如何鉴别金银花与山银花

目的 总结金银花和山银花的鉴别要点.方法 以表格的形式从来源、性状和显微结构方面对金银花与山银花做对比.结果 通过肉眼观察初步鉴别金银花与山银花,再通过显微进一步鉴定.结论 金银花与山银花都属于忍冬科,其几个原植物是近缘植物,形态特征相似,但如果仔细观察对比,便能发现其有各自的形态特征,从而进行鉴别.     

鉴别金银花与山银花要点探讨

目的探讨金银花与山银花的鉴别要点,为临床合理使用两种药物提供参照。方法分别从来源、性状、成分与功效等几方面对两种药物作鉴别分析。结果两种药物在来源、性状、成分与功效上均存在比较明显的差异性,严格鉴别即可较易区分两种药物。结论在临床用药中,应注意从以上几方面对两种药物加强区分鉴别,以促进两种药物的规范化使用。     

金银花和山银花的合理使用

通过查阅文献,比较了2010年版中国药典金银花和山银花在资源、成分、鉴别、质量诸方面的差异。金银花与山银花成分相似,药效也同中存异,应扬长避短,尽量发挥两药的特色与优势,努力做好物尽其用,合理使用。     

对中药金银花与山银花命名的建议

本文从中药药名的命名应立足于科学性、传承性和服务于临床应用的原则。提出中药多基源品种的药名分列的必备条件是:分列后的各药其性味、归经、功能主治应有区别,否则难以指导和规范临床用药。《中国药典》2010版收载的金银花与山银花两味药的性味、归经、功能主治无区别,笔者认为二者分列的条件尚不成熟,建议合并,药名定为金银花。二者的基源物种全部保留,药材分成金银花与山银花两种。     

金银花与山银花

金银花在临床中是较为常用的一味清热解毒的中药。 金银花,又名忍冬。“金银花”一名最早出现于宋代《履岩本草》。书中曰：“鹭鸶藤,性温无毒,治筋骨疼痛,名金银花。”初并非专指忍冬的花,而是指忍冬藤叶或花。金银花名称之解始见于明代《本草纲目》,书中记载：“忍冬在处有之……花初开者,蕊瓣俱色白,经二三日,则色变黄,新旧相参,黄白相映,故呼金银花。”在现行药典中,金银花为忍冬科植物忍冬的干燥花蕾或带初开的花。     

金银花与山银花的鉴别方法研究

目的建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)定性鉴别方法,以区分金银花与山银花及其制剂。方法以灰毡毛忍冬皂苷乙为指标成分,十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;乙腈-0.4%醋酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,用蒸发光散射检测器。结果金银花及其制剂未检出灰毡毛忍冬皂苷乙,山银花及其制剂均检出。结论建立的HPLC-ELSD定性鉴别方法,可用于金银花及其提取物和制剂中非法添加山银花的检查,为规范金银花药材市场提供技术支持。     

金银花在体内抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的探讨金银花在体内的抗氧化作用。方法将20只Wistar大鼠随机分为两组。其中,实验 1组(大剂量组10只)予金银花水煎液(10g／kg)灌胃;实验2组(小剂量组10只)予金银花水煎液(5g／kg) 灌胃;另设对照组(10只)予蒸馏水灌胃。分别在灌胃前、灌胃后1、2h由眼眶取血,分离血浆,检测不同时间血浆内T-AOC、GSH-Px、GSH、MDA、NOS、NO、SOD的变化。结果实验1组和实验2组与对照组相比,灌胃1、2h后T-AOC、GSH-Px、GSH、SOD都有明显增加,而NOS和NO无明显变化,MDA明显下降; 1h时增加或减少幅度大于2h。结论金银花可提高体内抗氧化作用,且有剂量依赖性。     

金银花与山银花的性状鉴别和药理作用的区别

金银花与山银花同属忍冬科植物,其形状特征和药理作用有相似之处。在2005年以前,《中华人民共和国药典》中将金银花和山银花混同为一种中药,都叫金银花。2005年以后,《中华人民共和国药典》才将金银花和山银花区分开,只将忍冬科植物忍冬的花蕾或初开的花称作金银花;而将同属忍冬科的灰毡毛忍冬、红腺忍冬、华南忍冬或黄褐毛忍冬的干燥花蕾或初开的花统称山银花[1]。     

山银花、金银花中掺伪钾盐检验方法的研究

目的建立测定银花类药材中掺伪钾盐的补充检验方法。方法火焰类型为空气／乙炔,采用钾空心阴极灯,钾检测波长为766．5nm,乙炔气流量为1．7L／min,空气流量为13．5—15．0L／min,狭缝2．0nm。结果钾离子质量浓度在0．2632～2．632μg／mL范围内与吸光度具有良好的线性关系（r=0．99902）,平均回收率为98．48％,RSD为1．44％（n=6）。结论所用方法简单、快速、准确、重现性好,适用于测定山银花、金银花中钾盐的含量。     

金银花与山银花生物指纹图谱比较研究(英文)

采用微量量热法从生物热活性角度,对金银花与山银花的生物指纹图谱进行比较研究。本文以山银花中的灰毡毛忍冬为例,考察不同浓度的金银花与灰毡毛忍冬提取液对志贺痢疾杆菌的抑制作用,测定其产热变化规律。以产热曲线和热动力学参数为评价指标,客观地表征金银花与灰毡毛忍冬对志贺痢疾杆菌生长代谢的影响,并对实验结果做了相似性分析。结果显示,金银花与灰毡毛忍冬有很强的抑制志贺痢疾杆菌生长代谢的作用且两者有很好的相似性。生物评价应与化学分析法相结合来控制中药质量,来共同确保中药的安全和疗效。     

In vitro antioxidant activity of Bombax malabaricum flower extracts

Context: Bombax malabaricum DC. (Bombacaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, diarrhea, fever, chronic inflammation, catarrhal affection, and as a diuretic. However, little information is available about its antioxidative activity.

Objective: Water, 50% ethanol, and 80% acetone extracts from flowers of B. malabaricum were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant activity in this article for the first time. Then the relationships between antioxidant activity measured by different methods and total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were established.

Materials and methods: The antioxidant activities of extracts from B. malabaricum flower were investigated including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, and inhibition on phosphatidylcholine liposome peroxidation.

Results: Results showed that all the extracts possessed remarkable antioxidant capacity compared with ascorbic or gallic acids. Total antioxidant activities evaluated by ORAC assay of different extracts ranged from 700.03 to 1482.46 μmol Trolox equivalents/g. The highest TPC of 130.38?mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g was observed in 80% acetone extract, whereas the lowest TPC of 57.09?mg GAE/g was obtained in the water extract. Furthermore, TFC exhibited significant (P?<?0.05) positive correlations with DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ORAC, and reducing power.

Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the flowers of B. malabaricum have excellent antioxidant activities and thus might be a potential source of natural antioxidants.     

HPLC法测定银菊散结口服液中绿原酸含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定银菊散结口服液中绿原酸含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法,Kromasil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-0.4%磷酸(10∶90)为流动相;检测波长为327nm。理论板数按绿原酸峰计算应不低于1000。流速:1ml.min-1。结果绿原酸线性范围为0~0.05mg.ml-1(r=0.9994),回收率(n=6)为102.2%,RSD=0.98%。结论本方法分离效果好,准确可靠,是控制银菊散结口服液内在质量的有效方法。     

Chemical composition of five wild edible mushrooms collected from Southwest China and their antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity

Evaluation of the chemical composition and antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of five wild edible mushrooms (Clitocybe maxima, Catathelasma ventricosum, Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Craterellus cornucopioides and Laccaria amethystea) from Southwest China. The chemical composition assay includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and total energy), bioactive compounds analysis (total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, tocopherol), fatty acid analysis, amino acid analysis, phenolic compounds analysis and mineral analysis of these mushrooms. Furthermore, assays of α-glucosidase inhibitory and α-amylase inhibitory activity were used for evaluating antihyperglycemic activity of the mushrooms, and assays of reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, scavenging effect on hydroxyl free radicals and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were used for evaluating antioxidant activity of the mushrooms. Based on the results, ethanolic and aqueous extract of these mushroom all showed antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential. In particular, the aqueous extract of C. ventricosum revealed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 2.74 μg/mL), DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 value 2.86 mg/mL) and reducing power (EC50 value 0.96 mg/mL), while the aqueous extract of L. amethystea showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 4.37 μg/mL) and metal chelating activity (EC50 value 2.13 mg/mL).     

Flavonoid compositions and antioxidant activity of calamondin extracts prepared using different solvents

Calamondin has been demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant function and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which might be attributed to its flavonoid compounds. To improve their application, the flavonoid compositions and antioxidant activity of calamondin extracts, prepared by different solvents, were investigated. The results showed that total phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts from peel of calamondin were higher than that from pulp, except the flavonoid content in hot water extract. The flavonoids found in extracts of calamondin were 3′,5′-di-C-β-glucopyranosylphloretin (DGPP), naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and diosmin. DGPP exhibited the highest quantity, while naringin and hesperidin were the other two major flavonoids. The content of DGPP in hot water extract of peel was higher than in extracts of organic solvents, however, the contents of nobiletin and tangeretin were found only in extracts of organic solvents. The highest levels of total flavonoids and DGPP were obtained in hot water extract from peel at 90°C. The extracts of hot water and ethyl acetate showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potency than that of ethanol and methanol. A positive relationship existed between total phenolic contents and DPPH scavenging potency (p < 0.01), while total flavonoid compositions also showed correlation (p < 0.05). Thus, DGPP, naringin, and hesperidin might contribute to antioxidant activity. Collectively, the hot water extract of calamondin peel might have potential for health food and cosmetic applications due to its good antioxidant activity and high level of DGPP.     

复方金银花外洗液体外抗炎作用的实验研究

目的对复方金银花外洗液的体外抗炎作用进行研究。方法采用MTT法测定复方金银花外洗液对RAW264.7细胞活性的影响;采用ELISA法观察RAW264.7细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-6的分泌情况;采用Western-blot法检测TNF-α、IL-6蛋白的表达情况。结果 MTT结果显示,复方金银花外洗液在0~210μL/mL对RAW264.7细胞活力无显著影响(P>0.05);同时,金银花外洗液能够抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的增殖活性,且呈剂量依赖性。ELISA检测结果显示,模型组细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-6含量显著升高,与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),复方金银花外洗液中、高剂量组培养液上清中TNF-α、IL-6含量低于模型组(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,模型组中TNF-α、IL-6的蛋白含量明显高于正常组(P<0.01),不同浓度外洗液处理后,炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的蛋白表达水平显著降低,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论复方金银花外洗液在细胞水平的主要抗炎作用与抑制炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的蛋白表达水平有关。     

金银花中黄酮提取工艺研究及野生与人工种植金银花中黄酮含量的比较

目的测定人工种植金银花黄酮的含量和最佳提取工艺。方法以芦丁为对照品,用UV-2450型紫外可见分光光度计测黄酮的含量,通过单因素试验和正交试验,探索微波辐射下溶剂浓度、温度、微波辐射时间、液料比对黄酮提取率的影响。结果人工种植金银花黄酮含量为4.477%,最佳提取工艺条件是：提取温度50℃,料液比1：30,乙醇浓度80%,微波辐射时间45 min。结论人工种植金银花黄酮含量较高,完全满足药用。     

石斛多糖抗氧化活性研究

目的研究石斛多糖的体内、体外抗氧化活性。方法①体外抗氧化实验：用化学反应法检测石斛多糖对邻苯三酚自氧化反应产生的超氧阴离子和Fenton反应产生的羟自由基的清除作用;②体内抗氧化实验：昆明种小鼠随机分为空白对照组、小剂量组、中剂量组和大剂量组,每组10只。研究石斛多糖对小鼠血清及肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px、MDA的影响。结果石斛多糖具有清除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的作用,可显著提高小鼠血清和肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量。结论石斛多糖具有明显的抗氧化活性,为进一步开发石斛药材提供依据。     

金银花醇提液对根管粪肠球菌生物膜作用体外研究

目的：验证金银花醇提液对粪肠球菌生物膜的抑制作用。方法：建立粪肠球菌生物膜体外模型,M TT法计算金银花醇提液对粪肠球菌生物膜的抑菌率。并利用激光共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）观察药物对生物膜中粪肠球菌的影响。结果：金银花醇提液对粪肠球菌生物膜的抑制作用随药物浓度增加而增加。CLSM观察见金银花醇提液可使粪肠球菌生物膜内活菌比例明显下降。结论：金银花醇提液对粪肠球菌生物膜具有一定抑制作用。     

Preparation, preliminary characterization, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from the flower of tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

In the present study, the crude polysaccharides from the flowers of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) (TFPS) were prepared with hot water and further fractionated on a DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography to afford three purified fractions of TFPS-1, TFPS-2 and TFPS-3. Then, their preliminary structures, antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro and hepatoprotective activity in vivo were investigated. Compared with TFPS-2 and TFPS-3, TFPS-1 had relative higher content of sulfate and relative complicated monosaccharide composition. In addition, TFPS-1 and TFPS-3 showed relative stronger antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity on the growth of human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. For hepatoprotective activity in vivo, we demonstrated that crude TFPS significantly prevented the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, reduced the formation of malondialdehyde and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice. The results suggested that TFPS should be a potent natural polymer with antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities.     

Phenols and antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis from Algarve,South of Portugal

Propolis is a natural honeybee product known to be beneficial for human health, with a complex chemical composition, highly dependent on the collection site. The objective of the present research was to evaluate phenols and antioxidant activity of propolis samples collected in three main areas of Algarve, South of Portugal. Water revealed to be less effective for extracting phenolic compounds from propolis than the methanol and water/ethanol. The last two were good extraction solvents of phenols. Nevertheless water/ethanol was the solvent chosen because it was able to extract phenols in considerable amounts being less toxic than methanol.