选择性腰骶神经后根切断术中肌电监测的应用研究

目的 研究在痉挛型脑瘫患者选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)中的肌电监测技术与标准.方法 在89例痉挛型脑瘫患者SPR中,采用50 Hz方波电脉冲,分别刺激L3-S1神经后根小束,分别于双侧三角肌、长收肌、股直肌、股二头肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌内、外侧头记录自由肌电反应及触发肌电反应,同时观察下肢肌肉痉挛性收缩活动.对肌电反应向对侧、乃至远隔神经支配节段明显扩散的3+级和4+级神经后根小束,及引起下肢或足趾肌肉收缩活动的相对低阈值的神经后根小束进行选择性切断.术后观察下肢肌张力的改善程度,并对下肢感觉、运动及排便功能进行评估.结果 触发肌电反应的出现明显滞后于自由肌电反应,观察自由肌电反应更能及时的判断"异常的"神经小束.89例患儿的372根神经后根被选择性切断,其中324根(83.5%)腰神经后根的出现3+～4+级肌电反应的神经小束被选择性切断;48根(12.9%)神经后根的神经小束根据"相对低阈值"被选择性切断.所有患儿术后下肢肌张力明显降低,未出现明显的下肢感觉、运动及排便功能障碍.结论 SPR中,肌电监测所出现的向对侧和(或)远隔节段扩散的持续的肌肉动作电位反应,是判定"异常"神经后根小束并进行选择性切断的有效并可重复的客观标准.     

腕管综合征术前、后感觉神经动作电位与复合肌肉动作电位检测结果的比较

目的　比较腕管综合征术前和正中神经松解术后 (术中 )两者感觉神经动作电位 (sensorynerveactionpotential ,SNAP)与复合肌肉动作电位 (compoundmuscleactionpotential,CMAP)检测结果的差异。方法　对 2 0例腕管综合征患者 ,术中在切开屈肌支持带及正中神经松解术后 ,分别测定 (1)拇短展肌的CMAP ;(2 )刺激示、中指 ,于腕部记录正中神经的SNAP ;(3 )刺激环指 ,于腕部分别记录正中神经和尺神经的SNAP。将三者结果与术前的相应数据行统计学分析。结果　 (1)术前拇短展肌CMAP的潜伏期小于4 3ms ,术后其潜伏期、波幅与术前相比差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。 (2 )术后 2～ 4指SNAP的潜伏期比术前平均缩短 5 %、波幅增加 13 %左右 ,两者相比差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　腕管综合征手术中 ,在正中神经松解术后行SNAP检测较CMAP检测的结果更为敏感和准确。     

大鼠下肢神经及肌肉功能测定系统的建立

目的 设计一种大鼠下肢神经及肌肉功能测定系统,以实现对单组肌肉力量变化的无创动态观测,并评估该系统在生理及病理状态下的应用价值.方法 测定系统由固定装置、传动装置、张力换能器、电刺激仪、生物信号采集系统及计算机等组成;评估SD雄性大鼠下肢肌肉收缩强度与电刺激脉冲宽度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7 ms)/脉冲强度(8、12、16、20、24、28、32、36、40 V)的量效关系;评估A型肉毒毒素腓肠肌麻痹模型(保妥适,1 U/0.1 ml)及对照组(0.1 ml生理盐水)腓肠肌收缩强度的动态变化.结果 腓肠肌收缩强度随脉冲强度(0 ～28 V)或脉冲宽度(0～0.4 ms)的递增呈增强趋势;当脉冲强度超过28 V或脉冲宽度达到0.4 ms以上,腓肠肌收缩强度曲线呈平台样改变[达最大值(28.2±2.1)g];注射肉毒毒素后靶肌肉收缩强度于第7天降至最低水平[(1.87±0.66)g],然后开始缓慢恢复,第3、7、14、30、45、60、75天均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 大鼠下肢神经肌肉功能测定系统可以实现对单组肌肉功能的无创量化评估,能够有效反映肉毒毒素生物学效应的动态演变规律.     

SPR治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛的临床观察

目的:探讨采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛的效果。方法:16例患者术前3d进行步态分析,术中对支配痉挛下肢的L2～S1的脊神经后根进行分束,电刺激仪测阈值,将阈值较低神经束切断。神经根切断比例结合肌张力、肌力、体重及肌群功能进行量化,均小于30%。结果:术后步态有明显改善(P<0.01)。16例平均随访3年,痉挛解除率90%,功能改善率80%。结论:选择性脊神经后根切断术能较有效地治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后膀胱生理反射弧重建的实验研究

目的 探讨利用截瘫平面以上健存的神经根,与硬脊膜内骶神经前后根分别吻合,建立人工膀胱反射通路,重建膀胱生理反射弧的有效性.方法 取3月龄雄性SD大鼠20只,体重250～300 g;右侧为实验侧,左侧为对照侧.将大鼠右侧L5前根近端与右侧S2前根远端,L5后根近端与S2后根远端在硬脊膜囊内分别行显微缝合,同时修复重建膀胱的感觉与运动功能,建立人工膀胱生理反射弧.左侧不作任何处理.于术后5个月,在破坏L6～S4节段脊髓制备完全性截瘫前后,分别进行电生理检查及膀胱内压测定.结果 18只大鼠存活至术后5个月,9只大鼠成功分离出吻合的神经根,获得实验结果.实验侧截瘫前后,单相方波(3mA、0.3ms)刺激S2后根吻合口远端,均可记录到膀胱神经丛动作电位,波幅分别为(0.10±0.02)mV和(0.11±0.03)mV,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);串刺激(3mA、20Hz、5 s)S2后根,均可记录到膀胱平滑肌复合肌肉动作电位,其波幅分别为(0.11±0.02)mV和(0.11±0.03)mV,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).刺激S2后根吻合口远端,经新建的人工膀胱反射弧引出的膀胱内压分别为(6.55±1.33)cmH2O和(6.11±2.01)cmH2O,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).对照侧截瘫前刺激S2后根,引出的膀胱神经丛动作电位波幅为(0.144±0.02)mV,膀胱平滑肌复合肌肉动作电位波幅为(0.17±0.02)mV,膀胱内压为(10.77±1.78)cmH2O,均大于实验侧截瘫前后(P<0.01).而电刺激对照侧截瘫后S2后根,不能引出膀胱神经丛动作电位、平滑肌复合肌肉动作电位,膀胱内压无变化.结论 利用截瘫平面以上健存的神经根,通过与硬脊膜内骶神经前后根分别吻合,可建立完整的人工膀胱反射弧,有望实现截瘫患者自主性排尿.     

慢性前列腺炎引起排尿症状的神经机制研究

目的 探讨慢性前列腺炎引起排尿症状的神经机制.方法 电刺激大鼠前列腺,记录膀胱的肌电活动及其在神经封闭、植物神经切除后的变化.结果 电刺激大鼠前列腺时在膀胱肌层可记录到较稳定的波形呈慢波的肌电活动波.利多卡因阻滞前列腺组织内的神经传导后,可使膀胱肌电活动波幅下降,潜伏期延长,与阻滞前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001);而改用生理盐水前列腺注入前后各时段波幅和潜伏期均无显著变化(P＞0.05);颈髓横断后对膀胱肌电活动无显著影响.破坏同侧T13～L5交感神经干后对膀胱肌电活动有显著影响;而同侧L6～S3副交感神经切断后,膀胱肌电活动波基本消失.结论 前列腺与膀胱间存在神经反射,可能为脊髓固有的神经反射,通过此反射慢性前列腺炎时可以引起膀胱功能改变进而引起排尿症状.     

产瘫后主动肌与拮抗肌同步收缩模型的建立

目的 复制出产瘫在自然病程中较成年臂丛神经损伤更容易发生主动肌与拮抗肌同步收缩的动物模型。方法 取幼年和成年SD大鼠各12只,将右侧臂丛神经上干切断后,用硅胶管桥接使形成神经缺损3mm。1个月后显露并分别刺激C5、C6神经根做神经电图检查。结果 C5神经根刺激同时记录三角肌与大圆肌的诱发电位波幅峰值,在幼年两者的波幅比值为0.96±0.10,成年为4.54±2.70,两者差异有极显著性(秩和值T=202.0,P=0.0068)。C6神经根刺激同时记录肱二头肌与肱三头肌的诱发电位波幅峰值,幼年比值为0.99±0.11,成年为3.66±2.19,两者差异有极显著性(秩和值T=222.0,P=0.0004)。结论 臂丛神经上干损伤后在自然恢复过程中,幼年大鼠较成年容易发生主动肌与拮抗肌的同步收缩,因此大鼠是研究产瘫后同步收缩发生机制的适宜动物。     

运动诱发电位诊断胸廓出口综合征的实验研究

目的　研究运动诱发电位 (motorevokedpotentialMEP)在胸廓出口综合征电生理检查中的应用价值。方法　建立大鼠胸廓出口综合征的卡压模型 ,用经颅电刺激MEP技术在神经卡压后 2、4、8、12、16、2 0周等 6个时间段进行同体对照检测。分别测定冈下肌、三角肌、二头肌 (上干型TOS)、拇短展肌、小指展肌 (下干型TOS)MEP的潜伏期和波幅 ,并将其与从外周刺激的复合运动动作电位 (CMAP)进行相关性分析。结果　 (1)术后 8、12周 ,MEP的潜伏期较对照侧分别延长 [(2 5± 1.5 ) % (P <0 .0 5 ) ]和 [(4 5±1.6% ) (P <0 .0 1) ] ,两组差异有显著性意义和非常显著性意义。CMAP的潜伏期较对照侧分别延长[(10± 1.6) % (P >0 .0 5 ) ]和 [(15± 1.8) % (P >0 .0 5 ) ] ,两组差异无显著性意义。 (2 )术后 12、16周 ,MEP的波幅分别较对照侧衰减 [(3 0± 3 .6) % (P <0 .0 5 ) ]和 [(5 0± 3 .4) % (P <0 .0 1) ] ,且波形离散、出现双峰波 ,两组差异有显著性意义和非常显著性意义。CMAP波幅分别较对照侧衰减 [(2 0± 3 .5 ) %(P >0 .0 5 ) ]和 [(3 0± 3 .6) % (P <0 .0 5 ) ] ,后者两侧的差异有显著性意义。 (3 )术后 16、2 0周 ,MEP和CMAP的潜伏期和波幅均延长衰减。 (4 )同侧MEP和CMAP的波幅比值 ,实验侧在术后 12周开     

bFGF植入失神经骨骼肌对肌卫星细胞增殖与肌萎缩影响的实验研究

目的探讨bFGF植入失神经腓肠肌后填补神经营养因子丢失、促进肌卫星细胞增殖、延缓肌萎缩的作用。方法将28只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成实验组和对照组,每组14只。切断大鼠左下肢坐骨神经,制备失神经支配动物模型。实验组于同侧腓肠肌内植入盛有0.1gbFGF的硅胶管,对照组植入盛有生理盐水的硅胶管。术后14d和30d取材行大体观察,电生理检测纤颤电位波幅变化,腓肠肌湿重测量,组织学观察,图像分析仪检测及透射电镜观察。结果术后14d和30d对照组腓肠肌萎缩程度及与周围结缔组织粘连程度均较实验组明显加重。术后14、30d,实验组腓肠肌纤颤电位波幅为(0.2206±0.3010)μm,对照组为(0.1552±0.0503)μm;实验组肌湿重为(2.4757±0.2546)g,对照组为(1.4591±0.6425)g;两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后14、30d实验组HE染色示腓肠肌内肌卫星细胞核较对照组增多;Mallory三色染色示对照组蓝色结缔组织略多于实验组;PCNA染色示实验组呈阳性反应,棕黄色细胞核略多于对照组;维生素C银染示实验组肌纤维间维生素C浓度和结缔组织增生均低于对照组。透射电镜观察术后30d,对照组肌丝排列紊乱或模糊不清等萎缩改变的肌纤维及肌纤维间的胶原纤维多于实验组。术后30d,实验组肌纤维直径和截面积分别为(66.3686±12.6727)μm和(2096.1129±311.5639)μm2,对照组分别为(55.5040±4.9450)μm和(1418.0680±264.9537)μm2;实验组PCNA阳性肌细胞核数量为(116.200±5.357)个,对照组为(53.000±3.937)个;两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论bFGF具有促进失神经腓肠肌的肌卫星细胞增殖、延缓肌纤维萎缩和抑制肌纤维向结缔组织增生的作用。     

电刺激阴茎背神经和海绵体内注射药物诱导大鼠阴茎海绵体内压反应

目的:评价阴茎海绵体内压(ICP)监测在电刺激阴茎背神经和海绵体内注射罂粟碱诱导大鼠阴茎勃起反应中的应用。方法:选取性成熟雄性SD大鼠8只,20%氨基甲酸己酯(1000mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉下,暴露阴茎并解剖阴茎背神经(DN),将充满肝素盐水并连接于压力传感器的25G针头插入一侧海绵体,取另一30G头皮针插入对侧海绵体,分别用于测定ICP和注射血管活性药物。分别以电刺激海绵体神经(刺激参数:电压4V,波幅0.5ms,频率16Hz,持续20s)和海绵体内注射罂粟碱(0.4mg)诱发阴茎勃起,采用SMUPPC型生物信号处理系统记录ICP变化。结果:麻醉大鼠的ICP基线水平为(12.3±3.1)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),DN电刺激后约30～60sICP明显升高[(36.4±2.3)mmHg,P<0.05],电刺激结束后缓慢下降至基线水平。海绵体内注射罂粟碱后5～8min可诱发ICP明显升高[(28.4±6.1)mmHg,P<0.05]。结论:监测电刺激大鼠DN及海绵体内药物注射诱发的ICP,为阴茎勃起这一复杂神经血管活动的动物模型在体实验研究提供了一种客观准确的科学工具,对于进一步研究阴茎勃起生理和勃起功能障碍的发病机制,评价治疗勃起功能障碍新疗法的疗效等具有重要意义。     

Repair of peripheral nerve defect with direct gradual lengthening of the proximal nerve stump in rats.

We investigated the effect of direct gradual lengthening on the proximal nerve stump and subsequent nerve regeneration in rats. A 10-mm-long nerve segment was resected from the sciatic nerve of each rat. The proximal nerve stump was directly lengthened at a rate of 1 mm/day using an original external nerve distraction device. Experiment I: After distraction periods of 10, 15, and 20 days, the length of each nerve was evaluated, and the lengthened nerve stump was also examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Experiment II: After a distraction period of 20 days, both nerve stumps were refreshed and direct end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed. For control, 10-mm nerve grafting was immediately performed after nerve resection. Nerve regeneration was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically 7, 9, and 15 weeks after nerve resection in both groups. The whole proximal nerve stump, including the endoneurium and the axon, could be lengthened in proportion to the distraction period. There were no significant differences in motor nerve conduction velocity and tetanic muscle contraction force between both groups. Histologically, the total number of myelinated fibers was significantly greater in the nerve lengthening group than in the autografting group. This study demonstrated that the whole proximal nerve stump including the endoneurium and the axon could be lengthened by direct gradual distraction, and that this method might have potential application in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.     

Repair and reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries

Axonal regeneration after transection is a complex biological process. It is not merely a process of tissue repair, but rather of cellular repair of a large number of nerve cells. Regeneration involves restoration of the original morphology of each single cell, rather than proliferation. Techniques in microneurosurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries have improved over the last two decades, with subsequent improvement in functional results. Nerve autografts are now routinely used to guide the regrowth of the proximal nerves to distal nerve segments. However, the limited source of expendable cutaneous nerves restricts the use of nerve grafting techniques and is associated with significant morbidity. With extensive injuries there is an insufficient quantity of nerve autograft material to facilitate optimal repair. In future, the use of artificial conduits or nerve allografts could provide a limitless source of material to reconstruct otherwise irreparable traumatic nerve injuries. Establishment of appropriate strategies to suppress host-immune reaction or donor antigenicity would facilitate clinical allogeneic nerve transplantation. Guest lecture presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association in Tokyo on April 13, 1996.     

Comparison of assessment tools to score recovery of function after repair of traumatic lesions of the median nerve

In this paper the recovery after repair of the median nerve has been used to compare different assessment tools for evaluation of peripheral nerve function: touch (moving 2-point discrimination (2PD); Semmes-Weinstein (SW) monofilament, motor (Medical Research Council (MRC) scale), combined motor and sensory (Dellon modification of the Moberg pick up test; Moberg Recognition test), and pain (visual analogue scale; pinprick-test). The mean (SD) age of our 28 patients was 28 (12) years. The mean (SD) follow-up period was 5 years, 2 months (2 years, 8 months). On the operated side three patients (11%) had a moving 2PD of less than 4 mm. The results of the moving 2PD were compared with those of the SW monofilaments, but with a poor correlation. The MRC score correlated well with opposition movement of the thumb and muscle wasting (p<0.01). We recommend a number of tests to evaluate (the chronological return of) peripheral nerve function.     

Current concepts in diagnosis and management of common upper limb nerve injuries in children

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) of the upper limb are a common event in the paediatric population, following both fractures and soft tissues injuries. Open injuries should in theory be easier to identify and the repair of injured structures performed as soon as possible in order to obtain a satisfying outcome. Conversely, due to the reduced compliance of younger children during clinical assessment, the diagnosis of a closed nerve injury may sometimes be delayed. As the compliance of patients is influenced by pain, anxiety and stress, the execution of the clinical manoeuvres intended to identify a loss of motor function or sensibility, can be impaired. Although the majority of PNI are neuroapraxias resulting in spontaneous recovery, there are open questions regarding certain aspects of closed PNI, e.g. when to ask for electrophysiological exams, when and how long to wait for a spontaneous recovery and when a surgical approach becomes mandatory. The aim of the article is therefore to analyse the main aspects of the different closed PNI of the upper limb in order to provide recommendations for timely and correct management, and to determine differences in the PNI treatment between children and adults.     

Indication,technique and results of facial nerve reconstruction

Summary 160 patients with various intraor extracranial pathologies were treated by microsurgical facial nerve reconstruction at Nordstadt Neurosurgical Clinic between 1978 and 1993. Facial nerve reconstruction was accomplished along the anatomical course of the facial nerve from its origin at the brainstem, within the mastoid, at the stylomastoid foramen and within the face. Mostly, reconstruction was indicated because of nerve discontinuity (n=61), whereas facial nerve reanimation with a donor nerve such as the contralateral facial nerve or the ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve was indicated in 99 cases of loss of a proximal nerve stump. Depending on the site of the lesion reinnervation started at 5 to 15 months postoperatively lasting for 2 to 3 years with overall satisfactory results. 69% of all the patients regained good symmetry on rest, complete eye closure equivalent to House-Brackmann-Score III: Patients with complete failures either suffered of non-related diseases such as cancer leading to death before the estimated time of recovery or were exposed to radiation or received facial nerve reconstruction after long-standing facial deficit and marked muscular atrophy. The indication of the adequate method depends on the clinical course with or without preexisting facial paresis, on considering the intraoperative state of the facial nerve, the identification and microsurgical preparation of adequate nerve stumps, as well as on the adaptation techniques and the postoperative guidance of the patient. We conclude that facial nerve reconstruction by transplantation at either site of the nerve course or by reanimation with a donor nerve are effective and reliable procedures of treatment leading to satisfactory functional and cosmetic results.     

Long-term results of transplantations to repair median, ulnar, and radial nerve lesions by a microsurgical interfascicular autogenous cable graft technique

A comprehensive analysis of 187 patients (78 median, 86 ulnar, and 23 radial nerve lesions) treated by an interfascicular autogenous nerve grafting technique is presented. After a follow-up of at least 18 months good motor recovery was achieved in 72% of median nerve lesions, 77% of ulnar nerve lesions, and 57% of radial nerve lesions. Good functional sensory recovery was found in 36% of median, 45% of ulnar, and 48% of radial nerve lesions. It appears by multivariate analysis that the results obtained generally were better in younger patients, in patients with a shorter preoperative delay, and in cases with a shorter transplant.     

Anatomie fonctionnelle du nerf trijumeau

The cranial nerve (CN) V is a mixed nerve that consists primarily of sensory neurons. It exits the brain on the lateral surface of the pons, entering the trigeminal ganglion within a few millimeters. Three major branches emerge from the trigeminal ganglion. The first division (V1, the ophthalmic nerve) exits the cranium through the superior orbital fissure, entering the orbit to innervate the globe and skin in the area above the eye and forehead. The second division (V2, the maxillary nerve) exits through a round hole, the foramen rotundum, into a space posterior to the orbit, the pterygopalatine fossa. It then re-enters a canal running inferior to the orbit, the infraorbital canal, and exits through a small hole, the infraorbital foramen, to innervate the skin below the eye and above the mouth. The third division (V3, the mandibular nerve) exits the cranium through an oval hole, the foramen ovale. The third division also has an additional motor component, which may run in a separate fascial compartment. Most fibers travel directly to their target tissues. Sensory axons innervate skin on the lateral side of the head, the tongue, and the mucosal wall of the oral cavity. Motor fibers innervate the muscles that are attached to the mandible. Some sensory axons enter in the mandible to innervate the teeth and emerge from the mental foramen to innervate the skin of the lower jaw.     

双神经卡压综合征

目的：研究双神经卡压征的病因及手术治疗方法。方法：分析了自１９８８年以来同时诊断为腕管综合征和肘管综合征２６例３４侧的临床资料。全部患者均作两处神经松解术，平均随访１７个月。疗效评定标准，根据术后症状、体征的改善程度分优、良、可和无效四级。结果：２５侧术后疗效优良，占７３．６％（２５／３４）。结论：双神经卡压征手术治疗效果较好。当双神经卡压同时合并颈部神经卡压时，建议优先考虑远端的神经减压。当远端神经减压后未能改善近端神经卡压症状时，才考虑近端神经减压