腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的　证实腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性。方法　在小腿后侧设计及切取腓肠浅动脉岛状筋膜皮瓣 ,逆行移转修复 15例小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损。皮瓣最大面积 10cm× 8cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。结果　 15例筋膜皮瓣全部成活 ,经 6～ 18个月的随访 ,效果良好。结论　腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣血供可靠 ,不牺牲知名动脉 ,操作简便 ,为修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损提供了一个新方法。     

腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣在小腿皮肤缺损中的应用

目的探讨采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法对31例膝关节至足踝部皮肤缺损患者采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣移位治疗。结果随访31例，时间3周-5年。27例皮瓣完全成活，4例皮瓣远端部分坏死。结论采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损，该皮瓣血供可靠，切取方便，不牺牲主干血管，基本可满足小腿前外侧创伤修复的需要。     

两套血供的小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 介绍两套血供的改良小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位修复老年人足踝部软组织缺损的临床体会。 方法 对足踝部软组织缺损、创面骨肌腱外露、需作皮瓣修复的老年病例,在传统的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣及穿支带腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的基础上,利用小腿外侧皮瓣中下段穿出的骨皮动脉皮支及腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的供血穿支均发自腓动脉的特点,将皮瓣设计于小腿后外侧,用兼顾传统小腿外侧皮瓣及腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣在供m范围的重叠区域而形成两套血供的改良小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复。结果临床共应用11例,所有皮瓣术后均顺利成活,供区植皮愈合良好,经3～9个月随访,6例皮瓣外观满意,踝关节伸屈功能正常,基本恢复行走功能;5例合并伸肌腱缺损者3个月后作肌腱移植重建后恢复行走功能。 结论 采用两套血供的改良小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位是修复老年人足踝部软组织缺损的好方法。     

小腿后侧逆行筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：报道小腿后侧逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣的手术方法及临床效果。方法;以腓肠浅动脉及外侧皮动脉与胫后动脉踝部吻合支为双血供蒂设计逆行岛状皮瓣,修复小腿下段,足踝部软组织缺损。结果：临床应用16例,皮瓣全部成活。随访1－2年,功能及外形满意。结论：皮瓣能修复较大面积的软组织缺损,安全,可靠,易取,是修复小腿下段足踝部软组织缺损的理想供区。     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用

1　解剖学基础小腿后部皮肤质量好,供区面积大,血循环丰富,较为隐蔽,以直接皮动脉供血,皮瓣的血供来自腓动脉神经伴行的腓肠浅动脉,包括腓肠外侧浅动脉,腓肠中间浅动脉与腓肠内侧浅动脉的肌间隙相吻合。在踝关节上方2～3ｃｍ,胫后动脉有2～3支穿支动脉,穿出深筋膜上行,在内外踝连线中点上方5～6ｃｍ,与下行腓肠动脉呈树枝状吻合,形成了吻合网,亦为小腿后侧逆行岛状皮瓣提供了丰富的血运,腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部的血供是由腓动脉的肌间隙皮支而来,通过吻合支返流灌注到腓肠浅动脉领域,这是腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣成活的依据。2　手术方法…     

含深筋膜血管网的三种小腿后侧逆行筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

总结１９９４年１０月～１９９６年５月，应用三种小腿后侧逆行筋膜皮瓣的临床效果。利用腓肠浅动脉在小腿远端与腓动脉肌间隙支、胫后动脉穿支和腓动脉外踝支在深筋膜内的广泛吻合，分别设计成小腿后外侧逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣、后内侧逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣和后外踝逆行筋膜皮瓣。临床用于修复足跟及踝关节周围创面共１８例，皮瓣切取面积６ｃｍ×５ｃｍ～１５ｃｍ×８ｃｍ。术后皮瓣均全部成活，创面完全修复。认为，该组皮瓣血供可靠，切取方便，不牺牲主干血管，基本可满足小腿下段、足背、足跟及踝关节周围创面的修复。     

腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿部位皮肤缺损

[目的] 探讨采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损的临床效果.[方法] 采用腓浅动脉岛状皮瓣治疗35例.术后根据皮瓣成活情况进行评价.[结果] 随访31例,时间7周～7年,平均8.9个月.术后皮瓣完全成活30侧.1侧皮瓣远端部分坏死.[结论] 采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损,该皮瓣血供可靠,切取方便,不牺牲主干血管,基本可满足小腿前外侧创伤修复的需要.     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的解剖及临床应用

目的　了解分析腓肠神经及营养血管的解剖特性 ,为临床设计以腓肠神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣提供依据。　方法　取 4只福尔马林浸泡的下肢标本 ,红色乳胶灌注 ;6只新鲜截肢小腿 ,采用中国墨汁自腓动脉和胫后动脉灌注后进行解剖学观察。临床应用皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损 16例 ,皮瓣最大面积为 9cm× 18cm。　结果　腓肠浅动脉是腓肠神经营养血管 ,起源于动脉 ,在小腿中下段与来源腓动脉肌间隔皮支和 /或胫后动脉的肌皮支在深筋膜层有广泛吻合 ;营养血管呈节段性供血 ,深筋膜血管网供血范围上至小腿中上 1/3交界处 ,两侧在中线 ,腓动脉肌间隔皮支和 /或胫后动脉的肌皮支最远端位于外踝上 5 0～ 7 5cm。临床应用 16例 ,其中修复足背皮肤缺损 12例 ,修复足跟皮肤缺损 4例 ,皮瓣全部成活。　结论　以腓肠神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣是一种修复足部皮肤缺损 ,具有不牺牲主要动脉 ,操作灵活优点的皮瓣 ;切取皮瓣面积较大时供瓣区难以直接缝合 ,需植皮修复是其缺点。     

带腓肠神经伴行血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道带腓肠神经伴行血管行岛状筋膜瓣临床应用的可靠性,探讨皮瓣转位的范围.方法在小腿后侧设计及切取腓肠神经伴行血管筋膜皮瓣,逆行转位修复23例小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损,皮瓣面积最大15cm×10cm,最小6cm～5cm.结果20例皮瓣完全成活,2例远端皮缘浅表坏死,1例部分坏死.结论腓肠神经伴行血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣血供可靠,操作简例,可以修复小腿下段、踝部、跟后3/4、足背跖骨中部以近软组织缺损.     

腘动脉外侧皮支岛状筋膜皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损

我们报道了腘动脉外侧皮支血管的血供特点,及以此动脉为蒂,做成顺行或逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣,修复膝关节、踝关节、小腿周围软组织缺损的手术设计和操作要点。自1987年5月至1993年1月临床应用该皮瓣共32例,效果满意。     

Lower leg reconstruction using a sural fasciocutaneous flap

The fasciocutaneous flap in the lower leg has been widely used since Pontén's 1981 report. The cutaneous artery running along the sural nerve--known as the superficial sural artery--has an important role in the blood supply of the fasciocutaneous flap in the lower leg as stated by Haertsch. The superficial sural artery has great variation with regard to its location and the origin of the vessel. The cutaneous artery is intimately connected to the sural nerve or the lateral sural nerve. It may run along the sural nerve or along the lateral sural nerve. We examined this vessel in 10 cadaver dissections and applied it in 17 clinical cases of pedicled, island, and free flaps. The island sural fasciocutaneous flap is particularly versatile for the reconstruction of the soft tissue defect around the knee joint. The operative procedure involving the island fasciocutaneous flap and the characteristics of this sural fasciocutaneous flap are described.     

Sural perforator flap: Assessment of the posterior calf region as donor site for a free fasciocutaneous flap

Three kinds of free fasciocutaneous flap from the posterior calf region have been described in the literature: the medial sural perforator flap, the lateral sural perforator flap, and the traditional posterior calf fasciocutaneous flap that is supplied by superficial cutaneous vessels. Moreover, it has been reported that superficial cutaneous vessels are of a suitable size for microanastomosis when deep musclocutaneous perforators are absent or relatively tiny. To establish a safe technique for free fasciocutaneous flap elevation from the posterior calf region, we examined the number and location of the musculocutaneous perforators and the size of superficial cutaneous vessels at their origin from the popliteal artery in six formalinized cadavers. We found that all legs had at least one perforator either from the medial sural artery or the lateral sural artery. By contrast, we failed to find superficial cutaneous vessels of suitable size for microanastomosis in three legs, and there was no significant inverse relationship between the diameter of the superficial cutaneous artery and the number of musculocutaneous perforators. Our results suggest that the medial sural perforator flap and the lateral sural perforator flap might be the surgeon's first and second choice, respectively. The traditional posterior calf fasciocutaneous flap should be the third choice because our study suggests that its availability is doubtful. Another site is recommended, when preoperative Doppler study suggests that the existence of musculocutaneous perforator is in doubt. Two clinical cases, with a medial sural perforator flap and a lateral sural perforator flap, respectively, are presented. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊修复下肢创伤性皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨急诊一期修复小腿中下段及足部创伤性软组织缺损的方法. 方法 2000年2月～2003年12月,应用同侧腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊一期修复小腿及足部皮肤软组织缺损18例,并分析其可行性及手术注意点;切取皮瓣4 cm×5 cm～11 cm×12 cm. 结果除2例皮瓣远端1/3发绀并坏死经换药Ⅱ期愈合外,其余皮瓣均Ⅰ期愈合.随访1～2年,有2例皮瓣臃肿,其余外观满意,功能均恢复正常. 结论腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊修复创伤性皮肤软组织缺损,具有早期闭合创面、促进早期功能锻炼的优点,尤其适合于急诊修复小腿下1/3及其足踝部的皮肤软组织缺损.     

小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣解剖及临床应用研究

目的 介绍小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣的应用解剖及临床应用经验。方法 取5具新鲜尸体（10侧下肢）分别沿髂外动脉插管，加压注入红色乳胶，观测小腿后外侧不同阶段小隐静脉、腓肠外侧神经滋养血管的来源及对相应部位皮肤的血供。临床设计小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣修复小腿下段、踝部及足跟创面9例。结果 小腿后外侧上、中、下1／3段分别由腓肠浅动脉、胫后动脉肌皮穿支、腓动脉肌间隙穿支所发出的血管滋养小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经，形成了以神经、血管为中心的串状动脉网，与深筋膜层血管网及皮下血管网相互吻合。临床应用9个皮瓣（9例），完全成活，足跟及足外侧缘无感觉丧失区。结论 小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣血运丰富、成活可靠，是修复下肢皮肤、软组织缺损的有效方法。     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the knee with the use of the lateral sural fasciocutaneous artery island flap

We present a series of six patients treated over a period of two years using the lateral sural fasciocutaneous island flap for a moderate soft tissue defect around the knee joint. All the flaps survived with early return of full knee joint function. The flap is extremely useful for such defects due to its close proximity to the area of the defect. It is a thin and reliable flap which can be raised easily. Received: 24 September 1997 / Accepted: 10 March 1998     

Fasziokutane Insellappen zur Defektdeckung am Sprunggelenk und am Rückfuß

Covering tertiary soft-tissue injuries on the ankle joint and on the calcaneal part of the foot has so far been the domain for free flap use. With the distally based neurocutaneous sural artery flap (sural flap) and the distally based lateral supramalleolar flap, there are now fasciocutaneous island flaps available which allow quick covering of injuries in this region, requiring only simple planning and no microsurgical techniques. When partially de-epithelialized, they are also suitable for filling cavities, as is necessary particularly after infected calcaneal osteosynthesis on the lateral calcaneal part of the foot. In our group of seven patients, sural flaps were used in five cases while two patients received lateral supramalleolar flaps. The injuries were covered with no difficulties. The flap sizes ranged from 3 × 3 to 15 × 7 cm. Donor sites were unproblematic. However, lifting a sural flap involves neurotomy of the sural nerve, and lifting the lateral supramalleolar flap involves neurotomy of the superficial peroneal nerve. Wound healing was delayed in three patients.     

The distally based lateral sural neuro-lesser saphenous veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical basis and clinical applications

Background

Soft tissue management around the lower third of the leg and foot presents a considerable challenge to the plastic surgeon. The aim of this research was to investigate the anatomical relationships of artery, nerve, vein and other adjacent structures in the posterolateral region of the calf, and our experience with using a distally based island flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and the lesser saphenous vein for soft tissue reconstruction of lower third of leg, foot, and ankle defects in 15 patients.

Materials and methods

Five fresh cadavers (ten lower limbs) were infused with colored red latex. The origin of the nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was identified. Based on the anatomical studies, an island flap supplied by the vascular axis of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was designed for clinical reparative applications in 15 cases.

Results

The nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve originates from the superficial sural artery, musculocutaneous perforators of the posterior tibial artery, and septocutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery in different segment of the calf. Meanwhile, these vessels have many sub-branches nourishing subcutaneous tissue and skin, form a favorable vascular chain around the nerve and the vein, and also communicate with vascular plexus of superficial and deep fascia. Among 15 flaps, 13 showed complete survival (86.66 %), while marginal flap necrosis occurred in one patient (6.67 %) and distal wound dehiscence in another (6.67 %). Their appearance and function were satisfactory, with feeling maintained in the heel and lateral side of the foot.

Conclusions

The distally based flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein was a reliable source for repairing soft tissue defects in the lower leg and foot due to its advantages of infection control, high survival rate, and sufficient blood supply without the need to sacrifice a major blood vessel.     

Gastrocnemius perforating artery flap including vascularized sural nerve

A degree of communication was found between the superficial sural artery (the concomitant vessel of the sural nerve) and the muscle perforators from the gastrocnemius muscle, together with the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery. A fasciocutaneous flap designed in the posterior calf region, including the vascularized sural nerve, was elevated based on the perforating artery of the gastrocnemius. This compound flap was used to reconstruct facial nerves and soft-tissue defects created by resection of malignant tumors in three patients. The results were satisfactory, and facial animation returned in two patients, who were followed-up for more than 6 months. This compound flap offers several advantages, such as a long vascular pedicle with a sufficient diameter and a rich blood supply for the sural nerve and fasciocutaneous flap. This new technique should become another choice for vascularized sural nerve grafts, when the superficial sural artery or the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery are not adequate for flap elevation or microsurgical anastomoses.     

FASCIOCUTANEOUS ISLAND FLAPS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC MANAGEMENT IN LOWER LIMB RECONSTRUCTION USING DERMATOMAL PRECINCTS

This paper describes a technique of fasciocutaneous island flaps used in reconstruction of the lower limb. It is very versatile and some 26 individual flaps in 22 patients have been used to reconstruct skeletal and soft tissue problems from the popliteal fossa to the ankle joint. These longitudinally designed flaps made up of a trilaminate of skin, subcutaneous fat and fascia are aligned within the dermatomal precincts. The most important location for such flap design is along the peroneal compartment sitting within the L5 dermatome and incorporating the superficial peroneal nerve. It can be lengthened as far as the lateral malleolus and is an excellent reconstructive method to close defects over the lower third of the tibia. The medial compartment of the leg employing the saphenous nerve (L4 dermatome) is another area for fasciocutaneous island flap reconstruction, but use is restricted to the upper two-thirds of the tibial area. Posteriorly the island flap design sits along the S2 dermatome, this time incorporating the sural nerve to reconstruct defects of the calf and can be extended to include problems of the popliteal fossa. In the overall flap technique, the age of the patient is not a contraindication and cases with peripheral vascular disease have been treated successfully. The flaps may extend up to a 5:1 ratio in dimension. The operating time can be considerably shortened.     

Operative technique to harvest an arterial flap from the posterolateral calf region: how can we elevate a lateral gastrocnemius perforating artery flap safely?

The posterior calf region is a useful donor site for skin or composite flaps including muscle and/or nerves. We reported the first clinical use of the lateral gastrocnemius perforating artery flap including a vascularized sural nerve in 2003. This flap was elevated based on a perforator arising from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. However, we have since encountered vascular variations in these perforators. We subsequently developed a reliable technique for harvesting this flap in the course of treating 10 patients. Safe flap elevation from the lateral aspect of the posterior calf requires preservation of one of the superficial sural arteries until reliable perforators arising from gastrocnemius muscle lateral head are encountered during dissection. When such perforators are not observed, nutrient vessels such as superficial sural arteries or muscle perforators originating from vessels other than the lateral sural artery must be selected as a flap pedicle.