医源性肝动脉出血的急诊栓塞治疗

目的探讨医源性肝动脉出血急诊肝动脉造影的表现及其栓塞治疗的疗效。方法对25例医源性肝动脉出血患者行急诊肝动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行急诊栓塞治疗,对医源性肝动脉出血急诊造影的表现及栓塞治疗的疗效进行回顾性的分析。结果14例患者肝动脉造影可见对比剂外溢,6例为肝动脉假性动脉瘤,5例为肝动静脉瘘。25例患者栓塞术后出血停止。栓塞治疗术后随访12个月。所有患者术后无再次出血及肝脏坏死及异位栓塞等严重并发症。结论急诊动脉栓塞治疗是治疗医源性肝动脉出血的一种安全、有效的微创方法。     

支气管动脉畸形致大咯血的血管造影检查和栓塞治疗

目的：探讨支气管动脉造影及栓塞术对支气管动脉畸形致大咯血的诊治价值。材料和方法：对7例不明原因的大咯血患者急诊或择期支气管动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，对异常血管用聚乙烯泡沫醇（PVA）颗粒或明胶海绵颗粒加钢圈栓塞。结果：共发现9支畸形支气管动脉，表现为一侧或双侧支气管动脉扭曲、分支增多，粗细不均，远端有弥漫造影剂浓染者3例，伴有一处或多处支气管动脉－肺动脉瘘者4例。除1例明胶海绵及钢圈栓塞患者1周内复发外，PVA栓塞者平均随访27．5月未见复发。结论：支气管动脉造影可明确致大咯血的支气管动脉畸形，栓塞治疗可望获得良好的远期疗效。     

医源性胆道出血的血管造影表现和介入治疗

目的评价医源性胆道出血中血管造影诊断及介入栓塞治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析医源性胆道出血患者21例。经皮选择性肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉和肝总动脉造影,明确出血的部位后,进行选择性或超选择性插管及栓塞治疗。结果 21例患者血管造影均证实有出血病变。血管造影表现为假性动脉瘤者17例(81.0%),对比剂外溢者4例(19.0%)。栓塞材料采用PVA颗粒栓塞者2例,单纯弹簧圈8例,明胶海绵颗粒+弹簧圈11例。1次栓塞止血成功率为85.7%(18/21),3例患者栓塞后再次大出血而行第2次栓塞成功。术后随访5～28个月,患者均未再发胆道出血。所有患者介入栓塞术后均未出现异位栓塞、肝功能衰竭、栓塞所致感染等严重并发症。结论经皮选择性血管造影和介入栓塞术微创、安全、可靠且疗效确切,是诊断和治疗医源性胆道出血的首选方法。     

盆腔出血性疾病卵巢动脉栓塞治疗

目的评价盆腔出血性疾病经导管栓塞卵巢动脉(OVA)的疗效和安全性。方法对12例OVA参与盆腔出血性疾病供血的患者进行选择性OVA栓塞术,在栓塞OVA之前均曾行常规髂内动脉前支-子宫动脉栓塞术。出血的病因包括产后出血6例,盆腔血管畸形2例,子宫肌瘤、子宫颈癌、子宫肌瘤术后、盆腔纤维肉瘤各1例。12例中,7例于第1次介入治疗栓塞两侧髂内动脉-子宫动脉后未能控制出血,第2次造影显示OVA参与出血的供血,5例于栓塞两侧髂内动脉-子宫动脉后发现OVA参与病变供血。栓塞OVA的材料用PVA3例、PVA 明胶海绵颗粒7例、PVA 明胶海绵颗粒 微型钢圈2例。结果选择性OVA造影显示对比剂外溢至宫腔(盆腔)10例、OVA参与病变供血2例,未显示髂内动脉和其他侧支参与供血。选择性栓塞OVA的技术成功率为100%,包括栓塞两侧OVA者4例、单侧者8例,未发生与栓塞术相关的并发症。12例患者经补充栓塞参与出血或病变的OVA后出血立即停止,住院期间未再复发出血。术后随访2周～36个月,3例术后2～3周子宫切除,1例盆腔纤维肉瘤术后接受放射治疗,1例盆腔动静脉畸形出院后仍有间歇少量阴道出血、未特殊处理,2例出现一过性卵巢功能减退症状,分别于术后3、4个月恢复正常月经。其余7例在随访期间未复发出血、月经周期正常。结论OVA可参与盆腔出血性疾病的供血,是导致常规栓塞两侧髂内动脉-子宫动脉不能控制出血的原因之一。如发现OVA参与盆腔出血性病变的供血,补充做OVA栓塞术是安全和有效的。     

膈下动脉参与供血的肺部出血性疾病的诊断及介入治疗

目的观察膈下动脉（IPA）参与肺部出血性疾病病灶供血的表现，评价经导管栓塞IPA的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析18例IPA参与肺部病变供血的肺出血性疾病患者的临床和影像资料。患者中肺部恶性肿瘤9例、支气管扩张7例、慢性炎症2例；对参与肺部病变供血的IPA进行了选择性栓塞术，栓塞剂为聚乙烯醇微球（PVA）、明胶海绵颗粒和微型钢丝圈。结果选择性IPA造影均显示IPA管径增粗、分支增多紊乱和不同程度的新生血管形成，伴有肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色者9例、IPA供血区对比剂外溢6例、IPA与肺动静脉异常交通或分流9例、非特异性片状对比剂浓染2例。18例患者的病灶均与胸膜关系密切，病变贴近膈胸膜者11例、纵隔胸膜者5例、下肺外侧胸膜者2例。本组患者均行供血IPA的栓塞术，同时栓塞胸廓内动脉7例、肋间动脉3例，术后咯血停止；随访8个月至4年，3例分别于术后1、2、6个月复发少量咯血，经保守治疗后停止；15例未再咯血。结论IPA可参与肺部出血性病变的供血，以邻近横隔和纵隔胸膜的病变多见，这是造成支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血失败的原因之一，行供血IPA栓塞术安全有效。     

肝癌合并肝动脉门静脉瘘导致顽固性上消化道出血的诊断和治疗

目的 研究肝癌合并肝动脉门静脉瘘（HAPVF）时，门静脉压力升高的血液动力学改变，及由此导致的顽固性上消化道出血的诊断和治疗。方法 115例肝癌合并上消化道出血患者行肝动脉造影检查，其中严重HAPVF者用钢圈和（或）无水酒精行瘘口栓塞术。结果 本组84例一般性的上消化道出血者中，15例有轻度的HAPVF；31例顽固性上消化道出血肝癌患者中，26例有严重的HAPVF，差异有统计学意义（X^2=43．01，P〈0．01）。对此26例有严重的HAPVF患者行栓塞术后，DSA示血液分流减轻或消失，其中2例肝动脉主干闭塞。26例治疗后上消化道出血均停止。结论 肝癌出现顽固性上消化道出血时要考虑到可能有严重的HAPVF存在，肝动脉DSA可作出诊断。瘘口栓塞术是治疗此类型出血最有效的方法。     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗纵隔出血4例

目的 探讨经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)治疗纵隔出血的临床应用价值.方法 收集采用TAE术治疗的4例纵隔出血患者临床资料.术前作胸部CT平扫或增强检查,治疗时先行主动脉造影并探寻出血动脉,用微导管超选择至出血动脉后分别用明胶海绵、聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒或两者联合作栓塞,术后胸部CT平扫观察栓塞治疗效果并进行随访.结果 术前CT检查确定4例患者均为纵隔出血.术中经主动脉造影和探寻出血动脉发现,4例患者出血分别源自右侧第5肋间动脉纵隔分支、左侧支气管动脉分支、胸主动脉的食管动脉纵隔分支及左膈下动脉纵隔分支,给予明胶海绵及PVA颗粒后造影见对比剂外溢及动脉瘤征象消失.术后复查胸部CT显示4例患者纵隔血肿范围均缩小,随访6个月时3例未发生再出血,1例术后2个月病死于原发病.结论 TAE术治疗纵隔出血具有创伤小、止血直接迅速、疗效确切等优点,为临床治疗提供了一种新手段.     

导管栓塞术治疗消化道大出血的临床应用

目的：探讨导管栓塞术治疗消化道出血的临床价值。方法：回顾分析2002年1月-2005年12月间应用导管栓塞技术治疗的27例消化道出血患者，分别行腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉和肠系膜下动脉造影。对可疑部位则行超选择性动脉造影，一旦发现造影剂外溢和原发病灶，则超选择性插管入靶血管内行TAE治疗，栓塞剂为0．2—0．5mm直径大小的明胶海绵颗粒，必要时采用PVA颗粒。对十二指肠出血在胰十二指肠上动脉栓塞后，再行胰十二指肠下动脉造影如仍发现出血则应用同法栓塞。结果：造影见阳性征象者24例，其中21例患者成功完成TAE术，6例仅完成血管造影未行栓塞治疗。17例TAE术后24—72小时内无新鲜出血。止血成功率为80．95％（17／24）。结论：导管栓塞治疗消化道出血是有效而安全的，正确选择栓塞的靶血管和合适的栓塞剂及用量是成功的关键。     

用LAVA进行多期增强MR血管成像显示肝脏血管系统

目的：应用肝脏三维容积超快速（LAVA）多期增强MR血管成像（LAVA CE MRA），评估其对肝脏内血管显示的价值，以及对肝脏病变诊断的意义。材料和方法：对52例疑有腹部病变者行常规MRI扫描及Gd-DTPA增强并LAVA多期扫描，采用最大强度投影（MIP）重建血管，显示肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉，并得到各血管时间-信号强度曲线。对MIP重建肝内血管的显示情况进行分析，评估LAVA CE MRA对肝内血管显示的价值。同时记录肝脏病变信号的动态变化，以及与周围血管的关系。结果：52例患者肝脏LAVA CE MRA图像能清晰显示肝脏内血管形态，达到诊断要求。肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉3级和3级以上分支显示率100％，门静脉、肝静脉4-5级以上分支显示率达到96．8％。肝脏病变的动态强化显示良好，部分病变供血来源显示清晰。结论：LAVA CE MRA能良好地显示肝内各血管及其与肝脏病灶的关系，提高对肝脏病变的诊断能力。     

胆道大出血的急诊介入治疗

目的评价血管造影和介入栓塞对胆道大出血的诊断及治疗价值。方法10年间收治胆道大出血9例,均采用选择性肝动脉造影,明确出血部位后,再行出血动脉分支栓塞。结果9例经肝动脉造影,均显示出血部位有造影剂外溢,经肝动脉分支栓塞后,出血停止。结论胆道大出血行选择性肝动脉造影及介入栓塞治疗是安全有效的诊疗方法。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.