卵清白蛋白特异性T细胞免疫诱导BALB/c小鼠的调节性免疫应答

目的：研究T细胞免疫后正常小鼠的调节性免疫应答，方法：应用体外扩增的卵清白蛋白（OVA）特异的T细胞克隆免疫BALB／c小鼠，3H－TdR掺入法分析细胞增殖，3H－TdR标记靶细胞检测杀伤T细胞的杀伤效应，间接免疫荧光法分析血清中抗T细胞抗体水平。结果：T细胞免疫后能诱导BALB/c小鼠产生调节性T细胞的增殖反应，对靶细胞的杀伤效应以及针对于活化的T细胞的体液免疫应答，并进一步降低机体对OVA抗原的应答，结论：T细胞免疫能诱导正常机体的调节性免疫应答。     

pcDNA3.1/MAGE-3-HSP70融合蛋白诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答的研究

目的构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70，观察其诱导免疫应答的能力和抗肿瘤免疫治疗的作用。方法通过RT-PCR扩增MAGE-3和HSP70 cDNA，以pcDNA3．1为载体，构建pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70重组质粒，肌肉注射接种小鼠，间隔7d，共3次，以pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3、pcD—NA3．1／HSP70、pcDNA3．1和PBS为对照，检测脾淋巴细胞CTL杀伤活性、脾细胞培养上清IL-2、IFN-γ浓度、外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化及鼠血清中抗MAGE-3抗体水平。pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70重组质粒免疫已负荷B16／MAGE-3的小鼠，观察小鼠成瘤时间、生存时间。结果pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70质粒免疫的小鼠，其脾淋巴细胞对MAGE-3阳性靶细胞表现出明显的杀伤活性，与各对照组相比，P〈0．01，差异有统计学意义；外周血中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞和脾细胞培养上清中TH1类细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2水平明显升高。pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70重组质粒免疫已负荷B16／MAGE-3的小鼠后，小鼠成瘤时间明显延迟，生存期明显延长。结论pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3-HSP70DNA疫苗在体内能诱导出显著的MAGE-3特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答，且能抑制体内已经存在的少量肿瘤细胞的成瘤。     

乙肝核酸疫苗诱导BALB/C小鼠的CTL免疫应答

目的：研究携带HBsAg基因的载体质粒pcDHBs诱导小鼠CTL应答效果。方法：将HBsAg基因连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1上，构建成载体质粒pcDHBs。将纯化后的质粒pcDRBs和pcDNA3．1肌肉注射免疫小鼠，眼眶采血检测血清中抗体水平。用质粒pcDHBs转染P815细胞制备乙肝疫苗诱导BALB／C小鼠CTL活性检测的靶细胞。免疫后，取脾细胞，按效靶比为10：1、25：1、50：1进行CIL杀伤检测。结果：免疫pcDHBs疫苗后，检测到小鼠血清中的RBsAb。用pcDHBs进行转染的P815细胞能够检测到HBsAg基因片段和蛋白质抗原的表达。用pcDHBs免疫组小鼠的CTL杀伤率均明显高于pcDNA3．1免疫组。结论：质粒pcDHBs作为核酸疫苗能够诱导小鼠体液免疫应答和CTL免疫应答。     

人β防御素-2与前列腺癌特异性膜抗原嵌合蛋白真核表达质粒构建及其诱导的小鼠特异性免疫应答

探索人β防御素2(hBF)-2)和前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)共表达重组核酸疫苗对前列腺癌的免疫治疗。研究以pcDNA3．1为载体,构建重组质粒pcDNA3．1／PSMA和pcDNA3．1／hBD-2-PSMA．通过RT-PCR和免疫组化检测其表达。并免疫小鼠,进行血清中抗体检测．CD4^ 、CD8^ T淋巴细胞数目测定及CTL特异性杀伤作用检测。结果显示构建的质粒转染COS-7细胞后能表达目的基因,     

HIV-2 gag rFPV与rDNA疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的 探讨HIV-2核心蛋白基因gag重组DNA疫苗与重组鸡痘病毒进行联合免疫引起小鼠的免疫应答，为研究HIV-2基因重组疫苗的免疫策略提供实验基础。方法 大量制备并纯化HIV-2 gag重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒，以肌肉注射的方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA法检测小鼠血清HIV-2抗体，流式细胞仪测定CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚类数量，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放法检测脾CTL对HIV-2靶细胞的杀伤活性。结果 重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫及二者联合免疫均刺激小鼠产生HIV-2特异性抗体，脾T细胞亚类数量增加，并产生针对HIV-2靶细胞的特异性CTL杀伤活性，但联合免疫组在各项指标上均高于单独免疫组。结论 以HIV-2gag重组DNA疫苗进行基础免疫、以HIV-2gag重组鸡痘病毒进行加强免疫能诱导小鼠产生更强的特异性细胞和体液免疫应答。     

表达HIV-1 gag-gp120嵌合基因的DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答

目的 :检测表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答效果。方法 :将真核表达质粒pVAXGE肌肉注射BALB C小鼠 ,观察免疫小鼠脾T淋巴细胞亚群的数量、特异性CTL杀伤率及小鼠免疫后不同时间点血清中IgG抗体滴度。结果 :重组质粒pVAXGE免疫组小鼠脾淋巴细胞进行了增殖 ,脾特异性CTL杀伤率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;小鼠免疫后于第 8周血清抗体达到最高。结论 :表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗质粒可诱导BALB C小鼠发生免疫应答     

HER-2/neu胞外区基因疫苗的免疫避孕作用

目的 :研究HER 2 neu胞外区基因疫苗在免疫避孕中的作用。方法 :构建含人HER 2 neu胞外区的重组质粒pcDNA3 hECD ,以该质粒转染真核细胞C2 C1 2 或注射小鼠股四头肌 ,检测其在体内外表达情况 ;以该质粒基因免疫雌性BALB C小鼠 ,部分小鼠于第 12周以重组蛋白hECDu加强免疫 ,以ELISA方法检测抗HER 2 neu抗体应答 ,3H TdR掺入法检测细胞免疫应答 ,并观察其诱导免疫避孕的情况。结果 :C2 C1 2 转染上清及小鼠股四头肌注射局部均可检测到hECD蛋白的表达。小鼠经基因免疫后可产生较高水平抗体应答 ,抗体水平至少维持 2 8周 ,同时可检测到较高水平细胞免疫应答 (pcDNA3 hECD与对照组SI值分别为 9 5 5和 1 2 5 ) ;基因免疫后小鼠平均产仔数 (3 8± 2 9,对照组为 9 7± 1 6 )明显降低 ,以蛋白加强免疫后产生特异性回忆反应 ,平均产仔数进一步降低 (2 0± 1 7)。而且 ,免疫小鼠产后 4天子宫及卵巢与正常产后鼠相比均无明显区别。结论 :基于HER 2 neu胞外区的基因疫苗免疫小鼠可诱导有效的免疫应答并产生一定免疫避孕效果 ,并且这种避孕作用经特异性蛋白加强免疫可进一步得以提高。     

柯萨奇B3病毒结构和非结构蛋白DNA 疫苗诱导小鼠产生免疫应答的研究

目的 制备4种柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3）结构和非结构蛋白重组质粒DNA疫苗,并探讨其诱导机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答的效果。方法 用基因重组技术构建4种CVB3结构和非结构蛋白重组质粒,将各重组质粒体外转染真核细胞,用Western blot检测表达产物;于BALB／c小鼠后腿胫骨前肌注射免疫,于0、4、8周共免疫3次,100μg/次。免疫后不同时间检测体液和细胞免疫应答指标。结果 4种重组质粒酶切出相应大小的片段,经测序证实为CVB3序列,Western blot证实能够在体外真核细胞中表达。pcDNA3/vp2、pcDNA3/VP1、pcDNA3/2A和pcDNA3/3D均可诱导小鼠产生相应的特异性抗体、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）和淋巴细胞增殖反应、迟发型超敏反应（DTH）,并对致死量的CVB3m、CVB5和CVB2攻击具有保护作用,表现为病毒攻击后第3天血中病毒滴度降低,第10天心肌病理变化比对照组明显减轻,且小鼠生存率显著提高。其中以pcDNA/VP1和pcDNA3／3D组保护作用最明显。结论 CVB3结构蛋白VP1和非结构蛋白3D质粒DNA有可能用作CVB DNA疫苗的候选基因,值得进一步深入研究。     

CVB3-VP1基因免疫诱导特异性抗病毒免疫应答及保护作用

目的 :构建表达柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)主要包膜蛋白VP1的基因疫苗 ,并研究该疫苗诱导CVB3特异性免疫应答及免疫保护的作用。方法 :抽提CVB3RNA ,以RT PCR扩增VP1基因 ,克隆于真核表达载体 pcDNA3中 ,构建质粒pcDNA3 VP1。将该质粒转染Hela细胞 ,观察其表达情况 ;以 5 0 μgpcDNA3 VP1质粒DNA肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠 3次 ,检测CVB3特异性体液和细胞免疫应答。间隔 4wk以 5×LD50 的CVB3攻击小鼠 ,观察攻击后小鼠的存活情况。结果 :构建了重组质粒 pcDNA3 VP1,并在体外获得有效表达。以该质粒肌肉免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,可诱生高水平的IgM和IgG ,VP1多肽特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应及CTL活性均显著高于 pcDNA3免疫的对照组。病毒攻击试验表明 ,pcDNA3 VP1免疫组33.3%小鼠可长期存活 ,其心肌组织未见明显的病理学改变 ;而对照小鼠平均仅存活 6 .7d ,心肌显示大量的局灶性坏死和炎性细胞浸润。结论 :pcDNA3 VP1免疫可诱生CVB3特异性体液及细胞免疫应答 ,保护免疫小鼠抵抗CVB3的致死性攻击     

T细胞淋巴瘤DNA疫苗的实验研究

目的：研究T细胞淋巴瘤TCR Vβ DNA疫苗诱发小鼠体液免疫反应。方法：将：BALB／C小鼠随机分为pcDNA3．1组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ8组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ8 CpG 质脂体组和全硫代CpC组，共4组(每组6只)，双侧股四头肌注射疫苗免疫，于第0、2、4周各免疫1次，共3次。每次免疫前及免疫开始后至第8周，取鼠血，应用间接免疫荧光法检测小鼠抗体生成情况。结果：pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ CpC 脂质体组小鼠血清中均产生了特异性抗体，抗体滴度在第4周开始增高，第6周时达到高峰。同一时间段相比，特异性抗体滴度后者显著高于前者。结论：证明了DNA重组质粒pcDNA3．1/TCR Vβ可诱导小鼠产生特异性抗T细胞淋巴瘤TCR Vβ8抗体；CpG和脂质体增强了TCR Vβ8 DNA疫苗诱导的体液免疫反应。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.