龙岩市81名吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV、ALT和梅毒抗体检测情况及行为特征调查

[目的]了解龙岩市吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒的感染情况。[方法]2004年8月对龙岩市戒毒所内81名戒毒人员进行了HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒的感染情况调查,并调查其吸毒方式。[结果]81名吸毒者抗HIV均阴性,HBsAg阳性率为18.52%,抗HCV阳性率为51.85%,梅毒抗体阳性率为19.75%。吸毒者中单纯口吸的占21.00%,单纯静脉注射的占67.90%,两种方式均采用的占11.11%。[结论]龙岩市吸毒人员采用静脉注射方式的较多,存在较大的感染隐患,建议加强对该人群的行为干预。     

龙岩市吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染及行为特征

目的了解龙岩市吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒的感染情况。方法对2004-2007年在龙岩市强制戒毒所戒毒的121名吸毒人员进行HIV、HBV、HCV、ALT及梅毒的感染情况调查，并调查其吸毒方式。结果121名吸毒者抗-HIV均阴性，HBsAg阳性率为18．18％，抗-HCV阳性率为53．71％，梅毒抗体阳性率为14．05％。吸毒者中单纯口吸的占27．27％，单纯静脉注射的占58．67％，2种方法均采用的14．05％。结论龙岩市吸毒人员采用静脉注射方式的较多，存在较大的感染隐患，建议加强对该人群的行为干预。     

衡阳市雁峰区吸毒人员HBV/HCV/HIV及梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解吸毒人群乙肝病毒（HBV）、丙肝病毒（HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）及梅毒感染情况,为制定预防措施提供参考依据。方法对某戒毒所的277名吸毒人员进行调查,并采集静脉血用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）进行血清乙肝表面抗原、HCV抗体、HIV抗体及梅毒检测。结果 277例吸毒者中,吸毒方式以单一静脉注射吸毒为主（64.26%）,其次为口吸＋注射（占20.22%）,单一口吸者最少（占15.52%）。吸毒人员的HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒的感染率分别为46.21%（128/277）、66.06%（183/277）、6.50%（18/277）和0.72%（2/277）。重叠感染HBV/HCV共96人,占34.66%;重叠感染HBV/HIV共12人,占4.33%;重叠感染HCV/HIV共17人,占6.14%;重叠感染HBV/HCV/HIV共11人,占3.97%。结论吸毒人群中,HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒感染率较高,与他们注射毒品方式有关。应加大对吸毒人群防病知识的宣传,并开展针对性的干预措施。     

娄底市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况及影响因素分析

目的了解娄底市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况及影响因素,为吸毒人群中这几种疾病的综合防治提供依据。方法对娄底市戒毒所戒毒人员面对面进行匿名问卷调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果182名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性1例,阳性率为0.55%、HBsAg阳性24例,阳性率为13.19%、HCV抗体阳性92例,阳性率为50.55%、梅毒抗体阳性12例、阳性率为6.59%,合并感染HIV/HCV1例,占0.55%,合并感染HBV/HCV12例,占6.59%,合并感染梅毒/HCV7例,占3.85%。结论该市吸毒人群中HCV、梅毒感染率较高,与他们的多性伴和注射毒品行为有关,应积极开展针对性地干预措施。     

海南省吸毒人员吸毒方式与HIV、HCV、HBV和梅毒感染调查分析

采用血清流行病学方法和行为问卷对3市县戒毒所514名吸毒人员进行调查.结果:单纯口吸者占66.15%,静脉注射吸毒者占33.85%,共用注射器占静脉吸毒者24.71%,检出抗HIV、抗HCV、HBsAg和梅毒阳性率分别为0.195%、29.67%、22.85%、7.03%.表明:吸毒者是4种传染病感染的高危人群,静脉(共用针具)吸毒方式对HIV、HCV感染较HBV、梅毒感染影响更大.     

湛江市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解湛江市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况及影响因素,为吸毒人群这几种疾病防治提供依据. [方法]对湛江市戒毒所350名吸毒人群进行匿名调查,采集静脉血进行HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测.并对结果进行统计学分析. [结果]350名吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性15例,阳性率4.29%,HBsAg阳性103例,阳性率29.43%,HCV抗体阳性200例,阳性率57.14%,梅毒抗体阳性13例,阳性率3.71%,重叠感染HIV/HB-sAg共8人,占2.29%,重叠感染HBsAg/HCV共97人,占27.71%,重叠感染HBsAg/HCV/梅毒共9人,占2.57%,重叠感染梅毒/HCV共8人,占2.29%. [结论]吸毒人群中HIV、HBV、HCV感染率较高,与他们注射毒品行为有关,政府应开展针对性干预措施.     

广西部分吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒及艾滋病病毒感染情况调查分析

目的了解我区吸毒人群中丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）及艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染和两者合并感染的情况,为制定艾滋病及丙型肝炎的防治措施提供理论依据。方法对我区部分在押的吸毒者共计3 000名作为调查对象,制定统一的调查问卷进行调查,并采集静脉血,分离血清,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）夹心法检测HCV抗体和HIV抗体,当HIV抗体阳性时则用蛋白免疫印迹试验（Western Blotting,WB）进行HIV抗体确证实验。结果在3 000名吸毒患者中,男性占88.4%,女性占11.6%;总的HCV抗体阳性率是85.6%,HIV抗体阳性率是18.2%,其中静脉注射吸毒者（IDUs）HCV抗体阳性2 553名,感染率为86.1%,口吸吸毒者HCV抗体阳性21名,感染率60.0%;口吸吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性3名,感染率为8.56%,静脉吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性543名,感染率18.31%;HCV抗体阳性合并HIV抗体阳性有537名,感染率为20.86%。结论广西吸毒人群的HCV感染率较高,尤其是静脉注射吸毒人群,应当加强对吸毒人群的综合干预措施,控制HCV及HIV的传播,降低新发感染。     

广西部分吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒及艾滋病病毒感染情况调查分析

目的 了解我区吸毒人群中丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染和两者合并感染的情况,为制定艾滋病及丙型肝炎的防治措施提供理论依据.方法 对我区部分在押的吸毒者共计3000名作为调查对象,制定统一的调查问卷进行调查,并采集静脉血,分离血清,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)夹心法检测HCV抗体和HIV抗体,当HIV抗体阳性时则用蛋白免疫印迹试验(Westem Blotting,WB)进行HIV抗体确证实验.结果 在3000名吸毒患者中,男性占88.4%,女性占11.6%;总的HCV抗体阳性率是85.6%,HIV抗体阳性率是18.2%,其中静脉注射吸毒者(IDUs)HCV抗体阳性2553名,感染率为86.1%,口吸吸毒者HCV抗体阳性21名,感染率60.O%;口吸吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性3名,感染率为8.56%,静脉吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性543名,感染率18.31%;HCV抗体阳性合并HIV抗体阳性有537名,感染率为20.86%.结论 广西吸毒人群的HCV感染率较高,尤其是静脉注射吸毒人群,应当加强对吸毒人群的综合干预措施,控制HCV及HIV的传播,降低新发感染.     

459名吸毒者HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解岳阳市美沙酮门诊维持治疗者HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况. 方法对美沙酮维持治疗者采取统一调查表进行问卷调查,并采血检测HIV抗体、HBsAg、HCV抗体、梅毒抗体. 结果 459名参加美沙酮维持治疗的吸毒人员中,306例承认静脉注射吸毒者中HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染率分别为13.73%、23.52%、82.35%、5.88%;否认静脉注射吸毒者153例未检出HIV、梅毒感染者,HBV、HCV感染率分别为17.65%、13.73%;HBV在两种不同吸毒方式之间差异无统计学意义,而HCV在两种不同吸毒方式之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=66.44,P＜0.01). 结论应在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病、丙型肝炎、梅毒知识的宣传与教育,采取有效的干预措施.     

153名吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解怀化市吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况。方法对吸毒人员采取统一调查表进行问卷调查,并采血检测HIV抗体、HBsAg、HCV抗体、快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)检测梅毒抗体。结果153名吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒感染率分别为1.3%,21.57%,59.48%,3.92%。非静脉吸毒者未检出HIV、梅毒感染者,HBV在两种不同吸毒方式之间无显著差异,而HCV在两种不同吸毒方式之间有非常显著性差异(χ2=66.44,P<0.01)。结论在吸毒人群中开展爱滋病、丙型肝炎、梅毒知识的宣传与教育,采用有效的干预措施将是势在必行。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.