青霉素对体外培养鼠脑γ－氨基丁酸能神经元及胶质细胞的影响

以免疫细胞化学方法观察了分离培养４天、１０天鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ能神经元以及ＧＦＡＰ免疫反应阳性星形胶质细胞对大剂量致痫剂青霉素（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｉｎ，ＰＥＮ）的反应。结果大剂量ＰＥＮ（３００μ／ｍｌ培养液）可引起培养海马及皮层γ－氨基丁酸（γ－ａｍｉｎｏｂｕｔｙｒｉｃａｃｉｄ，ＧＡＢＡ）能神经元数目明显减少，星形胶质细胞显著增生，且尤以海马胶质细胞增生明显。提示：（１）脑内尤其海马区星形胶质细胞增生与癫痫发生、发展有一定的关系；（２）传统致痫剂ＰＥＮ可能是通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ能神经元功能、刺激星形胶质细胞增生，从而导致癫痫发作     

青霉素对体外培养鼠脑γ—氨基丁酸能神经元及胶质细胞的影响

经免疫细胞化学方法观察了分离培养４天，、１０天鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ能神经元以及ＧＦＡＰ免疫反应阳性星形胶质细胞对大剂量致痫剂青霉素的反应。结果大剂量ＰＥＮ可引起培养海马及皮层γ－氨基丁酸能神经元数目明显减少，星形胶质细胞显著增生，且尤以海马胶质细胞增生明显。提示：（１）脑内尤其海马区星形胶南细胞增生与癫痫发生，发展有一定的关系。（２）传统致痫剂ＰＥＮ可能是通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ能神经元功能、刺激星形     

皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ-氨基丁酸免疫组化分布的影响

为了解皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫组化分布的影响，应用免疫组化方法研究３组大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸免疫反应（ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ）阳性细胞的分布，以探讨马桑内酯致痫及人工合成皮质醇－地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）的抗痫是否与ＧＡＢＡ系统相关。结果显示：马桑内酯致痫后大鼠大脑皮层、海马齿状回ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ阳性细胞较正常组明显减少，应用Ｄｅｘ后再致痫，大鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数居正常及致痫组之间，３组ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数经Ｆ检验有非常显著性差异（大脑皮层Ｆ值＝２０．９，Ｐ＜０．００１，海马Ｆ值＝４７．７，Ｐ＜０．０１），表明马桑内酯致痫可能有ＧＡＢＡ系统的参与，ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ阳性细胞的减少使大脑皮层及海马神经元脱抑制，临床表现抽搐。Ｄｅｘ可能通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ的再摄取、促使ＧＡＢＡ神经元蛋白合成，参与兴奋的抑制。     

戊四氮致癫痫状态对大鼠长期行为和脑电的影响

目的 建立一种戊四氮（ＰＴＺ）致癫痫状态（ＳＥ）模型,并探讨ＰＴＺ致惊厥与癫痫形成之间的关系。方法 观察ＰＩＺ致抽搐发作（抽搐组）和ＰＴＺ致抽搐延长发作即癫痫状态（ＳＥ组）对大鼠长期行为和脑电（ＥＥＧ）的影响,同时观察二者是否产生海马、皮质神经元损伤。结果 ＰＴＺ致抽搐延长发作能够产生具有某些癫痫特征的长期效应,如自发痫样放电、惊厥阈下剂量ＰＴＺ可诱导癫痫发作以及皮质和海马神经元损伤,而单次抽搐发     

雌,孕激素对马桑内酯致痫大鼠行为及皮层,海马脑电图的影响

为了解卵巢激素在癫痫发作中所起的作用，本实验采用记录脑电图（ＥＥＧ）同时观察行为的方法，观察了雌二醇（Ｅ２）、孕酮（Ｐ）对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫大鼠行为及皮层、海马ＥＥＧ的影响。结果显示：Ｅ２能缩短ＣＬ致痫大鼠痫性发作及痫波发放的潜伏期，增加痫波发放频率。与之相反，Ｐ具有明显的镇静催眠作用，并延长癫性发作及痫波发放潜伏期，减轻痫性发作程度，减少痫波发放次数。此为雌激素的致痫及孕激素的抗痫作用提供了行     

孕激素对癫痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马FOS蛋白表达的影响

本实验采用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫及给予孕激素后再致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马细胞ＦＯＳ表达进行定量检测。结果显示：ＣＬ致痫组大鼠皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达的荧光指数（ＦＩ）和阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；给予孕酮（Ｐ）后再致痫组皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达较单纯ＣＬ致痫组减少（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

AVP_(4-8)增加海马组织内NGF mRNA和蛋白含量

本文采用了Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和ＥＬＩＳＡ法，观察了神经肽ＡＶＰ４－８对大鼠海马组织中神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平的影响，结果显示：给大鼠皮下注射ＡＶＰ４－８１２ｈ后，海马组织中ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平明显高于生理盐水对照组。而给大鼠皮下注射精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和催产素（ＯＴ）对ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平均无显著影响。另外，用ＡＶＰ４－８孵育离体大鼠海马组织切片，能使ＮＧＦ蛋白表达量升高，且在４．５ｈ左右达到高峰。     

皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马γ—氨基丁酸免疫组化…

为了解皮质醇对马桑内酯蛭和痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫组化分布的影响，应用免疫组化方法研究３组大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸免疫反应（ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ）阳性细胞的分布，以探讨马桑内酯致痫及人工合成皮持醇－地塞米松的抗痫 是民ＧＡＢＡ系统相关。结果显示；马桑内酯致痫 后大鼠大脑皮层海马齿状回ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ一细胞较正常组明显减少，应用Ｄｅｘ后再致痫 ，大鼠大脑ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数居正     

癫痫敏感大鼠脑内GFAP——免疫反应活性的变化

用红藻氨酸（ＫＡ）１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｓ．ｃ）诱发大鼠出现癫病发作一个月后，经免疫细胞化学方法观察大鼠脑内神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋自（ＧＦＡＰ）－免疫反应产物的查化。发现海马的ＣＡ１，ＣＡ２，海马下脚和腹侧海马的海马门都位以及梨状皮层，内嗅皮层，隔区，杏仁核，伏隔核和尾核尾部的ＧＦＡＰ免疫染色阳性明显增强，这一现象可能与动物癫痫发作及发作后，癫痫敏感脑区的神经元损伤有关。     

体外培养大鼠星形胶质细胞受损后的激活与反应性胶质化

用鼠脑星形胶质细胞（ＡＳ）原代培养技术建立体外ＡＳ机械性损伤模型。以ｃ—Ｆｏｘｓ、ｂＦＧＦ、ＰＣＮＡ、ＧＦＡＰ—ｍＲＮＡ、ＧＦＡＰ和Ｍｙｏｓｉｎ作为观察指标研究反应性星形胶质化的形成机制。结果显示：１．ｃ—Ｆｏｓ蛋白于损伤后４５ｍｉｎ即有阳性表达，伤后２ｈ消失；２．损伤后２ｈ，损伤边缘的ＡＳ开始表达ｂＦＧＦ，１２ｈ达高峰，２ｄ后表达强度开始回落；３．损伤边缘的部分ＡＳ于损伤后２ｈ开始表达ＰＣＮＡ，伤后１ｄ，ＰＣＮＡ阳性的ＡＳ沿损伤边缘呈列兵式整齐排列，２ｄ后ＰＣＮＡ阳性的ＡＳ分布于损伤周围区域；４．损伤后４ｈ，损伤边缘的ＡＳ开始表达Ｍｙｏｓｉｎ，并逐渐增加，而且朝向损伤区胞浆突起的阳性表达强于背向损伤区的突起；５．损伤边缘的ＡＳ于损伤后６ｈ开始表达ＧＦＡＰ—ｍＲＮＡ，１ｄ达高峰，２ｄ开始回落，３ｄ则只在少数ＡＳ中可检出ＧＦＡＰ—ｍＲＮＡ；６．损伤后１ｄ，ＧＦＡＰ表达明显增强，胞体肥大并向损伤区伸出粗大突起，２ｄＧＦＡＰ达高峰，３ｄ肥大ＡＳ的胞体和突起覆盖损伤区；７．在体外ＡＳ机械性损伤模型上，在没有神经元和其它复杂因素影响的条件下，ＡＳ对损伤的主要反应是胞体的肥大、突起的粗大，并能独立形成反应性星形胶质化。     

戊四氮致惊厥大鼠海马神经元Cyclin D_1表达改变和意义

目的　探讨戊四氮致惊厥大鼠海马细胞周期素 Cyclin D1 与神经细胞凋亡的关系。方法　利用寡核苷酸探针原位组织杂交技术观察各组海马 Cyclin D1 m RNA的表达水平 ,同时采用 TUNEL原位末端标记方法观察神经元凋亡。结果　戊四氮致惊厥后 6 h,大鼠海马内 Cyclin D1 m RNA表达开始增强 ,12 h达到高峰 ,2 4h开始回落。同时 ,观察到戊四氮致惊厥大鼠海马神经元凋亡数量有类似改变。结论　 Cyclin D1 m RNA表达水平的增高可能表明戊四氮致惊厥大鼠海马神经元重新进入细胞周期 ,可能与神经细胞凋亡有关。     

Prolonged changes in Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II after a brief pentylenetetrazol seizure; potential role in kindling

This study evaluated the alteration of CaMKII autophosphorylation and distribution in rat brain following a single, brief pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure and during PTZ kindling. Total CaMKII alpha subunit (alpha-CaMKII) and alpha-CaMKII phosphorylated at Thr(286) were detected by immunoblot. A large decrease in CaMKII Thr(286) phosphorylation, as well as CaMKII translocation from particulate to soluble fraction was observed in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus 0.5-4 h after the brief PTZ convulsion. These changes reverted to control values by 12 h. These long-lasting changes in CaMKII autophosphorylation and subcellular distribution after a brief seizure suggested that CaMKII could be involved in carrying forward the signal resulting from brief seizure activity, at least for a few hours, as would be required for kindling to occur. In PTZ kindled rats, convulsions produced changes in CaMKII Thr(286) phosphorylation and distribution in the same direction and of similar magnitude as after the acute convulsion, but lasting for a much longer time. In fact, reduced Thr(286) phosphorylation of alpha-CaMKII was observed up to 48 h, completely bridging the interval between PTZ injections. Similar, but intermediate changes were found in tissue from rats that were only partially kindled. These results implicate CaMKII as a molecular messenger in the acquisition of PTZ kindling.     

甘珀酸对癫痫大鼠前脑connexin-32和GFAP表达研究

目的研究大鼠在脑室埋管注射甘珀酸(CBX)预处理后戊四氮导致癫痫发作时前脑内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和连接蛋白-32(Cx32)表达及其相互关系. 方法动物分为生理盐水(NS)对照组(NS组)、CBX预处理对照组(CBX组)、戊四氮(PTZ)致痫组(PTZ组)、CBX预处理后再PTZ致痫组(CBX PTZ组),应用免疫荧光组织化学双重标记显示GFAP和Cx32在前脑的表达及其相互关系.结果 CBX PTZ组的大鼠癫痫发作的行为表现比PTZ组显著加重,星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达也比PTZ组明显升高,值得注意的是CBX组的星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达比NS组明显升高.Cx32在PTZ引起的癫痫大鼠的大脑皮层、海马和杏仁核内是增加的,而CBX预处理后的癫痫模型中Cx32却降低了.在Cx32与GFAP双标的切片上发现,Cx32与GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞非常接近,在CBX预处理后的癫痫模型中GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞显著增加的同时Cx32却明显降低. 结论在整体动物CBX预处理可以导致癫痫发作增强,这可能与星形胶质细胞增生及其Cx32表达降低有关.     

硫丙咪胺对戊四氮致痈幼鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达和学习认知的影响

目的：观察硫丙咪胺（Thi）对戊四氮（PTZ）致痫幼大鼠海马胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、c-fos表达及学习认知的影响。方法：发育期SD幼鼠40只随机分为对照组、PTZ致瘸组、TM 30mg·kg^-1干预组和Thi15mg·kg^-1干预组（均n=10）。观察各组大鼠瘸样行为，水迷宫实验观察学习认知能力、免疫组化检测海马GFAP和c-fos的变化。结果：对照组无痫样发作，阿z致痫组有重度发作，Thi30mg·kg^-1干预组有轻度发作（P〈0．05）；水迷宫实验中，PTZ致痫组寻找平台潜伏时间延长和通过平台次数减少，Thi30和15mg·kg^-1干预组寻找平台潜伏时间明显缩短，通过平台次数增加明显，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；PTZ致痫组GFAP和c-fos表达明显强于Thi干预组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中Tiff30与15mg·kg^-1干预组相比差异也有统计学意义（P〈o．05）；GFAP和c—fos免疫组化表达与大鼠空间学习记忆能力呈正相关。结论：Thi可能通过抑制PTZ致瘸幼大鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达，减轻癫痫发作程度，提高其学习认知能力。     

Cerebrovascular responses to pentylenetetrazol: time and dose dependent effects.

The effects of subconvulsant and convulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on cerebral blood flow (rCBF), permeability-capillary surface area products (rPS), and brain vascular spaces (BVS) were examined in 15 brain regions at 1 h, 24 h and 1 week after injection in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain histology was examined 3 days after injection. A dose of PTZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.), sufficient to trigger a single convulsive seizure, produced small regional changes in rCBF at 1 h, but not at 24 h or 1 week after injection. No significant changes in rPS or BVS were found at any time, and only mild histologic changes were observed. In contrast, a dose of PTZ (25 mg/kg) which failed to cause either convulsions or significant electrocorticographic changes, markedly increased rCBF and rPS. Some of these regional effects were still observed 1 week later. Similarly, more severe and extensive cellular changes followed treatment with the subconvulsive dose. These findings indicate that PTZ treatment can have prolonged effects on cerebrovascular functions and neuronal integrity even in the absence of convulsive activity.     

Decreased expression of brain cAMP response element-binding protein gene following pentylenetetrazol seizure

The present study investigated whether the expression of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the rat brain is altered following an acute self-limited seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Male rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single convulsive dose (45 mg/kg) of PTZ, and the matched controls were given saline. For immunohistochemistry, animals were perfused with 4% parafomaldehyde at 24 h following PTZ seizures, and CREB immunoreactivity was examined in rat brain. For real-time RT-PCR, animals were sacrificed at 2 and 24 h and 1 week following PTZ seizures. Tissues from different rat brain regions were micropunched and subjected to real-time RT-PCR using Taqman probe. The CREB immunoreactive profiles were significantly decreased in CA3 and dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation, sensory cerebral cortex and thalamus at 24 h after PTZ seizures. Consistent with changes in CREB immunoreactivity, levels of CREB mRNA were significantly decreased in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala and thalamus at 24 h after PTZ seizures. No significant change was found for CREB mRNA expression in these regions at 2 h or 1 week following PTZ seizures. These results show that a brief seizure caused a decline in CREB expression up to 24 h later.     

Alterations of A1 adenosine receptors in different mouse brain areas after pentylentetrazol-induced seizures, but not in the epileptic mutant mouse 'tottering'

Single and repeated Pentylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions are associated with significant changes of A1 adenosine receptors (detected using the radioligand [3H]cyclohexyladenosine, [3H]CHA) in 4 different brain areas of the mouse, namely cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum. In hippocampus and cerebellum, a rapid increase in [3H]CHA binding, by 26% and 30% respectively, was observed 1 h after a single PTZ convulsion. In striatum, on the contrary, a significant decrease by 30% in [3H]CHA binding was seen, whereas in cortex no significant change could be detected. After daily repeated PTZ convulsions, a significant increase of A1 receptors by 26% appeared also in cortex, while the changes of A1 receptors observed in the other brain areas after a single PTZ convulsion were maintained in almost the same range. All the alterations observed were due to changes of the total number of A1 receptors (Bmax) without changes in receptor affinity (Kd). A significant increase in the latency of PTZ seizure (time between the PTZ-injection and the beginning of the seizure) was also observed after repeated PTZ-induced convulsions at the time when the changes in A1 adenosine receptors were noted. Considered together, these results provide further evidence for an A1 receptor-mediated modulation of seizure susceptibility and indicate that specific brain areas may play different roles in this modulation. The binding of [3H]CHA to membranes from different cortical and subcortical areas of the epileptic mutant mouse 'tottering' was not different from that in control animals.     

实验性癫痫大鼠不同脑区的L-ENK表达及意义

目的 采用戊四氮（PTZ）雳发大鼠癫痫。动态观察了部分脑区亮氨酸-脑啡肽（L-ENK）含量的变化，以探讨L-ENK与癫痫的关系。方法 清洁级近交系雄性SD大鼠50只，分为对照组（A组，10只）及实验组（40只）。实验组按体重50mg／kg腹腔注射PTZ1次，对照组腹腔注射同等容量的生理盐水。根据癫痫发作分级，0～1级7只为B组，立即取脑；2级以上发作33只，随机于癫痫发作后0h（C组，10只），6h（D组，11只），24h（E组，10只）取脑；最后剩下2只（F组）72h取脑。采用放射免疫方法，动态观察脑组织中海马、中脑、纹状体和额叶中L-ENK的改变；S-P免疫组化染色法染色，观察各组大鼠海马CAI区L-ENK的表达。结果 发现应用PTZ后，癫痫大发作大鼠及末出现大发作的大鼠额叶、海马、中脑及纹状体中L-ENK含量均明显升高，两组间除中脑外无明显差异；但大发作大鼠的海马、中脑及纹状体L-ENK含量显著高于对照组。大发作后各脑区的L-ENK含量呈逐渐下降的过程。结论 L-ENK可能参与了癫痫的发生过程。     

戊四氮致痫大鼠脑内热休克蛋白70的表达

目的：探讨热休克蛋白70（HSP70）在癫痫大鼠脑内的表达情况及其意义。方法：采用戊四氮致痫模型。应用免疫组织化学及常规清理检查的方法进行研究。结果：在正常大鼠脑内未见HSP70免疫反应（IR）阳性细胞,成四氮致痫12小时后脑内开始出现HSP70IR阳性细胞,24小对IR达高峰．3天后开始下降．7天后消失。HSP70主要在边缘系统（尤其是海马的CA1、CA3、CA4区）、大脑皮质（尤其是颞叶皮质,梨状皮质）等区域表达。同时常规病理检查发现,上述区域散在出现受损的异常神经元。结论：癫痫发作可诱导HSP70在大鼠脑内广泛表达。HSP70表达可作为神经元受损的一个早期指标。     

迷走神经、躯体神经与运动皮质电刺激对戊四氮点燃大鼠惊厥行为的影响

目的 探讨迷走神经、躯体神经(坐骨神经、三叉神经)与运动皮质电刺激对戊四氮点燃大鼠惊厥行为的影响是否存在差异.方法 分别剥离大鼠迷走神经、坐骨神经(三叉神经不予以剥离)和建立运动皮质电刺激模型,给予上述4种电刺激后腹腔注射戊四氮50 mg/kg,观察大鼠行为学的变化.结果 对照组在注射戊四氮后9只大鼠(9/10)出现Racine分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级惊厥发作,迷走神经、坐骨神经、三叉神经刺激后大鼠惊厥发作均不同程度减轻(Ⅰ～Ⅲ级发作大鼠分别为5、6、5只),但给运动皮质电刺激后大鼠无惊厥行为.当实验鼠的皮质、海马出现病理改变(实验鼠已成为癫(癎)模型)时,再给同剂量戊四氮点燃时,相同参数的运动皮质电刺激则不能抑制大鼠的惊厥行为,反而出现Ⅳ～Ⅴ级发作(10/10).结论 在生理性状态下4种电刺激方法在行为学上均可不同程度抑制戊四氮诱发的惊厥发作,以皮质电刺激效果最好,然而当鼠脑内的癫(癎)灶形成且处于病理状态下时此种效果消失.