Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The routine medical check-up provides a good opportunity for screening workers early for cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population. METHODS: The study included 216 914 working people (mean age 36.4 years, range 16-74 years, 73.1% male) undergoing routine medical check-up, which involved a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and standard serum biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Cardiovascular disease had been diagnosed previously in 0.7% of workers, hypertension in 6.2%, diabetes in 1.2%, and dyslipidemia in 8.9%. Routine check-up showed that 49.3% (51.3% of males and 43.8% of females) were smokers, 22.1% (27.0% of males and 8.8% of females) had high blood pressure (< or =140/90 mm Hg), 15.5% (18.3% of males and 13.3% of females) were obese (body mass index > or =30), 6.2% (7.8% of males and 1.9% of females) were hyperglycemic (blood glucose >110 mg/dL), and 64.2% had dyslipidemia (total cholesterol > or =200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol > or =160 mg/dL, triglycerides > or =200 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in males or < 50 mg/dL in females). When compared with workers in the service sector and after adjustment for potential confounders, workers in manufacturing, and particularly those in construction, had higher prevalences of both high blood pressure and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population is high, particularly in males and in certain types of employment.     

Dyslipidemia and its risk factors among urban middle-aged Iranians: A population-based study

AimsDyslipidemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is a leading cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its risk factors in an urban group of Iranian adult population.MethodsIn this study, based on the criteria set by the National Cholesterol Education Program, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated in a population of 4737 people aged 45–69 years who participated in the second phase of an ophthalmology cohort study in Shahroud. Dyslipidemia prevalence was determined by age, sex, and risk factors of the disease; the findings were tested by using simple and multiple logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia was 66.5% (CI 95%: 64.4–68.6) in males, 61.3% (CI 95%: 59.5–63.2) in females, and 63.4% (CI 95%: 62.0–64.9%) in both sexes. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL-C, and high LDL-C, respectively, was 28.8%, 13.4%, 42.3%, and 13.4%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression model, increase of age (for females), abdominal obesity, overweight and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with an increased odd of dyslipidemia.ConclusionThe prevalence of dyslipidemia in middle-aged urban population in Iran is high, and with increasing age there is an increased risk of dyslipidemia. Hence, considering the growing trend of aging in Iran, there is need for taking special measures to deal with dyslipidemia as a health priority. Furthermore, the need for planning in order to reduce the risk of dyslipidemia and prevent its complications is greater than ever.     

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the mestizo population of peru

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been shown to predict mortality due to cardiovascular disease. Currently, no population-based data on the prevalence of the MS is available in Peru. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of the MS in urban Peruvian Mestizos, in the coastal districts of Lima, the capital of Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional, epidemiological survey was undertaken, including 612 unrelated subjects aged 30-92 years (68.3% females). Prevalence of the MS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATPIII) criteria. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results: Age and sex standardized prevalence of the MS was 14.9% (13.2% in males, 16.5% in females). The MS was significantly more prevalent in females aged 45-59 years old (20.2% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.019). In individuals with the MS, the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) was 45% in males/42% in females. Abdominal obesity (80% in males/92.8% in females), and low HDL cholesterol (55% males/75.4% females), but neither hypertriglyceridemia (85% in males/81.2% females) nor high fasting glucose (55% in males/36.2 % females) were more common in females. Prevalence of arterial hypertension was similar in both sexes. Conclusions: In this Mestizo Peruvian population, prevalence of the MS is relatively low as compared to other ethnic groups; the higher prevalence in females is likely due to a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity. Overall, abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were the predominant combination of metabolic disorders in individuals fulfilling criteria for the diagnosis of the MS.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in a rural population of Castilla-La Mancha]

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in a rural population in Spain. The results are compared with the MONICA-OMS study. METHODS: A random sample n = 1330 aged 25 to 74. MONICA-OMS based methodology is used (questionnaire, lipid measurement using enzymatic method with external quality control, blood pressure with quality certification and antropometric measurements). RESULTS: Prevalences obtained are: Hypercholesterolemia 14.4% males and 16.8% females; mean cholesterol (SD) 210.8 (39.8) males and 212.6 females; HDL-cholesterol 47.8 (10.9) males and 53 (11.3) females; hypertension (> or = 140 and/or 90 mmHg) 40.8% males and 42% females. Systolic/diastolic mean levels 135.5/77.8 males and 133.8/76.5 females; smokers 39.4% males and 13.7% females; male body mass index 27.2 kg/m2 and female BMI 28.9 kg/m2; 30% of males and 40% of females were absolutely free of major risk factors. CONCLUSION: Levels of cardiovascular risk factors are similar to other Spanish studies. Comparison of standardized results with MONICA-Europe centers by age shows that cholesterol is lower, but blood pressure is medium-high, tobacco use is higher in males and body mass index is high. This cardiovascular risk profile does not correspond to the low mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in Spain, which is very low and is not related with levels of classical risk factors. It is necessary to study the role of new risk and protecting factors through analytic studies based on coronary heart disease incidence which explain this paradox.     

中国自然人群下肢外周动脉疾病患病率及相关危险因素

目的 调查中国自然人群下肢外周动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)患病率及相关危险因素,为开展下肢动脉粥样硬化的预防提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,选取北京、上海、长沙、广东、内蒙古和新疆地区的社区自然人群作为研究对象,由培训过的医师对调查对象进行踝臂指数(ankle brachial index,ABI)测量和资料收集.任一侧肢体ABI≤0.9诊断为PAD.结果 在21 152例受试者中,PAD患病率3.08%,标化患病率3.04%;男性PAD患病率2.52%,标化患病率1.84%;女性PAD患病率3.66%,标化患病率4.31%,男性PAD患病率低于女性(P相似文献   

北京地区45～74岁人群血清肌酐分布特征及其影响因素

目的:描述北京地区45～74岁人群血清肌酐(sCr)水平及分布特点,分析sCr水平的影响因素。方法:1992年,对北京大学社区和首钢地区35～64岁人群,进行了基线心血管疾病(CVD)危险因素的调查。2002年对此人群(此时该人群年龄为45～74岁)进行了CVD危险因素的复查,并加入新的调查因素sCr,对复查结果进行统计分析。结果:1.sCr平均水平男性为1.09mgdL,女性为0.92mgdL,男性高于女性(P<0.001),sCr水平随着年龄的增长而升高(P<0.001)。在该人群中,肾功能损害的现患率为7.3%。2.血脂异常、超重、高血压、高血尿酸组和吸烟组的sCr水平高于正常组(P<0.05)。高血尿酸组,高血压组和高总胆固醇组肾功能损害的现患率高于正常组(P<0.001)。3.多因素分析显示,高总胆固醇、高血压、高血尿酸是肾功能损害的主要影响因素,它们的OR值分别为2.06、1.75和3.67(P≤0.001)。结论:北京地区45～74岁人群中sCr分布存在年龄和性别差异;sCr水平受血脂、血压、血尿酸、体质指数和吸烟等多种因素的影响,其中高总胆固醇、高血压和高血尿酸是肾功能损害的主要影响因素。     

Gender Difference in Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Older Persons in Northern Iran

Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death among older persons worldwide. Therefore, assessing the characteristics of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly should become a priority especially in populations with different dietary and cultural characteristics. Determining the gender difference in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among elderly population in northern Iran. This is a cross sectional study in a representative sample of urban population from14 cities in northern Iran. Subjects 15 year-old and older were interviewed and examined by a trained research team. Blood samples were drawn for biochemical testing. Data analysis was done using SPSS 14 software and χ ² test was used. For the aims of this study only data obtained from subjects 60 year old and older were included. From 2282 subjects in the whole study population, 291 (12.7 %) subjects were older than 60 years. From them 51.5 % were male, 42.1 % were illiterate and 9 % had academic education (more than 12th grade). 27.4 % males and 2.1 % females were smokers (ρ?<?0.0001). Hypertension was reported in 54.9 % males and 81 % females (ρ?<?0.0001). 50.7 % males and 72.1 % females had dyslipidemia (ρ?<?0.0001), 24 % males and 35.5 % females were diabetic (ρ?<?0.04). Only 48.2 % males and 22.6 % females had normal weight with the rest being either overweight or obese (ρ?<?0.0001). In contrast to other demographic studies, and with the exception of smoking, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Iran is higher in older women in comparison to men. These findings indicate that a comprehensive national program for management of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly, with emphasis on older women, is urgently needed.     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in White, Black, Amerindian and Mixed Hispanics in Zulia State, Venezuela

Studies have highlighted the association between insulin resistance (IR) and several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), obesity, dyslipidemia (i.e. high triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol) and glucose intolerance, in a cluster known as the metabolic syndrome (MS). There are few data on the frequency of the MS and dyslipidemia in developing countries, and none in South America. To estimate the prevalence of the MS and its components in Zulia State, Venezuela, and to establish associated demographic and clinical factors, we evaluated 3108 Hispanic men and women aged 20 years or older from a cross-sectional survey of a random representative sample from each health district in Zulia State, Venezuela (1999-2001). Prevalence of the MS and dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)/Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. The age-adjusted prevalence of MS and dyslipidemia was 31.2% and 24.1%, respectively, with higher rates in men than in women. Prevalence rates increased with age and with the degree of obesity. MS prevalence was lower in Amerindian (17.%) compared to Black (27.2%), White (33.3%) and Mixed (37.4%) men, but no differences were found among women. Overall, low HDL-cholesterol (65.3%), abdominal obesity (42.9%) and HTN (38.1%) were the most frequent MS components. After adjusting for age, sex and race groups, family history of diabetes, obesity and HTN were associated with the MS. Sedentary lifestyle also increased the risk of MS, event after adjusting for the same covariates, obesity and the degree of IR. These results suggest that MS is found in approximately one-third of the Venezuelan adult population in Zulia State, with higher prevalence in men related to the presence of dyslipidemia. Lifestyle interventions in MS subjects are needed in Venezuela to halt the burden of CV disease and diabetes.     

Metabolic syndrome in the Middle East

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a combination of medical disorders that, in concert, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects about one in four people in the Middle East, and prevalence increases with age. The aim of current review is to discuss the prevalence of MS and its component in different regions in the Middle East. The recorded high prevalence of the MS and its key cardiovascular risk factors (15-60%) among Middle East population mandates the need for a national and international prevention programs to combat obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and related comorbidities. Consideration of early prevention and control is of utmost importance.     

2型糖尿病家系一级亲人群代谢综合征患病情况及与肥胖相关指标的关系

目的 比较美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗疗案第三次报告(ATPⅢ)2005年、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)2005年、中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)2004年和<中国成人血脂异常防治指南>制定联合委员会(JCDCG)2007年建议的代谢综合征(MS)工作定义中不同的肥胖标准在2型糖尿病家系一级亲人群中应用的差异及与肥胖相关指标的关系.方法 对715个2型糖尿病家系中有完整血压、血脂及血糖资料的2 372名一级亲成员.分别用ATeⅢ、IDF、CDS和JCDCG定义诊断MS及肥胖.结果 (1)四种定义诊断的一级亲MS患病率分别为45.40%、38.74%、25.08%和39.29%,按ATPⅢ、IDF定义诊断时,女性MS患病率明显高于男性(均P<0.01);(2)除CDS定义在女性中最常见的组合是血脂紊乱+高血压+高血糖外,其余定义下MS的常见异常组合均表现为四种代谢异常同时存在;(3)四种定义诊断的一级亲中具备肥胖组分的比例分别为58.18%、58.18%、33.90%和42.96%;肥胖患者中分别有66.59%、66.59%、54.85%和68.99%伴有MS;(4)应用ATPⅢ/IDF以及JCDCG定义中腹型肥胖的诊断切割点,分别有28.58%及16.78%个体表现为体重指数(BMI)<25 kg/m2,但已旱腹型肥胖,其中女性的比例明显高于男性(38.90% vs 15.02%,21.01% vs 11.22%,均P<0.01).结论 (1)MS及肥胖的发病有明显家族聚集倾向,2型糖尿病家系一级亲人群是其高危人群;(2)采用腰围作为MS中肥胖组分的判别指标,较BMI可能更有助于临床早期识别和防治MS.     

Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease has been inadequately studied in India. A repeat cross-sectional survey was carried out to evaluate the changes in the major coronary risk factors in the urban population of Jaipur previously studied in the early 1990s. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomly selected adults > or =20 years of age were studied using stratified sampling. The target study sample was 1800 with a population proportionate gender distribution (males 960, females 840). Coronary risk factors, anthropometric variables, blood pressure, ECG, fasting blood glucose and lipids were evaluated. A total of 1123 subjects (62.4%) (males 550, females 573) were examined. Fasting blood samples were available in 523 males and 559 females. Overall coronary heart diesase prevalence, diagnosed by history or ECG changes, was found in 34 males (6.18%) and 58 females (10.12%). Risk factor prevalence showed that smoking/tobacco use was present in 201 males (36.5%) and 67 females (11.7%). Physical inactivity, either work-related or leisure time, was seen in 157 males (28.5%) and 130 females (22.7%). Hypertension (> or =140 and/or 90 mmHg) was present in 200 males (36.4%) and 215 females (37.5%). Diabetes diagnosed by history or fasting glucose > or =126 mg/dl was found in 72 males (13.1%) and 65 females (11.3%). Obesity, body mass index > or =27 kg/m2 was present in 135 males (24.5%) and 173 females (30.2%), while truncal obesity (waist:hip >0.9 males, >0.8 females) was found in 316 males (57.4%) and 392 females (68.4%). The most common dyslipidemia in both males and females was low HDL-cholesterol (<40 mg/dl: males 54.9%, females 54.2%). High total cholesterol levels of > or =200 mg/dl (males 37.4%, females 4.1%), high LDL-cholesterol levels of > or =130 mg/dl (males 37.0%, females 45.8%) and high levels of triglycerides > or = 150 mg/dl (males 32.3%, females 28.6%) were also seen in a significant number. Hypertension, obesity, truncal obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemias increased significantly with age in both males and females (Mantel-Haenzel chi2 for trend, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of standard coronary risk factors--smoking, physical inactivity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity--as well as factors peculiar to south Asians--truncal obesity, low HDL-cholesterol and high triglycerides--in this urban Indian population. As compared to a previous study in the early 1900s in a similar population, there is a significant increase in the number of people with obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemias.     

Association of age and sex with cardiovascular risk factors and insulin sensitivity in overweight children and adolescents

To determine the effect of age and sex on cardiovascular risk factor expression in overweight children, data from clinical records of 497 overweight children (2-18 years of age) were examined. Data included average blood pressure (BP), fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin. The sample was stratified by age (younger than 11 and 11 years and older) and analyzed by sex. Subjects with an average BP > or = 90th percentile were classified as having high BP. Insulin and glucose were used in equations to estimate insulin sensitivity. Among subjects 11 years and older (n = 268), 52.6% of males had high BP compared with 32.6% of females (P < .001). Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lowest in the males 11 years and older compared with the females and younger males (P < .01). Triglyceride levels trended higher in males independent of age. In multivariate analyses, high BP was most strongly associated with age and severity of overweight while triglyceride level was most associated with sex and insulin resistance. The prevalence of high BP and dyslipidemia in overweight children is high. Overweight males 11 years and older have a higher prevalence of high BP and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than females and younger males. Greater cardiovascular risk factor expression in overweight males 11 years and older may explain the earlier appearance of cardiovascular disease end points in overweight men.     

老年人群代谢综合征的患病率及其与心脑血管病的关系

目的调查北京城区老年人群中代谢综合征(MS)的患病率,并探讨其与心血管疾病的关系。方法人群为基础的横断面现况研究。2 334例老年人(年龄60~95岁;男性943例,女性1 391例)为北京市海淀区万寿路地区分层整群抽样样本,占万寿路地区老年人口的11.4%。MS的诊断标准为美国胆固醇教育计划(NCEP ATPⅢ)和国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)2005标准。冠心病和脑卒中的定义为WHO-MONICA标准。结果北京城区老年人群中MS患病率:NCEP标准为30.5%(男性17.6%,女性39.2%);IDF标准为46.3%(男性34.8%,女性54.1%)。无论采用NCEP或IDF诊断标准,具有MS的人群中,冠心病和脑卒中的患病危险均明显增高约50%。在符合IDF标准而不符合NCEP标准的人群中(n=436,18.7%),冠心病和脑卒中的危险度亦有显著增高,其OR(95%CI)分别是1.65(1.31~2.09)和1.53(1.13~2.06)。结论MS在北京城市老年人群中(尤其是女性)患病率较高。IDF标准比NCEP更适合评估和筛选中国MS中的心血管病危险人群。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults in Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam

Background The metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a specific clustering of risk factors, including dyslipidemia, central adiposity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance, and dysglycemia. It is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Accurate data on prevalence and characteristics of MS will facilitate the development of preventive strategies for CVD. Objective To estimate accurately the prevalence of MS among Vietnamese adults with the usual criteria or with the criteria modified for Asian populations. Design and methods We studied a representative, cross-sectional, population-based sample of 856 subjects (mean age 52.82 &#177; 16.36) classified in three age groups from 15-34 years, 35-54 years and ＞ 54 years of age, living in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam. MS was diagnosed according to the criteria defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expect Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ) (NCEP-ATP Ⅲ) and by the modified criteria for some Asian populations in which the waist circumference (WC) is considered abnormal if it is ＞ 90 cm for males and ＞ 80 cm for females.Results Using the NCEP-ATP Ⅲ criteria, the prevalence of MS in the studied population was 10.0％ (CI 95 ％:8.1-12.3). It was 2.4 ％ in the 15-34 age group (men 4.5％ and women 1.2％),5.2％ (men 6.3％,women 4.5％ ) in 35-54 age group and 15.8％ (men 9.7％, women 21.7％) in over 54 age group, respectively. And it was more common in women than in men (11.7％ vs 8.0％, P ＜0.001). Using 2001 population census data of the whole province over 15 years (695 218 habitants) we estimated that about 35 193 people suffered from the MS.The WC was the least common feature of MS (2.1％ for men and in 6.1％ for women).Overall,45.2 ％ of the studied population had one feature of MS, 23.1％ had two features, 8.2％ had three features, 1.6％ had four features, and 0.2％ had all five features. No feature of MS was identified in 21.7％.Using the modified criteria,the prevalence of MS in the studied population was 15.7％. It was 4.0％ in the 15-34 age group, 12.5％ in the 35-54 age group and 21.5％ in the＞54 age group. Prevalence of modified WC feature was 10.9％ for men and 23.6％ for women.Conclusions MS is more accurately identified among Vietnamese adults using the modified criterion of the WC for some Asian populations. Its prevalence is similar to that in the developed countries. ( J Geriatr Cardiol 2004;1(2) :95-100.)     

Prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in Morocco: results of a National Survey, 2000

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in Morocco and their distribution according to age, sex and residential area. METHODS: The study was conducted during the year 2000 on a Moroccan representative sample aged 20 years and over, considering the population distribution between urban and rural areas. The crude results were weighted according to the Moroccan population distribution by age and sex. In order to allow comparison with data from other countries, means and prevalence were standardized according to world population distribution by age. RESULTS: The participation rate was 90.1%. The prevalence of hypertension was 33.6% (30.2% for men and 37.0% for women). The means of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 129.8 and 76.0 mmHg, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was 6.6% and was similar for males and females. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia was 29.0%, and was higher in females. The means and prevalence of diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia were higher in urban areas. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia increased with age. The prevalence of obesity was markedly higher in females and in urban areas. The average body mass index was 23.8 and 25.6 kg/m2 in males and females, respectively. Thirty-four per cent of men smoked cigarettes, but women rarely smoked cigarettes (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was high in Morocco and it is necessary to increase action against the cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors.     

Comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the rural population of Bangladesh using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation definitions

Aims/Introduction

To compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Plan III (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions and, using both definitions, determine and compare the association of MS, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular disease risk (CVD).

Materials and Methods

A total of 2,293 randomly selected participants (aged ≥20 years) in a rural community in Bangladesh were investigated in a population-based cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were studied. Age-adjusted data for MS and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed, and their relationships were examined.

Results

The age-adjusted prevalence of MS was 30.7% (males 30.5%; females 30.5%) using the NCEP definition, and 24.5% (males 19.2%, females 27.5%) using the IDF definition. The prevalence of MS using the NCEP definition was also higher in study participants with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, HTN and CVD risk. The agreement rate between both definitions was 92% (k = 0.80). The NCEP definition had a stronger association with type 2 diabetes and HTN (odds ratio 12.4 vs 5.2; odds ratio 7.0 vs 4.7, respectively) than the IDF definition. However, the odds ratios for prediabetes and CVD risk were not significantly different.

Conclusions

The prevalence of MS was higher using the NCEP definition, and was more strongly associated with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, HTN and CVD in this Bangladeshi population.     

Gender and age impacts on the correlations between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in Chinese

Prevalence of both metabolic syndrome (MS) and hyperuricemia are increasing. However, findings regarding their relationships are inconsistent. We aimed to explore correlations between MS and hyperuricemia in a large Chinese population, emphasizing the impacts from gender and age. Data analyses were performed in 17,762 subjects randomly recruited from Tianjin municipality in China. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid (SUA) >420?μmol/L for men, >360?μmol/L for women. MS was diagnosed by the consensus criterion released in 2009 from a joint collaboration between American Heart Association and other organizations. MS was also diagnosed by Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criterion. Total hyperuricemic prevalence was 12.16%, with male significantly higher than female. Total MS prevalence by consensus criterion was much higher than by CDS criterion (25.56% versus 14.09%). Correlation coefficients were much greater in women than in men. SUA was significantly positively related with body mass index and waist circumference. Generally, binary logistic regression models disclosed females with high SUA were twice likely to suffer from MS than males. Young females (≤44?years old) with hyperuricemia had the highest odd ratio of 7.857 by consensus criterion; and after further adjustment by body mass index, this odd ratio was 3.040. SUA and MS were much more closely related in females than in males. Young women with hyperuricemia had the highest risk of MS.     

Metabolic syndrome: A clinic based rural study – Are women at high risk?

BackgroundReports of urban based studies suggest an increase in the prevalence of MS worldwide along with diabetes, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The supporting rural based studies on MS are few and prevalence of MS among women is underestimated. In this prospective study we have evaluated the clinic prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural Indian population with special emphasis on prevalence in women.Research design and method2329 patients attending to diabetic centre were evaluated for the markers of MS. Anthropometric measurements, clinical assessment, capillary blood glucose and lipid profile (TC, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C) were done and classified as per NCEP ATP III and NCEP ATP III modified for Asian guidelines. We compared the prevalence of MS between males and females for statistical significance by SPSS 16.0 statistical software. The level of significance was kept at <0.05.ResultsThe Clinic prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 61.74% with 57.59% males and 69.66% females as per NCEP ATP III guidelines. 73.85% of the study population had MS, with 68.85% males and 83.39% females had MS as per modified Asian criteria. We could get a statistically significant variation between males and females in FBS, PPBS, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, BMI, W/H ratio and W/S ratio.ConclusionPrevalence MS is increasing at an epidemic proportion bringing with it micro and macro vascular complications. Women are more prone to develop MS in rural population than the men and there is a statistically significant variation in the biochemical and anthropometric parameters. This is an era of ‘gender equality’; here we see women over taking men in metabolic syndrome and its complications.     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in population-based study, Vitória, ES-Brazil

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder including several factors predisposing to development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Despite the importance of MS for the health system, the epidemiological characteristics of this condition in the Brazilian population are still scarce. The prevalence of MS as a function of gender, age and socioeconomic level was determined in a population-based study in Vitória, ES, Brazil, by using the NCEP-ATPIII diagnosis criteria. Socioeconomic, biochemical, anthropometric, and hemodynamic data were obtained in 1,663 individuals from a random sample of Vitória population (25-64 y). The estimated prevalence of MS was 29,8% (CI95 = 28-32%). No significant sex-related differences were observed. Prevalence increased from the youngest (26-34 y) to the oldest (55-64 y) group (15.8% and 48.3%, respectively). A progressive increase of MS frequency was observed in women from the higher to the lowest socioeconomic level. The most frequent trait of MS in males was high blood pressure, followed by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-c levels, hyperglycemia, and central obesity. In females, hypertension was also the most frequent factor, followed by low HDL-c levels, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Our data show that prevalence of MS is high in the studied population, even in the youngest group. Moreover, high blood pressure gives a significant contribution to the diagnosis of this syndrome in both sexes. The precocious control of risk factors is necessary to reduce the impact of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.     

Insulinemia and leptinemia or of undernutrition in geriatric patients: markers of the metabolic syndrome or of undernutrition?

The metabolic syndrome (MS) describes a cluster of metabolic disturbances including type 2 diabetes and/or insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity, which predict a high risk of cardiovascular disorders. The associated hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia may contribute to the cardiovascular risk. However, the operational value of the MS in elderly patients is questionable. We therefore investigated the prevalence and significance of the MS in geriatric care. In a survey of 98 consecutive admissions of diabetic patients, <40% had a MS; this is a low value compared to younger diabetic adults, due to a low prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia. We found a high prevalence of low BMI (<20 kg/m2), hypoalbuminemia and low total cholesterol levels, suggesting that the MS may be modified by undernutrition. The interplay between the MS and undernutrition was further studied in 30 non-diabetic patients. Both leptinemia and insulin resistance indexes (HOMA-IR and QUICKI) were strongly associated with BMI and body fat (measured by Bioelectrical impedance Analysis). BMI, leptinemia and insulin resistance indexes were associated with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score. Thus, undernutrition is associated with low leptin and insulin levels and may obscure the association of these parameters with cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, the MS has a low prevalence in our population of elderly diabetic patients, and is of questionable prognostic value. It can be oveshadowed by undernutrition, which is associated with low body weight, leptinemia and insulin resistance indexes. Prevention of undernutrition and/or adjustment to its consequences should receive higher priority in the care of elderly diabetic patients.