乳腺癌术前辅助动脉灌注化疗的血管影像学和病理学研究

目的 观察乳腺癌术前辅助动脉灌注化疗的血管影像学和病理学的变化。方法 96例乳腺癌患者在动脉灌注化疗前行DSA造影,其术后标本进行病理变化研究。结果 乳腺癌的供血动脉多起源于胸外侧动脉和肩胛下动脉。乳腺癌的血管异常表现为不规则血管团,血管染色和血管湖形成。动脉灌注化疗后可发现肿瘤细胞退行性变、坏死,间质水肿,炎性细胞浸润和纤维组织增多。结论 动脉灌注化疗是乳腺癌有效的术前辅助化疗。     

Intraarterial chemotherapy for uterine cervical adenocarcinoma: evaluation of its efficacy as neoadjuvant therapy

We performed preoperative intraarterial chemotherapy in twenty cases of uterine cervical adenocarcinoma (stage Ib: 2, II: 15, III: 3) and evaluated the efficacy of this therapy. The dosages used were 75-120 mg of CDDP, 10-20 mg of MMC and 30-60 mg of EPIR. These drugs were administered by intraarterial one-shot infusion twice every three weeks. In five cases, complete response (CR) of the primary lesion was confirmed by histologic examination. There were no cases of CR inpatients with well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Stage reduction was achieved in all cases except three. In all but one case, more than 50% volume reduction was recognized on MR images. These results were not significantly different from those in cases of uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma in which we performed this therapy. Therefore, we concluded that intraarterial chemotherapy is highly effective and should be carried out as neoadjuvant therapy for advanced uterine cervical adenocarcinoma.     

Radiotherapie im Konzept der primären („neoadjuvanten“) systemischen Behandlung des Mammakarzinoms

BACKGROUND: The indications for primary ("neoadjuvant") systemic treatment (PST) for breast cancer have evolved over the last few years. PST is not only used in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and inoperable tumors but also plays a role for operable tumors aiming at breast conservation and higher complete remission rates (ypCR). The contribution of radiotherapy and the optimal sequencing of chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy still have to be defined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Objectives and results of PST for inflammatory, locally advanced and operable breast cancer were analyzed according to tumor stage. RESULTS: Radiotherapy following PST and surgery is the standard of care for inflammatory breast cancer, LABC and nonresectable lesions. Comparable results are achieved for good responders after PST receiving radiotherapy or surgery. The evaluation of a preoperative radiotherapeutic approach is complicated by different chemo- and radiotherapy regimens, continuation of chemotherapy after surgery and heterogeneous patient groups. CONCLUSION: For LABC and inflammatory breast cancer the role of PST is well defined. For operable lesions, however, the value of preoperative radiotherapy still has to be established. This should be assessed within the framework of a clinical trial using standardized parameters for applying chemotherapy as well as radiation therapy.     

Early assessment of neoadjuvant chemotherapy by FEC-courses of locally advanced breast cancer using 99mTc-MIBI

Purpose: 
Response assessment at neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy of locally advanced breast cancer using clinical examination and mammography is insensitive. Mammoscintigraphy with ^99mTc-MIBI was studied for the prediction of response at such therapy before finishing the chemotherapy cycles. Material and Methods: 
Chemotherapy was given as repeated courses of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC). In 1 patient group (n = 23), the tumor uptake relative to surrounding breast tissue and lung tissue at SPECT examination after finishing neoadjuvant chemotherapy was compared with the examination made before chemotherapy. In another group (n = 30), a similar comparison after the first therapy cycle (mean 19 days) with a baseline examination was made. Histologic examination of the resected tumors was made. Results: 
After finishing chemotherapy, there was a strong reduction of the relative tumor activity, while there was no correlation with therapy effect as assessed by histology. After one therapy course, there was no significant reduction of the relative tumor uptake. Conclusion: 
Scintigraphy with ^99mTc-MIBI demonstrated the response after finished neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer using FEC-courses. It cannot be used to predict a therapy response after one therapy course.     

磁共振灌注成像对局部进展期乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的评价

目的:探讨磁共振T1WI首次通过灌注成像时局部进展期乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价及其作为化疗反应预测因子的可行性.方法:根据新辅助化疗后体积改变将10例乳腺癌分为反应组和无反应组,比较分析化疗前后肿瘤体积、最大信号丢失率变化及化疗前最大信号丢失率与肿瘤缩退率间的相关关系.结果:化疗前两组体积及最大信号丢失率差异均无统计学意...     

Invasive ductal breast carcinoma response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: noninvasive monitoring with functional MR imaging pilot study

PURPOSE: To investigate if the extraction flow product (EFP), as determined on dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images, could be a potential marker of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen women with proven breast cancer underwent MR imaging prior to and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Dynamic gradient-echo and echo-planar MR images were acquired before and after injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine. Precontrast T1s were measured before EFP maps were calculated by using a multicompartmental model. Mean EFP (EFPmean) and distribution analysis of EFP (EFPcount) were measured in tumors before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and were compared with tumor response at MR imaging. The significance of the difference in EFP values between the responders and nonresponders was calculated with a two-tailed Student t test. RESULTS: EFPmean after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in partial responders and nonresponders was 33 mL x 100 g-1 x min-1 +/- 9.8 and 54.2 mL x 100 g-1 x min-1 +/- 10.3, respectively (P <.005). EFPmean decreased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the responders and nonresponders by 37% +/- 30 and -5% +/- 35, respectively (P >.05). An increase in EFPmean values was observed only in nonresponders who received taxanes. For regimens without taxanes, EFPmean decreased regardless of the morphologic response. EFPcount decreased for all the responders by 77% +/- 33 and increased for all the nonresponders by 45% +/- 68 (P <.02). CONCLUSION: EFPcount appears to provide functional information regarding changes in tumor angiogenesis due to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Functional MR imaging of the breast may be useful in monitoring tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

Breast-conserving surgery after chemotherapy: value of MDCT for determining tumor distribution and shrinkage pattern

OBJECTIVE: For this study, we investigated the usefulness of MDCT in assessing the extent of residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To ensure the success of breast-conserving surgery, we evaluated the usefulness of determining the tumor distribution before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the shrinkage pattern after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MDCT before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 46 consecutive patients with 47 locally advanced breast cancers. The distribution pattern of contrast enhancement on MDCT before neoadjuvant chemotherapy was classified into five categories: solitary lesion, grouped lesion (localized lesion with linear, spotty, or linear and spotty enhancement), separated lesion (multiple foci of contrast enhancement), mixed lesion (grouped lesion with multiple foci), and replaced lesion (diffuse contrast enhancement in whole quadrants). RESULTS: There was agreement between the MDCT assessment and pathologic findings in 44 (94%) of the 47 tumors. In the partial response group with nonreplaced lesions, MDCT revealed three shrinkage patterns: pattern 1a, concentric shrinkage without surrounding lesions; pattern 1b, concentric shrinkage with surrounding lesions; and pattern 2, shrinkage with residual multinodular lesions. Breast-conserving surgery was performed successfully in 14 patients including complete response cases that were detected on the basis of MDCT findings and partial response cases that were detected on the basis of observation of pattern 1 shrinkage. In all five patients with pattern 2 shrinkage, CT underestimated the residual tumor extent by more than 2 cm. CONCLUSION: MDCT classification of tumor distribution before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and of shrinkage patterns after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is important in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery.     

局部晚期乳腺癌新辅助化疗十年疗效评价与影响因素分析

 目的 探讨乳腺癌新辅助化疗十年疗效及影响患者预后的因素。方法 回顾性收集190例接受新辅助化疗的局部晚期乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,检测新辅助化疗后病理完全缓解率(pCR),完成十年随访,分析影响患者长期预后的因素。结果 190例中,新辅助化疗后达病理完全缓解者共22例(11.58%)。单因素分析显示Ki-67表达水平、化疗方案和Luminal分型与pCR相关(P均<0.05),多因素分析显示Ki-67的表达水平是影响新辅助化疗后病理完全缓解的独立因素(P＜0.05)。该组患者10年总生存率为56.3%,pCR是新辅助化疗乳腺癌患者预后的独立影响因素(P＜0.05)。结论 Ki-67是影响乳腺癌新辅助化疗后病理完全缓解的独立因素;pCR是新辅助化疗乳腺癌患者预后的独立影响因素。     

乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗的MRI研究

乳腺癌新辅助化疗(亦称初始化疗或术前化疗)最初是指对局部晚期乳腺癌患者手术治疗之前所进行的辅助化疗,目前己将该治疗扩展至肿瘤较大的可手术的乳腺癌患者,以使肿瘤降期,进而达到保乳手术治疗的目的。随着新辅助化疗在乳腺癌患者中不断推广应用,临床实践中迫切需要一种能准确评价化疗后肿瘤变化的检查方法,本文对RI(magnetic resonance imaging)在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的研究进行综述。     

MRI在乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价中的应用研究

乳腺癌新辅助化疗（neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC）（亦称初始化疗或术前化疗）最初是指对局部晚期乳腺癌患者手术治疗之前所进行的辅助化疗,目前已将该治疗扩展至肿瘤较大的可手术的乳腺癌患者,以使肿瘤降期,进而达到保乳手术治疗的目的。随着新辅助化疗在乳腺癌患者中不断推广应用,临床实践中迫切需要一种能准确评价化疗后肿瘤变化的检查方法,本文对MRI在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的研究进行综述。     

Intraarterial infusion chemotherapy with lipioclol-CDDP suspension for hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the usefulness of lipiodol-CDDP suspension (LCS) chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: CDDP (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) powder was prepared by removing the water and NaCl from aqueous CDDP. Two quantities of prepared CDDP powder, 10 mg and 20 mg, were mixed with 1 ml each of iopamidol 300 mgI/ml (IP300) and lipiodol (LPD) using a high pressure pumping method, thus producing LCS. Thirty-two patients with HCC, who had good renal function [creatinine clearance (Ccr) 50 ml/min or more], received additional intraarterial infusion chemotherapy with LCS or LCS alone. Results: The most frequently observed CDDP powder sizes were 5.95–10.90 μm (average: 11.59 μm). The LCS obtained demonstrated a suspension of 2–12 μm (average 3.69 μm) immediately after mixing, and no significant changes were observed in LCS particle sizes 3 hr after mixing. Moreover, the sustained release with LCS was observed for up to 3 hr. Meanwhile, the peripheral free platinum concentration between intraarterial infusion chemotherapy with LCS and intraarterial infusion with the aqueous solution of CDDP, with respect to variance residence time (VRT), showed a significant difference, with a p value of 0.0382. The survival rate was 89.84% at 1 year, 73.78% at 2 years, and 68.51% at 3 years. Furthermore, the platinum concentration in the tumor was 25–95 times the concentration in the surrounding liver parenchyma. Conclusion: Good clinical results can be expected by applying LCS to HCC.     

Accuracy of MRI in the detection of residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of MRI to accurately show residual primary breast malignancy in women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with locally advanced primary breast carcinoma underwent contrast-enhanced MRI before and after treatment with neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. For each patient, the maximum extent of the MRI abnormality was measured both before and after treatment. These measurements were subsequently compared with physical examination findings and histologic results to determine the ability of MRI to accurately reveal tumor extent after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: MRI after chemotherapy showed a correlation coefficient of 0.75 with histology, which was better than physical examination (r = 0.61). MRI underestimated the extent of residual tumor in two patients by more than 1 cm (including one false-negative examination), was within 1 cm in 12 of 21 patients, and overestimated tumor extent by more than 1 cm in seven of 21 patients. CONCLUSION: MRI can show residual malignancy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy better than physical examination, particularly in patients who have not had a complete clinical response to therapy.     

An organ-preserving selective arterial chemotherapy strategy for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSESquamous cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract is a disheartening disease. Despite our best efforts, the long-term survival rate remains only 15% to 40%, and surgical cures often decrease the quality of life owing to the loss of swallowing and speech organs. A better understanding of tumor dynamics and the discovery that thiosulfate can neutralize cisplatin led us to develop a treatment plan that combines a rapid superselective high-dose intraarterial delivery of cisplatin (CDDP), simultaneous intravenous infusion of its antagonist, thiosulfate, and radiation therapy.METHODSPatients with advanced head and neck squamous cancer were entered into the protocol after a multidisciplinary evaluation that included CT or MR imaging. Forty-two patients constituted the first cohort. After baseline angiography, an arterial acceptance test determined the maximum infusion rate that the tumor''s nutrient artery would accept. CDDP was then infused at that rate, usually within 3 to 5 minutes, while the antagonist thiosulfate was given intravenously. In the second cohort of 85 patients with stage 3 or 4 previously untreated and unresectable disease, local radiation was added to the treatment plan. The radiation dose (180-200 cGy/d x 35) was delivered regionally on the basis of the known radiosensitizing effect of CDDP.RESULTSCohort 1 allowed us to develop the infusion technique and to establish a dose quantity and delivery frequency. When 150 mg/m2 was administered weekly for 4 weeks, no severe toxicity was found. In cohort 2, 72 (92%) of the remaining 78 patients had complete disappearance of their tumor. Seventeen severe toxic events were associated with 323 femoral catheterizations. One patient died of pulmonary embolus, precluding follow-up evaluation. Six patients had neurologic sequelae, three with transient and three with permanent strokes.CONCLUSIONRapid superselective chemotherapy with CDDP combined with a circulatory systemic antagonist allowed delivery of an antitumoral drug directly into the lesion while protecting the kidneys and bone marrow from the agent''s systemic effects. Use of a dose regimen of 150 mg CDDP/m2 per week for 4 weeks resulted in the disappearance of a large percentage of advanced squamous cancers.     

Selective intraarterial infusion chemotherapy using a combined MRI-angiography system for head and neck cancers

We performed selective intraarterial infusion chemotherapy using a combined MRI-angiography system for head and neck cancers. In three patients, three or five infusions of CDDP (100 mg/body) were administered to the feeding arteries selectively. For the evaluation of drug distribution, MRI during arteriography through the infusion pump was performed before CDDP administration. When a distribution mismatch was found, arterial selection was attempted again under a mechanically unstable C-arm system, and further evaluation under an MR system was carried out. Thus, more ideal treatment could be provided. We consider MRI during arteriography to be useful in assessing for distribution during intraarterial chemotherapy.     

Monitoring the therapeutic response of locally advanced breast cancer patients: sequential in vivo proton MR spectroscopy study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of the water-to-fat (W-F) value obtained from in vivo proton ((1)H) MR spectroscopy (MRS) as a response indicator of cytologically confirmed patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), and to monitor the therapeutic response of such patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial (1)H MR spectra were recorded both before and after the completion of chemotherapy in 33 LABC patients (with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)) at 1.5T. In addition, spectra from normal breast tissues of 28 healthy volunteers were recorded. RESULTS: Malignant breast tissues showed elevated W-F values compared to normal breast tissues of controls. Statistically significant higher pretherapy W-F value (P < 0.01) was observed in patients compared to controls. In patients who received NACT resulting in the reduction of the primary tumor size, the W-F value showed a decrease that was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Analysis of the MR data further indicates that the W-F value had no correlation with the menstrual status of the patients. A comparison of pretherapy W-F value with pretherapy tumor volume showed a fair correlation (P = 0.05), while the posttherapy W-F value showed no such correlation with the posttherapy tumor volume. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that simple, conventional in vivo (1)H MRS is a useful technique for monitoring the therapeutic response of breast cancer patients. The observed trend in the reduction of W-F value provides a noninvasive response indicator to monitor the clinical outcome of locally advanced breast cancer patients to NACT.     

晚期及术后复发乳腺癌的介入治疗

目的　探讨经动脉灌注化疗治疗晚期及术后复发乳腺癌的临床价值。方法　从 2 0 0 0年 2月至 2 0 0 3年 3月我院共收治 18例晚期及术后复发乳腺癌 ,并经动脉灌注化疗药物治疗。所有病例均采用Seldinger技术 ,每例患者治疗 2～ 3次 ,每次间隔 3～ 4周。 结果　 18例病例均成功实施动脉灌注化疗 ,其中 1例完全缓解 ,12例部分缓解 ,3例无改变 ,2例病情进展。临床总有效率 (完全缓解 部分缓解 )为 72 .2 %。最常出现的并发症为发热、恶心、呕吐及白细胞减少症等 ,无其他严重并发症。结论　动脉灌注化疗治疗晚期及术后复发乳腺癌是一种安全、简便、并发症少且十分有效的治疗方法     

Transarterial Infusion Chemotherapy Using Cisplatin-Lipiodol Suspension With or Without Embolization for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We evaluate the long-term prognosis and prognostic factors in patients treated with transarterial infusion chemotherapy using cisplatin-lipiodol (CDDP/LPD) suspension with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Study subjects were 107 patients with HCC treated with repeated transarterial infusion chemotherapy alone using CDDP/LPD (adjusted as CDDP 10mg/LPD 1ml). The median number of transarterial infusion procedures was two (range, one to nine), the mean dose of CDDP per transarterial infusion chemotherapy session was 30 mg (range, 5.0–67.5 mg), and the median total dose of transarterial infusion chemotherapy per patient was 60 mg (range, 10–390 mg). Survival rates were 86% at 1 year, 40% at 3 years, 20% at 5 years, and 16% at 7 years. For patients with >90% LPD accumulation after the first transarterial infusion chemotherapy, rates were 98% at 1 year, 60% at 3 years, and 22% at 5 years. Multivariate analysis identified >90% LPD accumulation after the first transarterial infusion chemotherapy (p = 0.001), absence of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT; p < 0.001), and Child-Pugh class A (p = 0.012) as independent determinants of survival. Anaphylactic shock was observed in two patients, at the fifth transarterial infusion chemotherapy session in one and the ninth in the other. In conclusion, transarterial infusion chemotherapy with CDDP/LPD appears to be a useful treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC without PVTT and in Child-Pugh class A. LPD accumulation after the first transarterial infusion chemotherapy is an important prognostic factor. Careful consideration should be given to the possibility of anaphylactic shock upon repeat infusion with CDDP/LPD.     

Role of color Doppler indices in predicting disease-free survival of breast cancer patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether blood flow in locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy using color Doppler ultrasonography can be used to monitor the response to therapy and identify possible correlations between survival and various Doppler indices. Fifty patients with breast cancer underwent Doppler evaluation of the tumor with determination of Doppler indices such as pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), and peak systolic velocity (PSV). RI and PI decreased in 27 (54%) and 20 (40%) patients, respectively, and increased in 23 (46%) and 30 (60%) patients, respectively. Thirty (60%) patients showed a decrease in PSV and 20 (40%) patients an increase. Patients with an intratumoral blood flow velocity increase after chemotherapy had a greater likelihood of local recurrence and metastasis compared with patients in whom flow velocity decreased after chemotherapy. The study also confirmed a greater correlation between Doppler PSV and clinical assessment. Tumor flow velocity measured by Doppler ultrasound can be used as an independent marker of disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价的相关研究

术前新辅助化疗已成为局部进展期乳腺癌患者的标准化治疗方法,随着新辅助化疗在临床治疗中的广泛应用,疗效评价显得尤为重要。如何能无创、及时、准确、有效地评价化疗疗效已成为临床研究的重点。目前临床上通常采用临床触诊、影像学测量及病理学检查等方法,同时对乳腺癌生物学因子的研究也在迅速展开。现将各种评价方法的应用现状作一综述。     

吡柔比星用于乳腺癌术后新辅助化疗的安全性和有效性分析

目的探讨以吡柔比星为主的化疗方案应用于乳腺癌治疗的安全和有效性。方法将本院2011年1月—2012年6月诊治的96例局部晚期乳腺癌患者随机分成两组：对照组48例,采用多柔比星为主的新辅助化疗方案;试验组48例,采用吡柔比星为主的新辅助化疗方案。观察和比较两组的化疗效果和不良反应。结果试验组和对照组的总缓解率分别为81．25％、77．08％,两组疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;试验组的心脏毒性、脱发的发生率分别为16．67％、39．58％,对照组的心脏毒性、脱发的发生率分别为35．42％、77．08％,试验组的。tk,脏毒性、脱发的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论吡柔比星联合化疗治疗局部晚期乳腺癌比多柔比星更安全可靠。