阿司匹林对2型糖尿病患者血清可溶性CD40配体水平的影响

目的观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清可溶性CD40配体（sCD40L）水平的变化，以及阿司匹林（ASP）对其水平的影响。方法T2DM患者55例按是否服用阿司匹林（ASP）分为DM不服用ASP（DMwithoutASP）组24例和DM服用ASP组（DMwithASP）31例，设对照组33例。采用ELISA法测定血清sCD40L水平。结果DM-ASP组较对照组的sCD40L水平升高（2．14±0．74VS1．89±1．07，P〉0．05），DM＋ASP组CD40L较DM组下降（1．19±0．76，P〈0．01），较对照组下降（P〈0．01）。结论DM患者血清sCD40L升高；服用ASP可降低DM患者sCD40L水平。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者的氧化应激状态分析

目的通过测定系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者血清中总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和谷氨酰胺（GLN）的含量,分析SLE患者机体的氧化应激状态。方法取30例SLE患者和30例健康成年人外周血,用化学比色法检测两组血清T—AOC、MDA和CSH,酶法检测GLN,另外检测SLE患者血清补体C3含量。结果与正常对照组相比,SLE组血清T—AOC和GLN显著降低（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,MDA显著升高（P〈0．05）,GSH无显著变化;SLE组血清MDA与c3含量呈负相关（r=-0．566,P〈0．05）。结论SLE患者体内氧化水平明显升高,抗氧化能力降低,血清MDA升高与SLE病情的活动有关。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血细胞E-选择素的变化及相关性研究

目的通过测定系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者外周血细胞E-选择素水平，以了解E一选择素在SLE发病机制中的作用及临床意义。方法采用流式细胞仪检测31例SLE患者和20名健康对照者外周血细胞E-选择素水平。同时记录患者临床资料并作SLE病情活动性指数（SLEDAI）评分．检测血沉（ESR）、补体C3水平。分析E-选择素与SLE疾病活动的关系。结果31例SLE患者外周血E-选择素水平高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。17例活动期与14例稳定期SLE患者E-选择素水平有显著区别（P〈0．01）。18例伴肾脏损害SLE患者外周血E-选择素水平与无肾脏损害患者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。并且31例SLE患者外周血E-选择素水平与ESR、SLEDAI评分有显著正相关（r=0.687、r=0．693，P值均〈0．01），与血C3补体水平呈显著负相关（r=-0．512，P〈0．01）。结论E-选择素可能参与SLE发病，与病情活动性相关。     

高原地区肺性脑病患者血清NSE和S-100β蛋白水平变化及与病情的关系

目的观察高原地区肺性脑病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和S-100β蛋白（S-100β）水平的变化,探讨血清NSE和S-100β水平与病情的相关性。方法对64例高原地区肺性脑病患者（A组）、228例肺心病患者（B组）采用ELISE法检测血清NSE、S-100β含量,用血气分析仪测定动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）,并选择同海拔同年龄的50例健康人作对照（C组）。结果A组和B组的PaC02、血清NSE和S-100β水平显著高于C组,PaO2水平显著低于c组（均P〈0．01）;A组与B组之间比较,各项指标亦有显著性差异（均P〈0．01）。在A组中,重型和中型患者的PaCO2、血清NSE和S-100B水平显著高于轻型患者,PaO2水平显著低于轻型患者（均P〈0．01）;重型与中型之间比较,各项指标亦有显著性差异（均P〈0．01）。A组Pa02与血清NSE和S-100B呈显著负相关（r=-0．823、-0．792,均P〈0．01）,PaCO2与血清NSE和S-100β呈显著正相关（r=0．786、0．802,均P〈0．01）。A组中,55例患者神经精神症状消失且病情稳定1周后,血清NSE、S-100β和PaCO2较治疗前显著降低,PaO2显著升高（均P〈0．01）,9例患者死亡前,血清NSE和S-100β较治疗前进一步升高（均P〈0．01）。结论血清NSE和S-100β的含量与肺性脑病患者病情严重程度密切相关,可作为判断其病情程度、估计预后的重要指标。     

COPD低氧及肺性脑病患者血清血管紧张素Ⅱ检测的临床意义

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）低氧及肺性脑病患者血清中AngⅡ检测的临床意义。方法住院COPD患者45例，采取全自动血气分析仪测定PH值、氧分压（Pa02）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2），根据临床症状及血气分析将其分为单纯低氧组30例、肺性脑病组15例，用放射免疫法测定两组血清中AngⅡ含量，选择正常对照组15例相比较。结果与单纯低氧组和正常对照组相比，肺性脑病组的PaCO2明显升高（P〈0．01），PH及PaO2明显降低（P〈0．01）；单纯低氧组和肺性脑病组AngⅡ明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），肺性脑病组AngⅡ明显高于单纯低氧组（P〈0．01），肺性脑病组PaO2与AngⅡ呈直线负相关（r=-0．667，P〈0．01），PaCO2与AngⅡ呈直线正相关（r=0．651，P〈0．01）。结论血清中AngⅡ的检测对肺性脑病的诊治有一定的帮助。     

SLE患者血清抗核小体抗体水平测定及意义

采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测42例系统性红斑狼疮患者（SLE组）和30例健康人（对照组）血清抗核小体抗体（AnuA）水平。结果血清AnuA阳性率SLE组和对照组分别为69.04%和0（P〈0.01）;SLE活动期显著高于非活动期（P〈0.01）,有肾脏损害者明显高于无肾脏损害者（P〈0.05）;经泼尼松治疗后SLE组血清AnuA阳性率明显降低（P〈0.05）。认为血清AnuA可能参与了SLE的发病机制;其可作为反映SLE活动程度、肾脏损害及预后的指标。     

罗格列酮对糖尿病肾病患者血浆t-PA、PAI-1的影响

选取T2DM患者89例,分为尿NA组、MA尿组和DN组。结果DN组PA1-1水平明显高于尿NA组（P〈0．01）和MA组（P〈0．05）,t—PA／PAI-1比值显著低于尿NA组（P〈0．01）和MA尿组（P〈0．05）,MA组t—PA及t—PA／PAI-1水平显著低于尿NA的患者（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。DN组t—PA明显低于MA组（P〈0．01）。予罗格列酮治疗后。PPG、HbAlC、尿MA、PAI-1水平明显下降（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,t—PA、t—PA／PAI-1水平明显增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论盐酸罗格列酮可提高t—PA水平、降低PAI-1水平,改善纤溶活性,延缓肾功能损害。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血清黏附分子的表达及意义

采用流式细胞仪法测定了31例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者（SLE组）血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（slCAM-1）、可溶性血管细胞间黏附分子-1（sVCAM-1）水平，并与其他免疫学指标和对照组（18例健康体检者）上述指标进行相关性分析。结果SLE组slCAM-1、sVCAM-1水平明显高于对照组；活动期患者明显高于稳定期患者，有肾损害者明显高于非肾损害者，P均〈0．01。抗ds-DNA阳性者明显高于阴性者P〈0．01；二者与血沉呈正相关。认为血清slCAM-1、sVCAM-1在SLE发病中有重要作用。可作为判断SLE疾病活动的指标。     

血清聚集素水平与系统性红斑狼疮的相关性探讨

目的探讨血清聚集素在系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）发病中的作用。方法采用夹心ELISA法检测30例SLE患者（观察组）与30例正常患者（对照组）血清聚集素水平,对血清聚集素水平与疾病活动指数（SLEDAI）评分、血清补体C3和C4水平及临床特征进行相关性分析。结果观察组血清聚集素水平为（29．84±4．47）pg／ml,显著低于正常对照组的（44．47±4．58）pg／ml（t=12．524,P〈0．001）;血清聚集素水平与SLEDAI评分呈负相关（r=-0．805,P〈0．001）;与SLE补体C3、C4水平无相关性（r=0．263、0．272,P均〉0．05）,与脱发、面部红斑、口腔溃疡、关节炎、尿蛋白、自细胞减少、血小板减少等临床特征相关（t=2．922～4．600,P〈0．01）,与淋巴细胞减少无相关性（t=1．690,P〉0．05）。结论血清聚集素在SLE发生、发展中起重要作用。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者胱抑素C、D-二聚体、可溶性CD146水平检测的意义

目的：观察系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者血清（血浆）中胱抑素C（CysC）、D-二聚体（D-D）、可溶性CD146（sCD146）水平。方法：将102例初诊SLE患者分为尿蛋白阴性组40例和尿蛋白阳性组62例;设正常对照组50例。用免疫比浊法测定尿微量白蛋白及血浆D-D,ELISA法测定血浆可溶性sCD146和CysC水平,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果：SLE患者尿微量白蛋白及血中CysC、D-D、sCD146水平较正常明显增高。结论：血中CysC、D-D、sCD146水平检测能有效反映SLE患者的早期肾功能损害。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.