穿刺活检和药物治疗证实的脂肪肝病例作肝脏CT平扫,测量CT值,观察分析肝内血管相对密集度的变化,用CT值与肝内血管密集度的变化做对比分析.结果:25例中轻度脂肪肝13例,肝脏平均CT值43Hu(30～60)Hu,其中经皮肝穿8例证实为轻度脂肪肝,药物治疗好转吸收5例.肝内血管被肝实质湮没不显示12例,1例显示少许肝血管影.中度脂肪肝10例,肝脏平均CT值28Hu(20～38Hu),全部经肝穿刺证实,血管密集度呈反转显示.重度脂肪肝5例,肝实质CT值平均为0.2Hu(-7～18)Hu,全部由经肝穿刺证实,血管明显高于肝实质密度.结论:用CT值进行定量分析来诊断脂肪肝准确率,比观察肝内血管密集度诊断脂肪肝要差.     

肝血管瘤合并脂肪肝超声造影诊断价值

目的探讨肝血管瘤在脂肪肝背景下的超声造影诊断价值。方法30例肝血管瘤患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查及双幅对比超声造影检查。根据是否合并脂肪肝分为I组（合并脂肪肝）与Ⅱ组（未合并脂肪肝且无其它肝脏疾病）;再根据超声造影表现分为A组（动脉期病灶不全充填）与B组（动脉期病灶整体均匀快速增强）,将I、Ⅱ组及A、B组交叉归类进行分析。结果肝血管瘤彩色多普勒超声检查诊断符合率53．8％～64．7％。超声造影检查：A组（IA组及ⅡA组）超声造影诊断符合率100％（8／8）;B组中,IB组造影剂消退慢于周围肝实质10例,快于周边肝实质2例,同速于周边肝实质1例,超声造影诊断符合率76．9％（10／13）,ⅡB组造影剂消退均慢于周围肝实质,超声造影诊断符合率100％（9／9）。结论超声造影对肝血管瘤诊断符合率高,超声造影显著提高了在脂肪肝背景下对肝血管瘤诊断符合率。但在脂肪肝背景下,病灶呈整体均匀快速增强时,则需进一步检查明确性质。     

肝肺吸虫病的多层螺旋CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对肝肺吸虫病的诊断与鉴别诊断价值.方法 分析肝肺吸虫病、细菌性肝脓肿、原发性胆管细胞性肝癌3组病例(各8例)增强CT图像,测量肝实质内病灶各期囊内和囊周组织的密度(CT值),比较组间及组内各期间组织密度有无差异,并结合增强扫描征象,探讨肝肺吸虫病的CT诊断与鉴别诊断要点.结果 肝肺吸虫病CT增强扫描多表现为肝实质内多个簇状、管状(多发囊状)及分叶状低密度灶,增强囊壁轻度强化,部分病灶呈网格状改变.同一组别、不同时相之间囊内CT值差异均无统计学意义;平扫和增强扫描肝肺吸虫病组囊内CT值均高于其余两组(P<0.05),而其余两组间差异无统计学意义.同一组内囊周组织CT值门脉期高于动脉期(P<0.05);细菌性肝脓肿组囊周组织CT值高于其余两组(P<0.05),而其余两组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 多层螺旋CT增强扫描影像所显示的肝实质内病灶的密度及强化特点,结合临床及实验室相关检查有利于肝肺吸虫病的诊断及鉴别诊断.     

扩散加权成像ADC值评价非酒精性脂肪肝严重程度的初步研究

目的探讨肝脾CT值比值与扩散加权成像ADC值的相关性,研究扩散加权成像ADC值对脂肪肝患者的严重程度分级的可行性。方法回顾性收集在我院影像科检查的患者80例,所有的患者均行CT和MRI扫描,包括正常对照组(n=20)、轻度脂肪肝组(n=20)、中度脂肪肝组(n=20)及重度脂肪肝组(n=20)。通过分析肝脾CT值比值与ADC值的相关性及比较四组样本的ADC值间的差异来评估ADC值对脂肪肝患者的严重程度分级的可行性。以P0.05认为差异具有显著统计学意义。结果肝脾的CT值比值与ADC值之间存在显著的正相关(r=0.954,P0.05);肝实质的平均A D C值:正常肝实质(1.451±0.123)×10~(-3)mm~2/sec,轻度脂肪肝(1.341±0.014)×10~(-3)mm~2/sec,中度脂肪肝(1.206±0.007)×10~(-3)mm~2/sec,重度脂肪肝(1.040±0.017)×10~(-3)mm~2/sec,组间比较差异均具有显著的统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肝脾CT值比值与ADC值具有显著正相关性,ADC值对肝细胞脂肪变性的严重程度分级诊断是可行的。     

定量CT技术在非酒精性脂肪肝定量诊断中的价值分析

目的评价定量CT技术在非酒精性脂肪肝定量诊断中的临床价值。方法回顾性选取2014年3月～2018年6月于本院接受腹部CT检查的32例患者的临床资料,根据肝组织活检结果将患者分为轻度脂肪改变组(11例)、中度脂肪改变组(11例)和重度脂肪改变组(10例),另纳入20例无肝脂肪变性或脂肪变性相关临床表现者作为对照组,均于肝穿刺活检前1 d行肝脏CT平扫,测量肝脏、脾脏CT值,经测量及数据处理后,以病理结果为金标准,用CT阈值和肝内血管相对密度及肝/脾CT值比值对CT对肝细胞脂肪变性的诊断进行定量分析。结果 52例患者CT平扫诊断,不同程度脂肪肝组CT值和肝/脾CT值比值间均存在统计学差异(P0.05),根据CT值阈值、血管相对密度值分级及肝/脾CT值比值标准,定量诊断正确率分别为76.9%、94.2%和98.1%。结论定量CT技术在非酒精性脂肪肝定量诊断中呈现出良好的准确性和优势,可用于非酒精性脂肪肝的诊断和治疗评估,值得在临床中推广应用。     

内源性一氧化氮与慢性酒精性肝脂肪变性关系的研究

目的探讨内源性一氧化氮(NO)水平与慢性酒精性肝脂肪变性之间的关系。方法选取健康雄性清洁级SD大鼠32只,随机分成A、B、C、D4组,每组8只。A、B、C组分别采用酒精灌胃4、8、12周,制作慢性酒精性脂肪肝模型;对照组用相同剂量生理盐水灌胃12周。到期后采血分离血清测NO水平,并处死动物取肝脏,病理检查用半定量法进行肝脏脂肪变性评分。结果(1)A、B、C组肝脏脂肪变性评分分别为1.63±0.51、2.12±0.64和1.50±0.53,与对照组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01);(2)A、B、C组的血清NO水平分别为(76.35±10.56)μmol?L、(104.17±25.6)μmol?L和(54.30±7.41)μmol?L,对照组为(46.17±5.25)μmol?L,A、B组均较对照组明显升高(均P<0.01),而C组的水平已接近对照组(P>0.05);(3)4组的肝脏脂肪变性评分与血清NO水平之间存在正相关关系。结论大鼠在发生酒精性脂肪肝过程中,同时存在血清内源性NO含量的改变,酒精性肝细胞脂肪变性可能与内源性NO有关。     

超声监测非酒精性脂肪肝兔模型的建立

目的：脂肪肝的发病率逐步增高。文中拟建立一种可供研究的非酒精性脂肪肝兔模型,研究其超声表现。方法将40只日本大耳兔按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,各20只,对照组给予普通饲料,实验组给予高脂饮食（胆固醇2％,牛油10％,白糖5％,蛋黄粉8％,基础饲料75％）喂养。在0、12、16、20周时超声观察各组兔肝,20周末处死动物,取出兔肝,进行病理观察。结果超声和病理均显示非酒精性脂肪肝兔造模成功。造模12、16、20周时实验组兔体重明显高于对照组[（2．43±0．17）kg vs （2．25±0．18）kg ,（3．04±0．25）kg vs （2．56±0．13）kg,（3．55±0．22）kg vs（3．10±0．13）kg,P﹤0．05]。超声观察12周时便有脂肪肝表现,实验组19只兔中8例为轻度脂肪肝,9例为中度,另2例为重度。随着喂饲期的延长,脂肪肝程度逐渐加重,16周以中度脂肪肝回声为主,20周以中重度脂肪肝回声为主,10例为中度,9例为重度,且3例有肝硬化腹水的表现。病理观察与超声结果一致,并可见纤维化表现。结论可通过高脂饮食建立良好的非酒精性脂肪肝兔模型,超声是监测脂肪肝形成过程的可靠手段。     

肝脏相对回声强度在脂肪肝超声诊断中的价值

目的 为脂肪肝的超声诊断提供一个量化标准.方法 用直方图分析了61例正常肝脏和56例脂肪肝的肝实质平均灰度值(LPCS)和肝静平均灰度值(HVGS),并用下面公式计算肝脏相对回声强度(REI),REI=(HVGS/LPGS)·100.结果 脂肪肝和正常肝脏的REl分别为61.26±6.44和35.72±5.31,脂肪肝的REI明显高于正常肝脏组(P＜0.001).结论 REI是鉴别脂肪肝和正常肝脏的可靠量化指标,REI＞46.13可作为诊断脂肪肝的参考值.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.