Formulation of 3D Printed Tablet for Rapid Drug Release by Fused Deposition Modeling: Screening Polymers for Drug Release,Drug-Polymer Miscibility and Printability

The primary aim of this study was to identify pharmaceutically acceptable amorphous polymers for producing 3D printed tablets of a model drug, haloperidol, for rapid release by fused deposition modeling. Filaments for 3D printing were prepared by hot melt extrusion at 150°C with 10% and 20% w/w of haloperidol using Kollidon^® VA64, Kollicoat^® IR, Affinsiol^?15 cP, and HPMCAS either individually or as binary blends (Kollidon^® VA64 + Affinisol^? 15 cP, 1:1; Kollidon^® VA64 + HPMCAS, 1:1). Dissolution of crushed extrudates was studied at pH 2 and 6.8, and formulations demonstrating rapid dissolution rates were then analyzed for drug-polymer, polymer-polymer and drug-polymer-polymer miscibility by film casting. Polymer-polymer (1:1) and drug-polymer-polymer (1:5:5 and 2:5:5) mixtures were found to be miscible. Tablets with 100% and 60% infill were printed using MakerBot printer at 210°C, and dissolution tests of tablets were conducted at pH 2 and 6.8. Extruded filaments of Kollidon^® VA64-Affinisol^? 15 cP mixtures were flexible and had optimum mechanical strength for 3D printing. Tablets containing 10% drug with 60% and 100% infill showed complete drug release at pH 2 in 45 and 120 min, respectively. Relatively high dissolution rates were also observed at pH 6.8. The 1:1-mixture of Kollidon^® VA64 and Affinisol^?15 cP was thus identified as a suitable polymer system for 3D printing and rapid drug release.     

Roadmap to 3D-Printed Oral Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Feedstock Filament Properties and Characterization for Fused Deposition Modeling

Application of additive manufacturing techniques (3D printing) for mass-customized products has boomed in the recent years. In pharmaceutical industry and research, the interest has grown particularly with the future scenario of more personalized medicinal products. Understanding a broad range of material properties and process behavior of the drug-excipient combinations is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms. This commentary reviews recent 3D-printing studies by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique in pharmaceutical sciences, extending into the fields of polymer processing and rapid prototyping, where more in-depth studies on the feedstock material properties, modeling, and simulation of the FDM process have been performed. A case study of a model oral dosage form from custom-prepared indomethacin-polycaprolactone feedstock filament was used as an example in the pharmaceutical context. The printability was assessed in the different process steps: preparation of customized filaments for FDM, filament feeding, deposition, and solidification. These were linked with the rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties and their characterization, relevant for understanding the printability of drug products by FDM.     

The Precision and Accuracy of 3D Printing of Tablets by Fused Deposition Modelling

Tablet manufacture by fused deposition modelling (FDM) can be carried out individually (one tablet printed per run) or as a group (i.e., ‘multiple printing’ in one run) depending on patient's needs. The assessment of the process of printing must take into consideration the precision and the accuracy of the mass and dose of tablets, together with their solid-state properties and drug dissolution behaviour. Different mixtures made of either poly(vinyl alcohol) and paracetamol or hydroxypropylcellulose EF and hydrochlorothiazide were used to evaluate multiple printing of tablets by manufacturing batches of 30 tablets with nozzles of 0.4 and 0.7 mm, in two different printers. Besides testing for mass, drug content, density and dissolution performance, tablets were analysed for their thermal (DSC) and spectroscopic (NIR and FTIR) properties. Low standard deviations around mean values for the different properties measured suggested low intra-batch variability. Statistical analysis of data revealed no significant differences between the batches for most of the properties considered in the study. Inter-batch differences (p<0.05) were observed only for mass of tablets, possibly due to deviation on filament's diameter. The use of a smaller nozzle or a different printer enabled the manufacture of more reproducible tablets within a batch. Multiple printing revealed a significant saving on manufacturing time (>35%) in comparison to individual printing.     

格列齐特缓释片释放度研究

目的参考日本药品品质再评价工程对溶出度研究的方法,研究了格列齐特缓释片释放度质量要求．并考察了国内仿制药的释放情况。方法采用桨法,以磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6．8）为释放介质,转速为100r／min,选择226nm／290nm双波长法,运用FODT-601型光纤药物溶出度实时测定仪在线监测药物的释放曲线。结果格列齐特在6．6—39．6ug／mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r≥0．9993）,采用拟定的方法测定国内5家生产企业的5批样品的释放度,结果差异较大。结论本文建议的释放度要求更能体现药品的生物利用度,能有效的控制产品内在质量。     

A Lower Temperature FDM 3D Printing for the Manufacture of Patient-Specific Immediate Release Tablets

Purpose

The fabrication of ready-to-use immediate release tablets via 3D printing provides a powerful tool to on-demand individualization of dosage form. This work aims to adapt a widely used pharmaceutical grade polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), for instant on-demand production of immediate release tablets via FDM 3D printing.

Methods

Dipyridamole or theophylline loaded filaments were produced via processing a physical mixture of API (10%) and PVP in the presence of plasticizer through hot-melt extrusion (HME). Computer software was utilized to design a caplet-shaped tablet. The surface morphology of the printed tablet was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physical form of the drugs and its integrity following an FDM 3D printing were assessed using x-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), thermal analysis and HPLC. In vitro drug release studies for all 3D printed tablets were conducted in a USP II dissolution apparatus.

Results

Bridging 3D printing process with HME in the presence of a thermostable filler, talc, enabled the fabrication of immediate release tablets at temperatures as low as 110°C. The integrity of two model drugs was maintained following HME and FDM 3D printing. XRPD indicated that a portion of the loaded theophylline remained crystalline in the tablet. The fabricated tablets demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, acceptable in-batch variability and an immediate in vitro release pattern.

Conclusions

Combining the advantages of PVP as an impeding polymer with FDM 3D printing at low temperatures, this approach holds a potential in expanding the spectrum of drugs that could be used in FDM 3D printing for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms.

     

马来酸氟吡汀缓释片的研制及体外释放特性考察

目的：采用羟丙甲基纤维素（HPMC）作为亲水凝胶骨架材料,制备马来酸氟吡汀缓释片,并考察其体外释放特性。方法：通过单因素试验,分剐考察了HPMC、乳糖用量对马来酸氟吡汀缓释片释放速率的影响;以体外释放度为评价指标优选处方的最佳组成和比例。结果：马来酸氟吡汀缓释片的释放速度随处方中HPMC含量增加而减慢,随乳糖用量增多而加快;释放介质对马来酸氟吡汀的释放速率也有明显影响,而释放度测定方法、转速对马来酸氟吡汀缓释片的释放速率无明显影响。结论：本品处方组成合理,制备工艺稳定。制备的马来酸氟吡汀缓释片,体外释药曲线显示有明显的缓释作用,属于零级释放。     

阿昔洛韦缓释片在不同介质中的释放研究

目的:研究阿昔洛韦缓释片在不同介质中的体外释药特性。方法:以转篮法进行溶出度研究;采用紫外分光光度法在254nm波长下测定阿昔洛韦缓释片在4种释放介质即0.1mol·L-1盐酸液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液、蒸馏水和由0.1mol·L-1盐酸液(前2h)与pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液(2h后)组成的替换介质中的12h内的释放度,并进行释放行为模型的拟合。结果:阿昔洛韦缓释片在盐酸液中的释放速度最快,但12h时4种介质中阿昔洛韦皆释放完全;阿昔洛韦在4种介质中体外释药拟合模型更接近Higu-chi方程和Peppas方程。结论:阿昔洛韦缓释片在不同介质中均具有缓释性,释放机制主要为扩散释药。     

盐酸苯环壬酯控释片释放度研究方法的建立

目的：：建立盐酸苯环壬酯控释片释放度的测定条件和释放量测定方法。方法：采用HPLC法测定盐酸苯环壬酯控释片的释放度,色谱条件：Diamonsil C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,乙腈-水-磷酸-三乙胺(270∶400∶1.3∶2)为流动相,检测波长为220 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μl;考察释放装置、释放介质和转速对盐酸苯环壬酯控释片释放度的影响。结果：建立的释放量测定方法在0.3~5.0μg·ml-1线性关系良好,r=0.9998,释放度的平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为1.16%(n=15);在以900 ml pH 3.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液为释放介质、转速为50 r·min-1、加沉降篮的释放条件下,本品的体外释药行为符合零级模型,释药方程为：Q=6.1412t-9.3287,r=0.996。结论：建立的释放度测定条件和释放量测定方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于盐酸苯环壬酯控释片释放度的质量控制。     

富马酸喹硫平缓释片在不同释放介质中的体外释放研究

目的:考察自制富马酸喹硫平缓释片的体外释放情况及其释放机制。方法:以国外上市制剂为参比,采用篮法进行2种制剂分别在3种释放介质(水、0.1mol/L盐酸溶液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液)中体外释放行为的相似性比较;采用紫外分光光度法测定释放度,以相似因子(f2)进行相似度评价;并对自制制剂进行释放行为模型的拟合。结果:在3种释放介质中,2种制剂比较,f2值均大于50;自制制剂在水和pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中体外释放拟合模型更接近Higuchi方程和Peppas方程,在0.1mol/L盐酸溶液中更接近一级方程和Peppas方程。结论:自制制剂与参比制剂在不同释放介质中的体外释放行为一致,释放机制以扩散为主。     

醋氯芬酸缓释片和普通片体内外释药行为的相关性研究

目的对比研究醋氯芬酸缓释片和普通片的体外释放行为和Beagle犬体内的药动学,分析体内、体外释药行为的相关性。方法以紫外分光光度法测定两药的体外释放度,利用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间Beagle犬血浆中药物浓度,用DAS2.0统计软件计算有关药动学参数,Loo-Riegelman法计算体内吸收百分数,并对体内外相关性进行评价。结果醋氯芬酸缓释片体外恒速释放14h累积释放百分率在95%以上,普通片和缓释片的主要药动学参数达峰时间（tmax）为（2.833±1.169）h和（12.800±0.980）h,血浆半衰期（t1/2）为（2.650±0.261）h和（6.859±6.029）h,峰浓度（Cmax）为（23.457±8.881）μg/mL和（5.674±1.903）μg/mL,药时曲线下面积（AUC0-∞）为（113.171±16.529）μg.h/mL和（128.295±118.601）μg.h/mL,且体内外相关性较好。结论醋氯芬酸缓释片血药浓度平稳,与普通片相比可较长时间保持有效血药浓度。     

Pharmacokinetics of Controlled Release and Immediate Release Morphine Sulphate Tablets after a Single Dose and Multiple Doses in Chinese Volunteers

健康志愿者１０名，随机交叉口服硫酸吗啡控释片（ＣＲＭＳ）３０ｍｇ（３０ｍｇ×１）和硫酸吗啡普通片（ＩＲＭＳ）２０ｍｇ（１０ｍｇ×２），分别于服药前后各时点取静脉血，用ＧＣＭＳ测定血浆中吗啡含量。以药代软件程序处理，分别求得ＣＲＭＳ和ＩＲＭＳ的Ｃｍａｘ为１９．３８±３．８０和２１．２７±６．２１ｎｇ／ｍｌ；ｔｍａｘ为２．３６±０．３７ｈ和０．５５±０．１６ｈ；ｔ１／２β为３．５３±０．８７ｈ和３．０３±０．７４ｈ，曲线下面积ＡＵＣ为１４５．１５±１７．６５和９３．０８±１６．６５ｎｇ·ｈ／ｍｌ。癌症病人多次口服硫酸吗啡至稳态，ＣＲＭＳ和ＩＲＭＳ的峰浓度分别为２７．４３±０．３３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２２．６８±０．１６ｎｇ／ｍｌ；谷浓度分别为１９．４５±１．４４ｎｇ／ｍｌ；１８．１４±０．４９ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

磷酸川芎嗪骨架片的研制及其体外释药

采用直接压片法制备了以卡波姆为骨架材料的磷酸川芎嗪缓释片。其体外释放曲线12h内符合Higuchi方程,2－8h接近零级。药物释放速率随卡波姆用量增多而减慢,并受卡波姆类型、释药介质pH的影响。     

奥美拉唑胃溶速释片的制备及处方研究

目的：制备奥美拉唑胃溶速释片，并考察其处方工艺。方法：采用羟丙纤维素为囊材、喷雾干燥法制备奥美拉唑微囊，再与抗酸剂碳酸氢钠和氢氧化镁混合压片。建立HPLC法测定奥美拉唑微囊的包封率及其片剂在模拟胃酸介质中的溶出度，并考察片剂对溶出介质pH的影响，进行处方筛选研究。结果：每片胃溶速释片最优处方：奥美拉唑40mg，碳酸氢钠350mg，氢氧化镁600mg，囊心物与囊材的用量比为1：2。微囊包封率为92．54％。片剂最大溶出度为75％，奥美拉唑在数分钟内快速溶出，其溶出介质的pH在3．5以上至少可维持30分钟。结论：该制剂在溶出介质中能快速释放奥美拉唑，其中微囊可延缓药物溶出，而抗酸剂可以提高胃内pH值，从而减少奥美拉唑在胃酸性环境的降解。     

Modeling of Drug Release from Bioerodible Polymer Matrices

Models for drug release from bioerodible polymer matrices are proposed in this article. We consider that drug is released continually by diffusion that is influenced by polymer chain degradation, and polymer matrix erosion starts and enhances the drug release at a certain time. The models give excellent reproduction of drug release profiles within the whole release period, and the parameters can be correlated to various factors such as γ-irradiation dose, copolymer composition, and initial drug loading, this correlation indicates that the new models can be used to predict the effects of various factors on drug release profiles based on limited experimental data.     

Regulatory Perspectives on Strength-Dependent Dissolution Profiles and Biowaiver Approaches for Immediate Release (IR) Oral Tablets in New Drug Applications

Dissolution profile comparisons are used by the pharmaceutical industry to assess the similarity in the dissolution characteristics of two formulations to decide whether the implemented changes, usually minor/moderate in nature, will have an impact on the in vitro/in vivo performance of the drug product. When similarity testing is applied to support the approval of lower strengths of the same formulation, the traditional approach for dissolution profile comparison is not always applicable for drug products exhibiting strength-dependent dissolution and may lead to incorrect conclusions about product performance. The objective of this article is to describe reasonable biopharmaceutic approaches for developing a biowaiver strategy for low solubility, proportionally similar/non-proportionally similar in composition immediate release drug products that exhibit strength-dependent dissolution profiles. The paths highlighted in the article include (1) approaches to address biowaiver requests, such as the use of multi-unit dissolution testing to account for sink condition differences between the higher and lower strengths; (2) the use of a single- vs. strength-dependent dissolution method; and (3) the use of single- vs. strength-dependent dissolution acceptance criteria. These approaches are cost- and time-effective and can avoid unnecessary bioequivalence studies.     

羟基喜树碱缓释片在大鼠脑内的释放情况研究

目的:考察羟基喜树碱(HCPT)缓释片植入大鼠脑内的释放情况。方法:将HCPT缓释片植入40只SD大鼠脑内,分别于第1、3、7、10、13、17、21、28天时处死大鼠,取出残留缓释片采用高效液相色谱法考察其未释放的药量并计算累积释放百分率;另取大鼠血浆和脑组织检测其中药物浓度。结果:HCPT缓释片在大鼠脑内第1、28天的累积释放百分率分别为(12.13±7.58)%、(72.31±15.17)%,表明其释放时间达28d以上;其在大鼠脑组织和血浆中第28天的药物浓度分别为(135.41±17.48)μg·mL-1、(133.75±10.81)ng·mL-1,表明在脑组织中的药物浓度明显高于在血浆中的浓度。结论:自制的HCPT缓释片在大鼠脑内有较好的缓释效果,且可降低全身性毒副作用。     

四厂家硝苯地平缓释片（Ⅰ）在不同pH介质中释放度比较

摘 要 目的： 对四个不同厂家生产的硝苯地平缓释片（Ⅰ）的体外释放度进行考察,以反映其内在品质差别。方法: 分别以pH1.2盐酸溶液、pH4.0醋酸盐溶液、pH6.8的磷酸盐溶液和水为释放介质,采用紫外分光光度法测定市售硝苯地平缓释片（Ⅰ）的体外释放度,释放曲线采用相似因子f₂法进行比较。结果:四厂家产品释放度均符合我国药品标准,但不同厂家、不同释放介质中释放曲线不完全相似。 结论: 四厂家产品质量存在差异,我国的释放度测定标准有待提高。     

HPLC法测定盐酸安非他酮缓释片的释放度

目的:建立测定盐酸安非他酮缓释片释放度的方法.方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μn);流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.8)-乙腈(60:40),检测波长251 nm.结果:线性范围为0.061～0.548μg(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.3%,RSD%=0.18%(n=9).结论:所用方法简便、快速,专属性强,灵敏度高,准确性好.     

Influence of Various Pharmaceutical Factors on Drug Release from Matrix Tablets

The influence of various pharmaceutical factors on the release of active substances from matrix tablets based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) has been studied. By varying these factors, it is possible to control the drug release kinetics and create new medicinal forms with preset properties. The most important factors in this respect are the polymer fraction in the composition and the character of interaction between the active substance and matrix components. __________ Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 40 – 45, May, 2005.