子宫内膜癌宫腔镜下特征的临床分析

目的探讨子宫内膜癌宫腔镜下的图像特征,提高临床医师宫腔镜下诊断子宫内膜癌的准确率。方法2003年1月至2005年12月,采用宫腔镜检查阴道异常流血妇女213例。首先,观察宫颈管的形态,有无异常隆起的新生物及其表面的血管形态。随后,检查宫底和宫腔前、后、左、右壁,再检查子宫角及输卵管开口,注意宫腔形态、有无子宫内膜异常,尤其注意有无异常新生物,并记录病变的部位、大小和血管走行,必要时对可疑之处进行定位活检。结果213例接受检查的患者镜下诊断为子宫内膜癌21例,其中病理组织学证实为子宫内膜腺癌20例,符合率达95.2%。本组病灶呈菜花样新生物者9例,占45.0%;弥漫型病变6例,占30.0%;局灶性息肉状物5例,占25.0%。宫腔镜下内膜癌病灶多呈灰白、灰黄或暗红色,且缺乏光泽,常伴有坏死、出血、感染;清除表面坏死、出血、感染分泌物后,可见病灶表面血管怒张,血管走向不规则、迂曲等恶性肿瘤的特征。结论宫腔镜下子宫内膜癌具有典型的特征性图像,直视下对可疑病灶进行的定位活检和病理学检查是临床诊断早期子宫内膜癌的主要方法。     

子宫内膜癌的宫腔镜下诊断

目的探讨子宫内膜癌的有效快捷诊断方法。方法对1999年6月￣2002年6月宫腔镜检查、内膜活检805例及确诊子宫内膜23例的宫腔镜下图像进行回顾性分析。结果宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为100%。23例子宫内膜癌中,5例为弥漫型,表现病灶凹凸不平,表面有曲张异型血管。16例为局限型,镜下表现:病灶形态不规则,有曲张异型血管的子宫赘生物。有2例表现宫腔点状出血灶,追踪检查,病理确诊子宫内膜癌。结论宫腔镜检查并行内膜组织活检、病理检查是诊断子宫内膜癌的有效快捷的方法。宫腔镜下对子宫内膜炎的诊断要慎重,对宫腔镜下的出血病灶必须追踪检查,以防子宫内膜癌的漏诊。     

经阴道三维超声对宫腔病变的鉴别诊断

目的 评价经阴道三维超声在宫腔病变中的诊断价值。方法 对74例经阴道三维超声诊断并经宫腔镜及手术病理证实的宫腔病变的超声图像特征进行了回顾性分析，子宫黏膜下肌瘤38例，内膜息肉21例，子宫内膜增生过长10例，子宫内膜癌5例。结果 常见几种宫腔病变的声像图特征如下：1．子宫黏膜下肌瘤：多呈圆形均匀低回声区，内膜线中断或断续状，并可找到蒂所在处；2．子宫内膜息肉：呈椭圆形中等或较强回声，病变大多呈水滴状，基底窄；3．子宫内膜增生过长：内膜最厚达24mm，分泌期呈三线征；4．子宫内膜癌：病灶形态不规则，多呈较强回声，与肌层分界不清。结论 经阴道三维超声宫腔和内膜厚度及形态显示清晰，形象，立体感强，有利于了解病灶大小和病灶空间位置，大大提高了诊断准确率。     

超声造影在产后胎盘植入诊断中的临床应用

目的：探讨胎盘植入超声造影图像特征及其在产后胎盘植入诊断中的临床价值。方法采用造影剂SonoVue对2009年4月至2013年5月湖北省妇幼保健院临床疑诊为胎盘植入的12例患者行超声造影检查,观察患者子宫内病灶部位、范围及造影剂灌注特点,结合临床及手术病理诊断结果,总结胎盘植入超声造影分型表现及图像特征。结果12例患者子宫超声造影增强表现：11例胎盘植入病灶造影表现呈高增强,1例呈无增强（术后病理诊断为胎盘组织变性及钙化）。12例患者子宫超声造影分型表现及术后病理诊断结果：1例（粘连型）造影表现为宫腔内高增强病灶与周边子宫肌层间界限清楚,术后病理诊断为胎盘粘连。6例（植入型）造影表现为残留胎盘附着处子宫浆膜层菲薄,子宫浆膜层部分连续性不好,呈毛刺样改变,术后病理诊断为胎盘植入。5例（穿透型）造影表现为残留胎盘穿透子宫浆膜层,子宫浆膜层连续性中断,造影剂外溢,术中或术后病理诊断为子宫胎盘植入,穿透浆膜层、子宫破裂。超声造影诊断并经临床手术诊治12例患者均治愈。结论超声造影通过组织灌注成像之间的差异诊断胎盘植入,注射造影剂后胎盘植入病灶呈高增强,子宫浆膜层呈毛糙锯齿样改变,造影剂外溢时应考虑胎盘穿透子宫浆膜层。超声造影对产后胎盘植入诊断及子宫破裂术后治疗修复的观察均有重要临床应用价值。     

宫腔镜诊断绝经后子宫出血106例临床分析

[目的]探讨绝经后子宫出血的原因及其宫腔镜诊断的价值.[方法] 对106例绝经后子宫出血患者应用宫腔镜检查,其中33例行宫腔镜下病灶摘除或电切术,病变组织均送病理组织学检查.[结果]绝经后子宫出血的病因依次为子宫内膜息肉、黏膜下子宫肌瘤、萎缩性子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜炎、子宫内膜单纯性增生、宫内节育器.宫腔镜诊断与病理检查的符合率为 91.43%.[结论]宫腔镜检查是诊断绝经后子宫出血原因的有效方法,优于诊断性刮宫,年老、绝经年限愈长的妇女,子宫恶性肿瘤发生率愈高.     

宫腔镜辅助诊断绝经后阴道出血临床观察

目的研究宫腔镜协助诊断绝经后阴道处血的原因和临床诊断结果。方法回顾性分析接收的绝经后阴道流血患者70例,所有患者均行宫腔镜检查,并将宫腔镜切片标本进行组织病理学检查,将宫腔镜检查结果与病理学结果进行对比。结果 70例绝经后阴道处血患者宫腔镜检查结果分别为:子宫内膜癌7例、子宫内膜炎17例、子宫息肉25例、子宫内膜增生12例、子宫肌瘤9例;病理学检查结果为子宫内膜癌8例、子宫内膜炎17例、子宫息肉23例、子宫内膜增生12例、子宫肌瘤10例。宫腔镜检查子宫内膜癌准确率为87.5%、子宫内膜炎准确率为100.0%、子宫息肉准确率为92.0%、子宫内膜增生准确率为100.0%、子宫肌瘤准确率为90.0%。结论宫腔镜协助诊断绝经后阴道出血疾病具有较高的准确性,能快速准确地诊断子宫病变情况,降低误诊和漏诊的发生,具有临床推广价值。     

宫腔镜对绝经后子宫出血的诊断和治疗

目的探讨宫腔镜对绝经后子宫出血的诊断和治疗价值。方法对100例绝经后子宫出血患者行宫腔镜检查,其中30例行电切术或病灶摘除术,病变组织送病理。结果绝经后出血的病因依次为萎缩性子宫内膜,子宫内膜息肉,黏膜下肌瘤,子宫内膜单纯增生,子宫内膜癌等,宫腔镜诊断与病理诊断符合率依次为:100%,96%,91.7%,90.9%,66.7%;对24例子宫内膜息肉,11例子宫黏膜下肌瘤行宫腔镜手术切除治愈。结论宫腔镜诊断绝经后子宫出血,优于诊断性刮宫;部分合适病例可同时行病灶摘除或电切术,减少了开腹手术对患者的创伤。     

宫腔镜检查对子宫内膜不典型增生的诊断价值

【目的】探讨宫腔镜对子宫内膜不典型增生的诊断价值。【方法】对诊断性刮宫术病理检查结果为子宫内膜不典型增生病例48例,进一步行宫腔镜检查,镜下定位活检,病理检查,并将两者结果进行比较。【结果】宫腔镜检查定位活检后患者病理诊断级别上升者达22.9%（11/48）,诊断性刮宫术者48例中子宫内膜癌漏诊率达6.25%（3/48）。【结论】宫腔镜下定位活检是提高子宫内膜病变诊断准确率和预防子宫内膜癌漏诊的有效手段。     

宫腔镜诊断绝经后子宫出血106例I临床分析

【目的】探讨绝经后子宫出血的原因及其宫腔镜诊断的价值。【方法】对106例绝经后子宫出血患者应用宫腔镜检查,其中33例行宫腔镜下病灶摘除或电切术,病变组织均送病理组织学检查。【结果】绝经后子宫出血的病因依次为子宫内膜息肉、黏膜下子宫肌瘤、萎缩性子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜炎、子宫内膜单纯性增生、宫内节育器。宫腔镜诊断与病理检查的符合率为91．43％。【结论】宫腔镜检查是诊断绝经后子宫出血原因的有效方法,优于诊断性刮宫,年老、绝经年限愈长的妇女,子宫恶性肿瘤发生率愈高。     

磁共振成像联合宫腔镜在子宫内膜癌诊断及分期中的应用

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)联合宫腔镜在子宫内膜癌诊断及分期中的应用。方法选择288例子宫异常出血患者病历资料进行回顾性研究。288例患者分别接受宫腔镜及MRI检查,对可疑病变均进行组织病理活检,288例患者中有31例最终经病理检查确诊为子宫内膜癌并接受手术治疗。对宫腔镜、MRI及两者联合检查对子宫内膜癌的诊断符合率以及宫腔镜、MRI以及两者联合检查对子宫内膜癌手术病理分期预测的一致性进行探讨。结果 MRI联合宫腔镜检查对子宫内膜癌与病理检查符合率为83.87%,显著高于单用MRI的70.69%以及宫腔镜的77.42%(χ2MRI=7.51,χ2宫腔镜=6.39)。宫腔镜及MRI联合宫腔镜检查对手术病理分期预测具有一致性(P<0.05),且MRI联合宫腔镜检查对手术病理分期的预测价值高于单用宫腔镜或MRI检查。结论 MRI联合宫腔镜适用于子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期预测。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.