镉砷接触工人肾功能损伤研究

目的　探讨镉、砷对作业工人肾功能的联合作用。方法　以我国中南某厂镉、砷作业工人 114名为本研究的职业接触对象。以尿镉 (UCd)、尿砷 (UAs)作为接触标志物 ,尿 β2 微球蛋白(Uβ2 MG)、尿白蛋白 (UALB)、尿N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (UNAG)作为镉、砷致肾小管和肾小球损害的效应标志物。结果　UCd、UAs水平与Uβ2 MG、UALB、UNAG水平间均为正相关 ,具有明显的剂量-效应关系 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　镉、砷对作业工人肾脏功能的联合作用主要表现为相加作用。     

环氧丙烷对职业接触者的毒性作用

目的 研究较低浓度环氧丙烷对职业接触人群健康的影响情况,分析不同的研究指标在环氧丙烷毒性研究和职业人群健康监护工作中的作用和意义,为保护接触工人的健康与安全、提高劳动生产率提供科学的依据。方法选择特大型企业接触环氧丙烷作业的工人为对象,分别采用传统的和现代最新的方法研究环氧丙烷对职业接触人群遗传毒性作用,同时也对接触者的一般毒性危害作了比较系统的调查。结果长期接触较低浓度环氧丙烷的作业工人,其健康受到了一定程度的危害。主要表现在中枢神经系统症状比较明显。接触组染色体畸变率、淋巴细胞微核试验没有明显改变,但姐妹染色单体互换率有明显增加,血红蛋白加合物和DNA加合物的实验结果也证实了这一点,且具有更为敏感的特性。结论环氧丙烷对接触者具有一定的遗传毒性。     

职业接触砷工人肝功酶谱及肝功能变化

目的　通过对486名职业接触砷工人的尿砷、肝功酶谱及肝功等指标的测定,探讨砷对肝脏的毒性作用以及各种指标的敏感性。方法　根据尿砷的测定值将486名砷作业工人分为二组,第一组3 3 8名,尿砷小于0 . 1mg/L ,均值为(0 . 0 6±0 . 0 5 )mg/L ;第二组14 8名,尿砷大于0 . 1mg/L ,均值为(0 . 17±0 . 0 6)mg/L ;选取无肝脏毒物接触史的工人10 0名为对照组,尿砷的测得值为(0 . 0 2±0 .0 3 )mg/L。测定各组工人的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)。结果　砷作业工人无论第一组还是第二组尿砷含量都明显高于对照组;第一组血清ALT、AST、GGT和ALP活性显著高于对照组,但仍属正常参考值范围;第二组血清ALT、AST、GGT和ALP活性都显著高于对照组,ALT、AST和GGT活性明显高于第一组,ALT、AST活性高于正常参考值,其他肝功指标均无显著变化。比较不同工龄砷作业工人肝功酶谱的变化,工龄10～15年的工人血清ALT、AST活性显著高于对照组;工龄≥15年时,血清ALT、AST、GGT、ALP的活性都高于对照组,其中ALT和AST活性高于正常参考值。结论　职业接触砷的工人尿砷显著高于对照组,对肝脏有一定的损伤     

砷的职业接触生物监测指标

砷是一种自然界中多以化合物形式存在的常见类金属元素,在生产中应用广泛。随着职业接触人群越来越多,砷中毒越来越受到人们的重视。环境中的砷主要通过消化道、呼吸道和皮肤黏膜等进入人体,长期暴露于无机砷环境中可引起人体多种脏器损伤及其功能障碍,严重时可引发癌前病变。本文将对职业接触人群有关砷的生物监测指标予以综述。     

长期职业性接触混苯工人外周血淋巴细胞遗传毒性研究

为进一步了解长期低浓度接触混苯工人的遗传毒性,对７８名本作业工人进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变、姊妹染色单体互换、微核率等进行分析,发现接触组染色体各型畸变、总畸变率及细胞畸变率均高于对照组,畸变类型以染色体裂少断鲜明为主,而两者的非整倍体检出率,姊妹染色单体互换差别均无显著意义。接触组与对照组无论是微核率和微核细胞率,混苯接触组均高于对照组。同时发现,饮酒可能增加苯的吸收,进而增另对苯接触者的遗传     

职业性接触对二氯苯遗传毒性的研究

对二氯苯 (1,4 ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ ,ｐａｒａ ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ,ＰＤＣＢ)是一种氯代芳香烃类化合物 ,主要用作防蛀剂和除臭剂以及化学工业的中间体[1] 。自从 1987年国际癌症研究机构 (ＩＡＲＣ)根据美国国家毒理学规划署 (ＮＴＰ)的长期动物致癌试验研究结果将ＰＤＣＢ确定为可能的人类致癌物以后 ,国外开始将大量ＰＤＣＢ制品销往我国。随着近年来国内ＰＤＣＢ新建生产装置的投产 ,职业性接触人数不断增加 ,ＰＤＣＢ的职业危害亟待评价。我们对职业性ＰＤＣＢ接触者外周血淋巴细胞微核率 (ＭＮ)和姊妹染色单…     

职业接触环氧丙烷工人DNA和Hb加合物分析

目的 研究长期接触低浓度环氧丙烷（PO）对职业人群的遗传毒性。方法 对PO作业现场进行环境监测的同时，采集接触组和对照组工人的血样，采用^32P后标记法和N-alkyl Edman气质谱法对DNA加合物（1－HP－腺嘌呤）和血红蛋白加合物（HP－缬氨酸）含量进行了检测和分析。结果 PO车间两个岗位作业工人PO时间加权平均浓度（TWA）分别为2.6mg/m^3和6.9mg/m^3；PO接触组工人的DNA加合物水平高于对照组，差异有非常显著性（P＝0．0012）；血红蛋白加合物水平也明显高于对照组，差异有非常显著性（P＝0．0018）；DNA加合物与血红蛋白加合物量呈正相关（r=0.882)；差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01）。结论 长期接触低浓度PO对职业人群具有细胞遗传学毒性。     

接触摄影化学品作业工人血清生化指标的变化

为探讨摄影化学材料对作业工人健康的影响 ,我们观察了某摄影化学材料厂工人血清生化指标的变化。一、对象和方法1 调查对象 :选择某摄影化学材料厂的生产工人 86名(男 46名、女 40名 )为观察组 ,平均年龄 36 .7(2 3～ 5 4)岁 ,平均工龄 18.3(2～ 2 8)年 ;选择同厂不接触任何毒物的健康职工 73名 (男 39名、女 34名 )为对照组 ,平均年龄 42 .3(2 1～5 8)岁 ,平均工龄 2 4.3(1～ 37)年。两组人群均无肝、肾系统疾病 ,ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性 ,不饮酒。2 调查方法 :(1)作业场所空气中毒物测定 :本调查用ＧＣ 14Ａ型气相色谱仪仅对车间空气中苯、二甲…     

职业接触环氧丙烷工人Hb加合物及其遗传毒性分析

目的 研究长期接触低浓度环氧丙烷工人的遗传效应。方法 采用气相色谱法对环氧丙烷作业现场进行监测的同时,采集工人血样,采用高灵敏的N-alkyl Edman气质谱法对血红蛋白加合物(HP-缬氨酸)含量进行了测定,同时对姐妹染色单体互换(SCE)进行检测。结果 环氧丙烷作业工人时间加权平均浓度(TWA)为2．6mg/m^3和6．9mg／m^3。环氧丙烷接触组工人的HP-缬氨酸水平明显高于对照组,差异有极显著性(P=0．0018)。接触组中的每个细胞SCE数明显高于对照组,差异有显著性(P=0．011)。血红蛋白加合物与姐妹染色单体互换的相关系数r为0．762．并且差异有极显著性(P=0．0014)。结论 低浓度环氧丙烷对职业人群具有细胞遗传学毒性。     

苯乙烯对接触男工的遗传毒性

目的 探讨苯乙烯对作业工人的遗传损害。方法 选择某厂从事苯乙烯作业男工30名,平均工龄4.5年,以微核检测进行细胞遗传毒性效应研究。结果 工人在苯乙烯平衡浓度为99mg/m^3的作业环境中工作,微核发生率明显增高,且随着工龄的延长,微核发生率有增高的趋势。结论 苯乙烯对接触男工有一定的遗传毒作用,应引起重视,并加强对苯乙烯作业环境的监测和作业人群的防护。     

A study of factors influencing urinary arsenic excretion in exposed workers

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of occupational and non-occupational factors on urinary arsenic excretion in workers exposed to iAs (inorganic arsenic) in the dismantlement of a factory which once produced fertilisers. We measured iAs and its methylated metabolites in 108 urinary samples of workers exposed to iAs in July 2006. A total of 13.9% of the samples showed levels higher than the Biological Exposure Index (BEI) of 35 μg/l (mean value 23.9 μg/l). After the improvement of working conditions, in August–October 2006 we collected urinary samples from each of the 108 workers enrolled. We also administrated a questionnaire, in order to investigate the influence of occupational and non-occupational factors on the urinary arsenic excretion. A significant difference was observed in relation with seafood consumption and age stratification. We have found a significant reduction of urinary arsenic excretion between the two phases of biological monitoring, probably due to appropriate hygiene work-related interventions.     

Alteration of thiol-disulfide homeostasis in workers occupationally exposed to arsenic

This study evaluates the redox state in occupationally arsenic-exposed workers (n = 71) by assessing the dynamic serum thiol-disulfide homeostasis. We determined the serum thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters of exposed workers and controls (n = 43) using a novel automated colorimetric assay. Median urinary As and 8-isoprostane levels of exposed group were significantly higher than control group (16.40 μg/L vs 2μg/L, p < .001 and 2.28 ng/ml vs 0.54 ng/ml, p < .001, respectively). Disulfide level, disulfide/native thiol ratio, and disulfide/total thiol ratio were significantly higher in exposed group. The mean ceruloplasmine and myeloperoxidase activities of As-exposed group were significantly higher than control group (117.15 U/L vs 87.02 U/L, p = .035 and 148.53 U/L vs 97.75 U/L, p = .000, respectively). The median catalase activity did not differ in the two groups. Our findings revealed that As disrupts the thiol-disulfide homeostasis in favor of disulfide.     

The possible role of direct ingestion on the overall absorption of cadmium or arsenic in workers exposed to CdO or As2O3 dust

Six volunteers (two office and four cadmium (Cd)-exposed workers, all nonsmokers) from an electric condenser factory participated in a study involving the measurement of cadmium in air and in dust, the evaluation of hand and mouth contamination by cadmium, and the determination of fecal cadmium. The mean levels of total airborne cadmium measured with static and personal samplers were for the exposed workers 9.5 and 16.7 μg/m³, respectively, and for the office workers 0.3 and 0.5 μg/m³, respectively. In the office workers, hand contamination by Cd hardly changes over the workday (less than 10 μg/hand), whereas in the exposed workers important hand contamination by Cd was observed (up to 1,200 μg/hand during the workday and up to 300 μg/hand before lunch or before leaving the factory). Mouth contamination by Cd is rather similar in both groups on Monday morning, but increases 20- to 50-fold on Friday afternoon in the Cd workers against a slight increase for the office workers. The concentration of Cd in the feces was not much different between Sunday and Friday in the office workers, whereas in the exposed workers it was higher on Friday than on Sunday. There is suggestive evidence from a comparative study of fecal cadmium in two Cd-exposed volunteers who carried out their jobs with and without gloves that direct cadmium intake from hand contamination may contribute to the overall Cd absorption. A limited study in a glassware factory (As₂O₃ exposure) involving the measurement of total airborne arsenic, the determination of urinary arsenic, and the evaluation of hand and mouth contamination by arsenic before and after the workshift suggests that the high urinary arsenic levels (300 μg/g creatinine) are likely to be more related to an increased oral intake from contaminated hands than to an increased absorption from the lungs.     

职业接触烹调油烟者某些生物标志物的变化

目的探讨烹调油烟对职业接触人群健康损害的早期生物标志物。方法分析职业接触组46名男性饭店厨师,对照组28名男性饭店管理人员外周血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)和微核(MN)的变化。结果接触组SCE的平均值为7.37,对照组SCE平均值为4.17,协方差分析调整吸烟、饮酒等混杂因子后,两组SCE差异仍然存在显著性(P=0.0001),多因素逐步回归分析表明,接触组人群的SCE水平随接触年限的延长而升高。接触组工人微核检出阳性率和微核细胞率分别为52.17%、2.37‰,都明显高于对照组的17.86%和0.75‰(P<0.01)。结论职业接触烹调油烟者SCE和MN有变化。     

Nonspecific nasal responsiveness in workers occupationally exposed to respiratory irritants

The aim of the study was to establish the level of the nonspecific nasal responsiveness in a group of workers (N = 84) occupationally exposed to respiratory irritants, and to compare it with its level in healthy subjects (N = 60). Another goal was to study the effect of occupational exposure to irritants, smoking, and atopy on nonspecific nasal responsiveness. The modified method of nonspecific nasal provocation with histamine developed by van Wijk and Dieges (Clin Allerg 17:563–570, 1987) was used. The method was performed by spraying doubling concentrations of histamine (0.03–32 mg/mL), starting with saline, in a cumulative manner into each nostril. The reaction was measured by total nasal resistance (“opening” interruption technique). The result of the test was expressed as provocation concentration of histamine that caused ?75% rise of total nasal resistance compared to its value measured after saline. We found a significantly higher percentage of nasal hyperreactors and a significantly greater nonspecific nasal responsiveness among 65 exposed workers (χ² = 78.6; p < 0.001, t = ?5.48; p < 0.001, respectively) than in the group of healthy subjects. A significantly (t = 4.25; p < 0.001) increased nonspecific nasal responsiveness was observed during exposure when compared to nonspecific nasal responsiveness assessed after 2 weeks out of exposure, when tested in 19 patients. Higher smoking rate as measured by smoking category (number of cigarettes multiplied with years of smoking) was associated with the lower levels of nonspecific nasal responsiveness. Also, we failed to confirm a relation between atopy and nonspecific nasal responsiveness in a group of workers exposed to irritants. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Concentration of ethylene oxide in the alveolar air of occupationally exposed workers

Ethylene oxide was tested in environmental air and in the alveolar air of 10 workers employed in a hospital sterilizer unit at hourly intervals during the work shift. Alveolar ethylene oxide concentrations (Ca) were correlated with environmental concentration (Ci) in all the workers studied (r = 0.89-0.99). The ratio between alveolar and environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) given by the slope of the regression line obtained for all the data collected was 0.24. This means that the alveolar retention of ethylene oxide, expressed as 1 - (Ca/Ci), corresponded, on average, to about 75% of the environmental concentration.     

渔村与砷暴露地区居民尿砷代谢产物检测比较

目的 测定渔村居民和饮水型砷暴露地区人群尿中各种形态砷和尿总砷(TAs)。方法 选取饮水型砷暴露地区〔口肯板村水砷浓度为0.16 mg/L;乃莫板村水砷浓度为0.09 mg/L;塔布塞村(对照组)饮用水砷浓度<0.01 mg/L〕和渔村居民。采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中各形态砷代谢物和TAs含量。结果 TAs含量渔村居民明显低于0.16 mg/L暴露组,高于对照组(P<0.05),与0.09 mg/L暴露组差异无统计学意义;渔村居民尿无机砷(iAs)含量明显低于0.09和0.16 mg/L暴露组(P<0.05);尿甲基砷(MMA)含量同尿二甲基砷(DMA)含量,各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);渔村居民尿iAs百分比明显低于对照组、0.09和0.16 mg/L暴露组(P<0.05);尿MMA百分比同尿iAs百分比;各组尿DMA百分比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);渔村居民特异性的检测出尿三甲胺(TMA)。结论 人群尿总砷水平受食用海产品等因素影响,不能单独作为砷暴露指标,应使用分析性方法来区分砷复合物中无机砷和有机砷的代谢产物。     

二甲基甲酰胺作业工人皮肤污染量研究

Objective To establish a method for the determination of dimethylformamide(DMF) and investigate dermal contamination and absorption among workers occupationally exposed to DMF. Method 37 workers exposed to DMF were divided randomly into two groups. DMF was washed down by isopropyl alcohol in A group (16 workers) and water in B group(21 workers).Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of dermal contamination and N-methylformamide(NMF) in urine, correlative study was done between them. Results DMF could be detected in all samples in A group, but could not be detected in B group. The miscel-laneous peaks could be completely separated from the DMF peak in the sample spectrum, without matual in-ference. The highest degree of total dermal contamination was observed in wet spinning workshop[(2.84±1.31 ) ing], postprocessing workshop[(2.50±0.95) mg] and dry spinning workshop[( 1.95±0.61) mg] were lower. The respiratory cumulative exposure dosages were 351.3, 201.3 and 135.2 mg respectively. The average DMP concentration in air of the third printing processing workshop, the dry spirning workshop and the wet spinning workshop was 60.2, 89.6, 156.4 mg/m3 respectively, and the respiratory tract contamination in the workers of the three workshops were 135.2, 201.3 and 351.3 mg respectively. There was statistical independence between the quantification of total dermal contamination and NMF in urine (r=0.176,P>0.05). Conclusion Isopropyl alcohol is the effective washing solvent.When the concentration of DMF in workplace air is above the occupa-tional exposure limit, respiratory tract absorption is the principal pathway of DMF absorption,but dermal con-tamination of DMF should not be ignored.     

二甲基甲酰胺作业工人皮肤污染量研究

Objective To establish a method for the determination of dimethylformamide(DMF) and investigate dermal contamination and absorption among workers occupationally exposed to DMF. Method 37 workers exposed to DMF were divided randomly into two groups. DMF was washed down by isopropyl alcohol in A group (16 workers) and water in B group(21 workers).Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of dermal contamination and N-methylformamide(NMF) in urine, correlative study was done between them. Results DMF could be detected in all samples in A group, but could not be detected in B group. The miscel-laneous peaks could be completely separated from the DMF peak in the sample spectrum, without matual in-ference. The highest degree of total dermal contamination was observed in wet spinning workshop[(2.84±1.31 ) ing], postprocessing workshop[(2.50±0.95) mg] and dry spinning workshop[( 1.95±0.61) mg] were lower. The respiratory cumulative exposure dosages were 351.3, 201.3 and 135.2 mg respectively. The average DMP concentration in air of the third printing processing workshop, the dry spirning workshop and the wet spinning workshop was 60.2, 89.6, 156.4 mg/m3 respectively, and the respiratory tract contamination in the workers of the three workshops were 135.2, 201.3 and 351.3 mg respectively. There was statistical independence between the quantification of total dermal contamination and NMF in urine (r=0.176,P>0.05). Conclusion Isopropyl alcohol is the effective washing solvent.When the concentration of DMF in workplace air is above the occupa-tional exposure limit, respiratory tract absorption is the principal pathway of DMF absorption,but dermal con-tamination of DMF should not be ignored.     

铅作业工人SCL-90调查分析

目的探讨铅作业工人心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法对89名铅作业工人进行SCL-90量表评定,并与正常人群进行比较。结果铅作业工人SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、6个因子得分均显著高于对照组。躯体化症状阳性检出率25.8%,抑郁症状阳性检出率12.3%,偏执症状阳性检出率11.2%,敌对症状阳性检出率10.1%,恐怖症状阳性检出率8.9%。不同经济类型工厂、尿铅浓度、血锌原卟啉浓度与躯体化、抑郁、偏执、敌对、恐怖、人际关系敏感阳性症状检出率存在相关。结论职业性铅接触可影响工人的精神心理卫生,不同经济类型工厂对精神卫生影响不同。