闭合手法复位克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折26例分析

<正>肱骨髁上骨折系指肱骨远端内外髁上方的骨折,多因间接暴力所致,肱骨髁上骨折为儿童常见的肘部损伤,占肘部骨折首位,其中伸直型骨折最多[1]。儿童肱骨髁上骨折处理不当容易引起缺血性肌挛缩,肘内翻畸形。儿童肱骨髁上骨折手术切开复位内固定,其后果易并发肘关节粘连或骨化性肌炎,给患儿遗留终身肘关节功能障碍。2006年1月至2007年6月应用在C形臂X线机下手法复位,经皮于肱骨内外髁上打入2枚克氏针交叉固定技术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折,报告如下。     

儿童肘部损伤664例分析

为了了解儿童肘部损伤分类情况 ,作者把经本人治疗的 ,有较完整记载的 6 6 4例 16岁及以下儿童肘部损伤病例作初步分析如下。1　临床资料本组 6 6 4例中 ,男 44 9例 ,女 2 15例 ;年龄 5个月～ 16岁 ;左侧损伤 315例 ,右侧损伤 34 9例 ;肱骨下端损伤 44 9例 ,前臂上段损伤 110例 ,肱骨下端合并前臂损伤 15例 ,肘关节扭伤 90例。损伤分类情况 ,见表 1。损伤年龄分布情况 ,见表2。表 1　损伤分类损伤类别例数肱骨髁上骨折肱骨下端骨骺损伤 (骨折 )肱骨外髁翻转骨折肱骨内上髁骨骺损伤 (骨折 )肱骨外髁并内上髁骨骺损伤肱骨外髁骨骺损伤后合并髁…     

重建钢板内固定在青少年肘内翻畸形矫正术中的应用

肱骨髁上骨折及肱骨远端全骨骺分离为儿童常见肘部损伤,发生率占肘部骨折首位.多发生于10岁以下儿童,6～7岁为发病高峰.根据近年国内文献报道,无论非手术或手术治疗,肘内翻发生率仍较高.     

闭合性手法整复经皮交叉克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折在儿童肘部损伤中发病率很高,肘部骨折占儿童所有骨折的10%,其中髁上骨折占75%[1,2]。对于GartlandⅠ型肱骨髁上骨折,仅须石膏固定即可;大多数GartlandⅡ型和所有Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折则需要复位,     

儿童肱骨髁上骨折并发症研究

肱骨髁上骨折是最常见的儿童肘部骨折,发生率占肘部骨折首位,多发生于10岁以下儿童,6~7岁为发病高峰,若处理不当常可导致肘内翻等并发症。对儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗,在强调选择最佳治疗方法使骨折断端解剖复位的同时,固定位置及外固定方法十分重要。目前治疗方法主要有整复外固定、闭合复位经皮穿针固定及切开复位内固定等方法。治疗的同时着重预防神经、血管损伤,Wolkmann缺血挛缩以及肘内翻等并发症的发生。本文主要对儿童肱骨髁上骨折并发症发生机制和防治进行了探讨。1早期并发症1·1神经损伤通常是神经失用,其发生率占肱骨髁上骨折的3…     

经皮交叉克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

儿童肱骨髁上骨折是一种常见的近关节骨折，约占全肘部骨折的50％～70％，常见于3～10岁儿童，以5～7岁男孩多见。早期处理不当可导致前臂骨筋膜室综合征，前臂缺血性肌挛缩从而造成终身残疾。此外，骨折畸形愈合形成肘内翻影响患儿肘关节功能及外观，需行截骨术矫正。因此，肱骨髁上骨折是儿童肘部严重损伤。对儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗要慎重处理，目前治疗的方法、方式较多，     

重视肱骨远端骨折的诊治

肱骨远端是指肱骨髁上部至远端关节面这一解剖段。肱骨远端骨折是肘部常见骨折之一,以儿童多见,在成人中约占总骨折的2％。肱骨远端骨折通常分为髁上骨折及髁部骨折,髁部骨折又分为内髁骨折、外髁骨折及髁间骨折。其中肱骨髁上骨折是指肱骨髁上2～3cm处的骨折,为儿童肘部最常见损伤。肱骨髁上骨折占儿童肘部骨折的60％～70％,占儿童全部骨折的26．7％。年龄上,多发生于10岁以下儿童,6～7岁为发病高峰。     

外侧切口加内侧辅助小切口入路克氏针内固定治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折

<正>肱骨髁上骨折是儿童最常见的肘部损伤,多发生于10岁以下儿童,治疗方法很多,但处理不当易发生缺血性肌挛缩、肘内翻畸形以及肘关节伸屈功能受限等[1]。对McintyreIII型的肱骨髁上骨折,往往难以达到满意的手法复位效果,并且复位后难以维持位置。     

儿童肱骨髁上骨折的分型与治疗进展

儿童肱骨髁上骨折约占肘部骨折的75％,多发于5～8岁儿童.如果诊疗不当,容易导致神经血管损伤、前臂骨筋膜室综合征以及肘内翻畸形等并发症,造成严重后果.近年来有关儿童肱骨髁上骨折的分型与治疗有了很大变化,本文就此作一综述. 1骨折分型 肱骨髁上骨折按照受伤体位分为伸直型和屈曲型,其中伸直型约占98％[1].由于儿童肱骨髁上区域正在重建且骨皮质薄,肘部韧带比较松弛,故外力作用下容易骨折.大多数患者摔倒时肘关节条件反射强迫过伸,尺骨鹰嘴作为支点使应力集中于肱骨远端引起骨折.极少数屈肘触地引起屈曲型骨折.伸直型骨折根据冠状位移位方向分为伸直尺偏型和伸直桡偏型两种类型骨折.     

外伤性肘关节外翻畸形

１９６３～１９９５年我所共收治外伤性肘关节外翻畸形３０例。肘部损伤时年龄２～２１岁，平均８．１岁，其中儿童２８例，占９３．３％。肘部损伤为肱骨外髁骨折１９例，肱骨髁上骨折８例，肱骨内髁骨折１例，桡骨头脱位２例。肘关节提携角２０°～４５°，平均２８．７°。合并创伤性尺神经炎２２例，肘关节创伤性关节炎１１例。２２例创伤性尺神经炎均做了神经松解前移术，其中２０例平均随访６年４个月，优良率为８５％。７例做肱骨髁上截骨术，平均随访７年１１月，肘关节外观及功能满意。作者认为，肘部损伤（尤其是儿童肘部损伤）的延误诊治、复位固定不良和骨骺损伤是发生肘外翻的原因。早期诊断、及时准确复位和确切固定是减少肘外翻发生的重要措施。严重肘外翻畸形可做肱骨髁上截骨矫正，合并创伤性尺神经炎应早期做尺神经松解前移术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.