双侧原发乳腺癌预后的相关因素分析

目的 探讨双侧原发性乳腺癌（bilateral primary breast cancer,BPBC）的临床病理特征和预后的影响因素。方法 回顾北京大学人民医院乳腺中心收治的68名双侧原发性乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,分析双侧乳腺癌临床和病理特征和相关性,并对预后影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 双侧原发性乳腺癌发病率占同期全部乳腺癌患者的3.2%。BPBC患者发病年龄小于单侧乳腺癌患者（P=0.007）。单因素分析结果提示,以12月或24月作为双侧肿瘤发病时间间隔来定义同时性双侧原发性乳腺癌（synchronous bilateral primary breast cancer,sBPBC）与异时性双侧原发乳腺癌（metachronous bilateral primary breast cancer,mBPBC）时,sBPBC患者预后劣于mBPBC患者（P=0.018,P=0.000）;第二原发肿瘤病理类型为浸润性小叶癌患者预后劣于浸润性导管癌（P=0.036）。多因素分析结果提示肿瘤分期、双侧乳癌发病间隔时间和第二原发肿瘤激素受体表达情况是影响BPBC患者预后的主要因素（P=0.02,P=0.02,P=0.049）。结论 BPBC发病年龄较早;sBPBC患者比mBPBC预后更差;肿瘤分期、双侧乳癌发病间隔时间和第二原发肿瘤的病理类型以及激素受体表达情况是影响BPBC患者预后的主要因素。     

原发性双侧乳腺癌103例的临床病理分析

背景与目的：和单侧乳腺癌相比，目前对双侧乳腺癌（bilateral breast cancer）的了解相当有限。本研究探讨原发性双侧乳腺癌的临床病理特征及其治疗和预后。方法：回顾了2001年1月～2005年6月间复旦大学附属肿瘤医院103位确诊为原发性双侧乳腺癌患者的临床资料。双侧乳腺癌患者占同期全部患者的3．22％，同时性（12个月以内）双侧乳腺癌27例。并分别回顾了发病年龄、月经情况、肿块大小、治疗方式等资料，侧重分析单／双侧，第一／第二侧，同时／异时性乳腺癌的临床分期、腋淋巴结状态和病理类型的差别。结果：双侧乳腺癌较单侧乳腺癌起病早（P〈0．001）。舣侧发病中位间隔时间48个月（0～480个月）。比较单／双侧乳腺癌发现双侧癌有更多O／I期病例，单侧癌中浸润性导管癌比例较高（P=0．017）。双侧乳腺癌内第一／第二侧间临床病理指标无显著差异；而同时性双侧乳腺癌较异时性痛淋巴结转移数更少（P=0．031），浸润程度更低（P=0．031），导管内癌比例更高（P=0．012）。未发现浸润性小叶癌在单／双侧间发病有差别。治疗方式上，第二侧癌行单纯乳房切除术和保乳手术的比例大大提高（10．8％和2.6％，P=0．042）。按第二原发出现算起，经过中位13个月的随访，有3例复发或转移，1例死亡。结论：对侧乳腺癌发生间隔时间不定，单侧发生后宜积极随访以早期检出对侧病变。同时性双侧乳腺癌有较早的临床分期和较高的DCIS比例，为乳腺癌保乳手术提供了条件，但也不能忽视双侧乳腺癌潜在较高的恶性程度。     

双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后分析

目的　分析双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后特点 ,并与单侧原发性乳腺癌比较 ,探讨双侧原发性乳腺癌合理的治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 1967年 3月到 2 0 0 3年 7月收治的 2 17例双侧原发性乳腺癌患者的临床资料 ,比较同时性和异时性双侧原发性乳腺癌、双侧和单侧原发性乳腺癌生存率的差异。结果　双侧原发性乳腺癌的发生率为 2 .1% ( 2 17/ 10 470 ) ,大多在绝经前发病 ,如以发生第二侧乳腺癌为起点计算 5年生存率 ,同时性双侧原发性乳腺癌为 2 5 .6% ,异时性双侧原发性乳腺癌为 2 9.5 % ,两者比较无显著性差异 (P =0 .45 ) ;双侧原发性乳腺癌 5年生存率为 2 8.4% ,与单侧原发性乳腺癌比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。同时性双侧原发性乳腺癌中绝经前和绝经后患者 5年生存率分别为 2 1.2 %和 2 8.0 % ,两者比较无显著性差异 (P =0 .2 5 ) ;异时性双侧原发性乳腺癌中两侧乳腺癌均发生于绝经前、绝经后和分别发生于绝经前后 3组患者的 5年生存率分别为 2 2 .1%、3 0 .0 %和3 3 .6% ,三者相互比较无显著性差异 (P =0 .19)。结论　预后分析应以发生第二侧乳腺癌为起点开始计算 ,同时性和异时性双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后相当 ,较单侧原发性乳腺癌差 ,双侧发生的乳腺癌为 2个独立事件 ,绝经状态并不影响双侧原发性乳     

双侧原发性乳腺癌267例临床分析

目的探讨双侧原发性乳腺癌（bilateral primary breast cancer, BPBC）的临床病理特征及治疗和预后。方法回顾性分析267例双侧原发性乳腺癌患者的临床资料。结果第一侧为浸润性小叶癌为双侧乳腺癌发病的危险因素。双侧原发性乳腺癌占同期手术治疗乳腺癌的约4％,同时性双侧乳腺癌占18％,异时性双侧乳腺癌占82％。双侧原发性乳腺癌的治疗均应遵循普通乳腺癌的治疗原则。异时性双乳癌的总生存率（OS）高于同时性双乳癌。结论单侧乳腺癌患者,对侧乳腺癌发生的危险度逐年增加,应建立完善的随访制度,做到早期发现,早期诊断及早期治疗第二癌,提高双侧乳腺癌患者的治愈率及生存率。     

双侧原发性乳腺癌临床与预后分析

目的探讨双侧原发性乳腺癌(BPBC)的临床病理特点及预后。方法收集217例BPBC患者的临床病理与随访资料,着重分析BPBC的发生率、发病年龄、间隔时间和生存率。结果BPBC的发生率为2．1％,同时性双侧原发性乳腺癌(sBPBC)和异时性双侧原发性乳腺癌(mBPBC)的发病高峰年龄均为48岁左右,大多在绝经前发病。mBPBC中位间隔时间为57．6个月。sBPBC与mBPBC患者的中位生存时间分别为29．6个月和27．8个月,生存率差异无显著性。绝经状态与BPBC患者的生存率无关。结论sBPBC与mBPBC发病高峰年龄相同。BPBC患者的预后分析应以第2癌为起点计算。BPBC比单侧原发性乳腺癌患者的预后差,sBPBC与mBPBC患者预后相同,且不受绝经状态影响。一侧乳腺癌术后应密切随诊,尤其是在第1癌发生后的5年内,以早期发现第2侧乳腺癌。     

原发性双侧乳腺癌

原发性双侧乳腺癌是指双侧乳腺同时（间隔＜6个月）或先后（＞6个月）发生独立的原发癌灶，分别称为同时性或异时性原发双侧乳腺癌。随着乳腺癌发病率的增长及一侧乳癌术后生存期的延长，双侧乳癌的发病率也呈增加趋势。本文报告我院近三年收治的10例原发性双侧乳腺癌（10／183），均经手术及病理学证实，占同期乳癌住院手术患者的5．46％，其中同时性双侧乳癌1例，异时性9例。结合文献复习对原发性双侧乳腺癌的诊断标准、发病率、病因及危险因素、治疗及预后进行讨论。     

双侧乳腺癌（附14例报告）

自１９７２年至１９８９年，共收治乳腺癌９８４例。其中双侧性乳腺癌１４例（１．４％），均为女性。同时性５例（０．５％），异时性９例（０．９％），间隔时间为１０个月至１５年８个月，平均为５年８个月。年龄在３０～６４岁，平均４３．４岁。全部病例两侧乳癌病灶均经病理证实。作者认为对单侧乳癌治疗后患者应长期密切随访，对高危患者在对侧乳腺出现可疑病灶时应及时做活检。双侧乳腺癌的预后与肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结受累情况、治疗是否及时、正确，两侧病灶同时或异时发生及间隔时间的长短等因素有关。双侧乳腺癌经及时、积极、合理治疗后，预后并不差于单侧乳腺癌。     

双侧乳腺癌的预后因素

目的：探讨影响双侧乳腺癌患者生存率的预后因素。方法：对21例经病理组织学证实的双侧原发性乳腺癌患者进行回顾性分析。其中，同时性双侧乳腺癌4例（19%），异时性双侧乳腺癌17例（81%），接受手术，放疗，化疗等单一或综合治疗，分析乳腺癌的多种预后因素与术后生存率的关系。结果：主要的预后因素与肿瘤振奋小，浸润淋巴结的数目，最初的正确治疗和两侧乳癌的间距时间等有关。二、五、十年的生存率各为90%（19/21），71.4%(15.21),66.7%(14.21)。结论：若双侧乳腺癌的治疗正确。仍有相当高的五年生存率，两侧乳腺癌之间的间距时间是最突出的预后因素。与生态2率呈正相关系。早期诊断，早期治疗第二原发癌仍是提高生存率的关键。     

120例多原发肿瘤临床分析

 目的 探讨多原发肿瘤的病因、临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 采集北京中医药大学东直门医院120例多原发肿瘤患者病历资料，对其进行回顾性分层分析。结果 （1）男女比例相近；（2）发病年龄为26~89岁，中位年龄58岁；（3）双原发恶性肿瘤116例，三原发恶性肿瘤2例，四原发恶性肿瘤1例，五原发恶性肿瘤1例；（4）同时性多原发肿瘤25例，异时性多原发肿瘤95例，发病间隔时间6~444月，中位间隔时间32月；（5）首发恶性肿瘤以消化系统最多，第二原发恶性肿瘤以血液系统居多；（6）3年和5年生存率分别为48.3%和37.5%。结论 通过临床分析提高对多原发肿瘤的认识，指导临床早发现、早诊断及早治疗，以期延长患者生存期，改善预后。     

双侧原发性乳腺癌16例报告

我院自1982年～1988年共收治16例经病理证实的双侧原发性乳腺癌，占同期乳腺癌的2．5％，其中同时性4例，异时性12例．5年生存率分别为25％、67％。本文结合文献对双侧原发性乳腺癌的诊断、发病的高危因素等问题进行讨论。作者认为对单侧乳癌治疗后患者应进行长期随访，对高危患者在对侧乳腺出现可疑病灶时应及时行活检。双原发乳癌经正确治疗仍有较好预后。     

Properties of Synchronous Versus Metachronous Bilateral Breast Carcinoma with Long Time Follow Up

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type among women with increasing incidence rates,improved prognosis and survival. According to the localization of the tumor, breast cancer is designated asunilateral (UBC) or bilateral (BBC). BBC can be classified as synchronous (SBBC) or metachronous (MBBC)based on the time interval between the diagnosis of the first and the secondary tumors. According to the guidelineof WHO 2012, BBC is generally defined as SBBC when contralateral breast carcinoma is diagnosed within 3months. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics and patterns of metastasis of BBC patientswith UBC. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 768 patients with breast cancer treated at the Turkish Ministryof Health-Izmir Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital between 1976 and 2012 were studied. Survival analysiswas performed comparing UBC and BBC patients. In addition, evaluations were performed in patients withSBBC and MBBC sub-groups. We used a 3-months interval to distinguish metachronous from synchronous.Results: When clinical and histopathological parameters were statistically evaluated, ER status, event-free andoverall survival were found to be significant between UBC and BBC patients. In comparison of SBBC and MBBCpatients, age, histological type of tumor, event-free and overall survival were found to be significant. Conclusions:BBC cases were found to show worse prognosis than UBC cases. Among BBC, SBBC had the worst prognosisbased on overall survival rates.     

Impact of Bilateral Breast Cancer on Prognosis: Synchronous Versus Metachronous Tumors

Background: The clinical significance of bilateral breast cancer is unclear and its influence on prognosis iscontroversial. Materials and Methods: Between 2005 and 2009 we identified 110 cases of bilateral breast cancer(BBC) ; 49 patients had synchronous (duration between the occurrence of carcinoma in both breasts was less than12 months) and 61 had metachronous (duration was more than one year with no ipsilateral local recurrence).We compared the patient characteristics including age, menopausal status, clinical stage, tumor size, histologicalclassification, lymph node status, and hormone receptor and Her-2 status. We also compared the treatmentgiven and overall and disease free survival (DFS) of both groups. Results: Synchronous cases tend to presentmore aggressively than metachronous cases and age at first presentation adversely affects survival. The 5 yearoverall survival was 78.7% for metachronous and 60% for synchronous. Patients with positive hormonal statushad better five year disease free survival in metachronous compared to synchronous cases, at 76% and 63%,respectively. Age at first presentation >45years had better DFS (65%) compared to those with age ≤45 years(52%) at 5 years follow up. Conclusions: Patients with synchronous breast cancer may have worse prognosis.Young age and hormone receptor negative were risk factors in our study. Close follow up and early detection ofcontralateral breast cancer is mandatory.     

A Retrospective Study on the Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcomes of 179 Cases of Synchronous and Metachronous Bilateral Breast Cancer in China

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of bilateral breast cancer (BBC) in the Chinese population.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 7797 cases with primary breast cancer, including 7618 cases of unilateral breast cancer (UBC) and 179 cases of BBC. Among the latter, there were 108 cases of synchronous BBC (SBBC) and 71 cases of metachronous BBC (MBBC).ResultsIn the present study, the incidence of SBBC and MBBC are 1.39% and 0.91% among the general population, respectively. In comparison of UBC and BBC, SBBC and MBBC, there are significant differences in the common clinicopathological characteristics, such as pathologic stage, hormone receptor (HR) status and molecular type. In respect of the surgical treatment of BBC, 49.72% of the patients chose mastectomy. The 3-year disease free survival (DFS) for SBBC and MBBC are 94.4% and 96.9%, respectively. There is no difference in the overall survival (OS) and DFS between SBBC and MBBC. The histological grade and type of surgery on tumors of both sides are important influencing factors of DFS in the BBC patients.ConclusionThere are statistical differences in the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes between SBBC and MBBC among the Chinese population. Therefore, the treatment of BBC patients should be individualized.     

The risk factors and prognosis of bilateral primary breast cancer: a comparative study with unilateral breast cancer

This study was performed to determine the risk factors and evaluate the outcome of bilateral breast cancer (BBC). We reviewed the records of 170 patients with BBC and 1,677 with unilateral breast cancer (UBC), and compared their personal history, histopatholgical characteristics, clinical findings, and treatment, and postoperative follow-up records. The patients with UBC were more likely to develop contralateral cancer with the features including: young age at onset, especially younger than 40, premenopause, late primiparity, breast cancer family history, benign mammary disease history, and a tumor larger than 5 cm (p < 0.05). After adjustment by multivariate analysis, we concluded that breast cancer family history and age at onset younger than 40 years old were the independent risk factors for BBC. There were no significant differences for distant metastasis or overall survival between BBC and UBC (p > 0.05). We observed that 64.1% of the second breast cancer occurred within 5 years after the operation of the first cancer, and medical examination could improve the early diagnosis of the contralateral breast cancer. Contrary to common belief, our study showed that BBC and UBC had similar biological features and prognosis (p > 0.05). The excessive treatment and prophylactic measures may be unnecessary in this seemingly aggressive breast cancer. The patients with UBC younger than 40 or with breast cancer family history should have intensive contralateral breast followup, especially within 5 years after in the initial treatment.     

Clinicopathological profile of bilateral breast cancer at a tertiary cancer center in South India

Background

Bilateral breast cancer (BBC) is an unusual clinical entity. Unlike unilateral breast cancer, there is fewer data regarding clinicopathological aspects and treatment guidelines in BBC. The present study was carried out at a tertiary oncology center in South India to analyze the clinicopathological profile of patients diagnosed with BBC.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study of patients diagnosed with BBC in the department of medical oncology from August 2012 to July 2013.

Results

Out of a total of 300 breast cancer patients during a 1-year period, 15 had BBC. Synchronous and metachronous breast cancers were seen in six and nine patients, respectively. The median age at presentation for BBC was 40 years. Family history of breast cancer was present only in two cases. The median age of menarche and first child birth was 13 and 22 years, respectively. History of breast feeding was positive in all except one who was nulliparous. Out of the 15 patients, 11 were premenopausal and 4 postmenopausal. Contralateral breast cancer was detected mammographically in 4 patients and by clinical examination in 11. Out of 30 tumors, all were invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). Nine patients had bilateral mastectomy, and five had unilateral mastectomy. Out of 30 tumors, 14 were triple negative, 9 estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone (PR) positive, and 7 Her2neu positive. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was given in four synchronous and three metachronous breast cancer cases for contralateral breast cancer. All patients received chemotherapy during the course in the form of either adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy.

Conclusions

BBC is an uncommon clinical entity. For women with younger premenopausal age, the incidence of BBC is higher compared with older women. As the prognosis of BBC is poor, it is crucial to be aware of this entity, and every patient with breast cancer should be regularly followed up. These patients require individualized treatment planning based on the tumor factors and treatment factors of the primary lesion.     

Older age and second skin cancer as prognostic factors in localized malignant melanomas

Of the numerous prognostic factors for patients with localized malignant melanoma (LMM), none is superior to the simple parameter of tumor thickness. The aim of the present study was to better define prognostic factors for this disease. Between January 1992 and December 1994, 188 consecutive patients with LMM were treated at the Rabin Medical Center. Patient and tumor characteristics were retrospectively examined as potential prognostic factors. Patients (n=173) who had had at least two-year follow-up were included in the overall survival (OS) analysis, and 159 patients for whom accurate data on recurrent disease were available were included in the disease-free survival (DFS) analysis. At a median follow-up of 85 months (range 24-114), 48 patients (30%) had recurrent disease which resulted in death in 35 (20%). The five-year OS and DFS rates for the entire group were 82 and 72%, respectively. On univariate analysis, female gender, age younger than 75 years, metachronous or synchronous second skin cancer (including melanoma), light skin color, tumor thickness and TNM stage were predictive of both OS and DFS. Tumor location and ulceration, correlated with only one endpoint, OS or DFS, respectively. On multivariate analysis, three factors retained statistical significance with regard to both OS and DFS: tumor thickness (p=0.000 for both), second skin cancer (p=0.02 for both), and age (p=0.04 for both). Alongside the well-established predictive factor of tumor thickness in LMM, older age and the presence of a second skin cancer also have prognostic significance. The prognostic importance of the latter is reported here for the first time.     

Identifying good prognosis group of breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive axillary nodes for adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a retrospective analysis of prognosis factors for survival in breast cancer patients with 1-3 axillary lymph node metastases and tried to identify a subset of patients with good prognosis suitable for cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: A cohort of 446 breast cancer patients received definite surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1990 to 1998. They were enrolled in the study. The median follow-up time was 69 months. Prognostic factors including age, tumor size, number of involved nodes, steroid receptor status, tumor ploidy, synthetic-phase fraction, histologic grade and administration of tamoxifen were analysed for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by Cox regression model. RESULTS: The estimated 5 year OS and DFS for all patients were 85.4 and 71.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size, age and estrogen receptor (ER) status were independent prognostic factors for OS, and tumor size, age, ER status and number of involved nodes were independent prognostic factors for DFS. The 5 year OS rates of the low-risk group (age >40, tumor < or =3 cm and positive ER) and average-risk group (either age < or =40, tumor >3 cm or negative ER) were 98.8 and 82.4%, respectively (P = 0.0001). The 5 year DFS of the low-risk and high-risk group were 88.2 and 67.7%, respectively (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Among breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes excellent survival rate was found in those who had favorable prognostic factors, including age >40, tumor size < or =3 cm and positive ER. Adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF regimen is optimal for these low-risk patients.     

Direct surgery with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases

IntroductionNeoadjuvant chemotherapy is widely used in treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer, but there is little scientific evidence for this approach. This study aimed to study survival in patients treated with direct surgery with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC), i.e. without neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Material and methodsPatients with histopathologically confirmed peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer that underwent first-time CRS-HIPEC with complete cytoreduction (CC0 or 1) at Karolinska University Hospital 2012–2019 were included. Patients with synchronous extraperitoneal metastases were excluded if not treated before end of follow-up. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. The multivariable models were adjusted for sex, age, synchronous/metachronous peritoneal metastases, peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), extraperitoneal metastases and the pathological tumor (T) and lymph node (N) stage of the primary tumor.ResultsIn all, 131 patients underwent complete CRS-HIPEC for peritoneal metastases without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median OS and DFS were 40.3 months and 12.5 months, respectively, in patients treated with direct surgery. In the multivariable model, PCI≥16 was the only variable associated with decreased OS, whereas elevated PCI, metachronous development of peritoneal metastases and synchronous extraperitoneal metastases were associated with decreased DFS. Age was not associated with an impaired prognosis.ConclusionPatients who underwent direct surgery with CRS-HIPEC had a good prognosis, with a median OS of more than 3 years. The results from this study question the need of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in all patients eligible for CRS-HIPEC.     

Prognosis of a series of 763 consecutive node-negative invasive breast cancer patients without adjuvant therapy: analysis of clinicopathological prognostic factor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to confirm the favorable outcome of Japanese invasive breast cancer patients without lymph node metastasis, after treatment with surgery alone, and to evaluate clinicopathological prognostic factors in this population. METHODS: The subjects were 763 consecutive node-negative invasive breast cancer patients who underwent surgery without adjuvant therapies between 1988 and 1993 at our hospital. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were analyzed by clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: The median age of the patients at surgery was 52 years and the median follow-up period of patients was 74 months. At 5 years, the respective DFS and OS rates of all patients were 90.8% and 93.9%. Patients with a pathological tumor size of invasive component of more than 2 cm (319 patients) had a significantly lower DFS than those with tumors measuring 2 cm or less (361 patients) (P = 0.045). Patients with positive hormone receptor status (280 patients) (estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive) tended to have a better OS than those negative for both hormone receptors (92 patients) (P = 0.078). Meanwhile, patients with tumors of histological grade 3 (328 patients) had a much poorer prognosis than those with tumors of histological grade 1 or 2 (413 patients) (P = 0.008 for OS and P = 0.042 for DFS). The respective 5-year DFS and OS rates of patients with histological grade 3 tumors larger than 2 cm in pathological tumor size of invasive component (195 patients) were 85.5% and 87.6%, indicating that these node-negative patients form a high risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese invasive breast cancer patients without lymph node metastasis tended to show a survival advantage compared with their Caucasian counterparts. Histological grade was the most useful prognostic factor in this population.