井下煤矿工人和地面煤矿工人心理健康水平调查比较

目的:调查比较井下作业煤矿工人和地面作业煤矿工人心理健康状况水平。方法:用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对283名井下煤矿工人和219名地面煤矿工人的心理健康水平进行问卷调查。结果:煤矿工人SCL-90总分、总阳性项目数、阳性症状均分、躯体化、人际关系、抑郁等各因子分均高于国内常模,并有极显著性差异。井下矿工SCL-90总分、阳性项目数和躯体化、人际关系、焦虑、恐怖因子均分均高于地面矿工,并有显著性差异。结论:煤矿工人的总体心理健康水平低于国内常模,井下煤矿工人的心理问题较地面作业煤矿工人更为明显,应加强心理健康综合性干预。     

违纪服刑人员心理健康状况的调查研究

[目的]探讨违纪服刑人员心理健康状况，为监区教育工作者提供参考依据。[方法]对广州某监狱90名违纪服刑人员进行SCL-90问卷调查，采用集体施测调查方式，与全国常模比较。[结果]①以总分≥160分，或阳性项目数≥43项，或任一因子均分≥2为检出标准，阳性症状检出率为84．44％；②违纪服刑人员在整体测验上的阳性症状分及各因子的均分皆高于常模（P〈0．01），检出因子居前三位的是：强迫症状、躯体化和抑郁；③不同年龄违纪服刑人员心理健康状况差异无显著性。[结论]违纪服刑人员心理状况较差，心理状况亟待改善。     

神农架林区医务人员心理健康状况调查

目的了解神农架林区医务人员心理健康状况,以及与中国一般人群心理健康状况的差异。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对神农架林区109名医务人员进行调查并作统计分析。结果①神农架林区医务人员SCL-90除阳性症状均分、人际关系敏感因子明显低于中国常模(P0.01)外,总均分、其他各因子分与全国常模比较,差异均无统计学意义;医生和护士阳性症状均分明显低于全国常模(P0.01),其中医生人际关系敏感因子低于全国常模(P0.05)。②林区医护之间、不同性别医务人员之间的SCL-90测评结果差异无统计学意义。③33%的林区医务人员有存在心理问题的可能(SCL-90任一因子平均分≥2),需进一步筛查;6.4%的医务人员可能有比较明显的心理问题(SCI-90任一因子平均分≥3)。结论神农架林区医务人员心理健康状况与一般人群相近,且可能存在心理问题的程度较一般人群轻,人际关系敏感问题好于一般人群,但该群体的心理健康状况不应忽视,仍需引起有关管理部门的重视。     

深圳市医师心理健康状况的分析

[目的]了解医师的心理健康状况,以便有针对性地开展心理健康工作。[方法]采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对深圳市的医师358名进行测试。[结果]医师除人际关系、恐怖因子外,SCL-90总均分及其余各因子分均明显高于常模;女性医师总均分、躯体化、人际关系、抑郁和焦虑因子分高于男性医师;不同年龄医师间总均分、躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑和偏执等因子分差异显著,其中总均分、躯体化、强迫、抑郁和偏执等因子分呈现随年龄增大而增高的趋势;焦虑因子分呈现随年龄增大而减小的趋势;50.6%的医师可能有心理健康问题,医师SCL-90因子分达轻度水平以上的前3位因子,男性为强迫、人际关系敏感和精神病性,女性为抑郁、强迫和人际关系敏感。[结论]医师存在一定的心理健康问题,有必要针对性地对医师开展心理健康促进工作。     

云南省三种行业女职工心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨不同行业女职工主要的心理问题及其影响因素。方法利用症状自评量表(SCL-90)的总均分、阳性项目数、阳性症状人数评价女职工的心理健康状况。结果不同行业女职工存在不同方面的心理问题,医疗系统女职工的强迫症状、人际关系、焦虑、敌对和其他5个因子均分高于金融行业,医疗和金融行业的全部10项因子均分均高于有色金属矿采选业井下作业女职工,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。井下作业女职工的心理测评总均分明显低于医疗和金融行业女职工,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。30.29%的女职工存在心理问题,医疗行业女职工心理健康的比例最低,为63.37%。从事职业、轮班作业、工作负荷大、加班、不良行为习惯、遭遇负向生活事件、接触有害因素、妇科疾病和月经异常为心理问题的影响因素。结论女职工存在较多的心理问题,需要引起社会关注。     

新疆地区教师人格特征与心理健康状况关系

目的 了解新疆地区不同层次教师的心理健康和人格特征状况并探讨二者之间关系.方法 采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCL-90),对新疆地区小学至大学不同层次学校的597名教师进行心理健康水平测评.结果 共发放问卷601份,收回有效问卷597份,有效率为99.5%.(1)EPQ结果显示:精神质(P)≥70分者120名(20.1%);(E)内外向171名(28.6%)中间型287名(48.1%),外向型139名(23.3%);情绪稳定(N)41名(6.9%),中间型302名(50.6%),不稳定者254名(42.5%);(2)SCL-90结果显示:有轻度心理问题(总分≥160分)71名(11.9%),有中度心理问题(总分≥1200分)75名(12.6%),有重度心理问题(总分≥240分)71名(11.9%),心理问题的总检出率为36.3%.各因子均分明显高于全国常模,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).在各因子中,尤其以躯体化、人际关系敏感、强迫和抑郁为重;(3)在人格维度中精神质与症状自评量表各种症状的相关系数最高,其次为神经质,而内外向性及掩饰性与症状因子呈较低的负相关.结论 新疆地区教师存在着不同程度的心理问题,而其人格特征与心理健康呈现一定程度的相关性.     

大连市HIV阳性者心理健康状况调查分析

目的:了解HIV阳性者的心理健康状况。方法:采用大连市HIV阳性者生存状态调查问卷及症状自评量表(SCL-90)中文版,对150名HIV阳性者进行调查。结果:研究显示SCL-90量表中总分、阳性症状均分和躯体化等9个因子均分均高于全国常模,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。各因子均分高于2分的阳性检出率均超过30.00%,抑郁因子高于2分阳性检出率高达62.00%,高于3分的百分比均超过10.00%,抑郁因子高于3分阳性检出率高达30.00%。HIV阳性者不同文化程度的患者各项评分间两两比较后,在强迫、抑郁、敌对因子中高中或中专文化程度均分高于其他文化程度。结论:暴露于HIV因子的人群存在较明显的心理问题,需加强健康教育和心理干预。     

外来工职业紧张对心理健康影响的分析

[目的]分析职业紧张对外来工心理健康的影响。[方法]应用职业紧张量表修订版(OSI-R)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)测试644名外来工的职业紧张和心理健康状况。[结果]随着职业紧张程度的增加,其心理健康状况逐渐降低;工龄<5年的心理健康状况差于工龄≥5年的,且总均分、强迫、抑郁、偏执和精神病性等因子分差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);在SCL-90因子分≥2检出率中,高度紧张组高于中度和低度紧张组,中度组高于低度组的趋势。[结论]职业紧张可影响外来工的心理健康,保护和促进其身心健康是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一。     

某高铁工务段职工心理健康现况调查

目的了解某高铁工务段职工心理健康状况,为有针对性开展职工心理健康宣教和心理咨询工作提供依据。方法采取普查的方式,对在职的全体职工进行一般情况和症状自评量表(SCL-90)的问卷调查。结果职工中SCL-90总分≥160分或任一因子分≥2分的有322人(43.1%),出现较多的心理问题依次是强迫270人(36.1%)、人际敏感170人(22.8%)、躯体化153人(20.5%)、抑郁151人(20.2%)、敌对150人(20.1%)。将总分、总均分、阳性项目数、各因子分(除人际关系和偏执外)与全国成人常模比较,其差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。不同性别、不同年龄、不同文化程度、不同作业时间及不同工种职工的SCL-90总均分间的差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。不同年龄、不同工作年限职工的SCL-90总均分间的差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),年龄以20~29岁低,为1.47±0.45分,工龄以0~9年低,为1.47±0.45分。结论该高铁工务段职工心理健康状况不容乐观,单位有关部门应引起重视,采取有效的措施进行干预。     

优化独立学院大学生心理健康对策研究

[目的]了解独立学院大学生心理健康状况及影响因素,探索切实有效的心理健康教育的方法. [方法]使用症状自评量表(SOL-90)对800名大学生进行干预前后整群随机抽样,对调查结果采用分类比较的方法,比较不同状况间心理健康水平的差异,比较整群干预前后心理健康水平的差异. [结果]干预前独立学院大学生SCL-90总均分高于全国膏年常模,除了人际关系因子其余各项指标均高于对照组.干预后独立学院大学生SCL-90总均分及各因子分均低于全国青年常模和干预前的结果. [结论]必须针对独立学院大学生存在的心理困惑,有的放矢的开展心理健康干预工作.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.