结膜吸吮线虫病流行病学研究进展

结膜吸吮线虫病是人畜共患的眼部疾病之一.该病多分布在亚洲许多国家.近年来随着全球变暖等气候变化,结膜吸吮线虫感染在国内外持续增多,流行范围不断扩大.以往欧洲的意大利和法国曾经报道过犬、猫和狐狸有感染病例,也出现了人感染病例的报告,引起研究者们的广泛关注.该文针对结膜吸吮线虫病的流行病学特征、治疗和预防等的研究进行了综述.     

结膜吸吮线虫实验室感染大绕眼果蝇

在安徽黄山地区捕捉有绕眼习性的果蝇,将结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴混于果汁中,实验室喂饲感染果蝇,常温饲养20 d后,检查果蝇的感染情况。结果显示,大绕眼果蝇（Amiota magna）和冈田绕眼果蝇（A. okadai）的阳性率分别为30%（30/100）和21.6%（55/255）,两者间的差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.058 4, P>0.05）。将采自大绕眼果蝇的结膜吸吮线虫感染期幼虫接种家兔,35 d后在兔结膜囊内检获结膜吸吮线虫成虫及其初产蚴,表明在实验室条件下,结膜吸吮线虫可感染大绕眼果蝇。     

冈田氏绕眼果蝇对结膜吸吮线虫易感性的实验研究

目的　证明河北、河南、安徽三省冈田氏绕眼果蝇对结膜吸吮线虫是否一样具易感性。方法　于 1998年～ 1999年先后对河北、河南及安徽省进行了犬感染结膜吸吮线虫调查 ,同时捕获冈田氏绕眼果蝇并分别繁殖出第二代蝇 ,以安徽的结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴进行喂饲感染 ,观察三省果蝇对该虫的易感性。结果　三省的第二代果蝇在感染后 ,于 2 2天 ,2 1天和 2 3天检查 ,河北省的 4 5只 ,阳性 2只 ,占 4 4 4 % ;河南省的 5 3只 ,阳性 3只 ,占 5 6 6 % ;安徽省的 76只 ,阳性 3只占 3 94 %。三省果蝇感染的组间差别 ,经统计学处理 (χ2 =0 19,P >0 0 5 ) ,无显著性差异。结论　证明了河北、河南、安徽三省冈田氏绕眼果蝇一样对结膜吸吮线虫均易感     

结膜吸吮线虫生活史的进一步研究(英)

目的 进一步研究我国结膜吸吮线虫(Thelazia callipaeda)生活史及其中间宿主。 方法 采集自然感染的家蝇和冈田氏绕眼果蝇(Amiota okadai),检出线虫幼虫,分别接种动物;用结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴分别喂饲实验室繁殖的第二代家蝇和冈田氏绕眼果蝇。 结果 自流行区采集冈田氏绕眼果蝇493只,从其体内检获34条幼虫,接种2只家兔和1只家犬眼内,经18～44 d观察,获成虫11条。结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴在冈田氏绕眼果蝇消化道内脱鞘,钻过肠壁进入血腔,在雄蝇睾丸和雌蝇血腔膜形成虫泡囊。幼虫经2次蜕皮(需14～17 d)发育为感染性幼虫,然后经颈部移行至喙。当果蝇吸食人及犬、猫眼部分泌物时进入终宿主眼内,经2次蜕皮发育为成虫后,产出幼虫。成虫寿命可达30个月以上。 结论 我国结膜吸吮线虫的中间宿主为冈田氏绕眼果蝇。     

结膜吸吮线虫生活史的进一步研究(英)

目的 进一步研究我国结膜吸吮线虫(Thelazia callipaeda)生活史及其中间宿主。 方法 采集自然感染的家蝇和冈田氏绕眼果蝇(Amiota okadai),检出线虫幼虫,分别接种动物;用结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴分别喂饲实验室繁殖的第二代家蝇和冈田氏绕眼果蝇。 结果 自流行区采集冈田氏绕眼果蝇493只,从其体内检获34条幼虫,接种2只家兔和1只家犬眼内,经18～44 d观察,获成虫11条。结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴在冈田氏绕眼果蝇消化道内脱鞘,钻过肠壁进入血腔,在雄蝇睾丸和雌蝇血腔膜形成虫泡囊。幼虫经2次蜕皮(需14～17 d)发育为感染性幼虫,然后经颈部移行至喙。当果蝇吸食人及犬、猫眼部分泌物时进入终宿主眼内,经2次蜕皮发育为成虫后,产出幼虫。成虫寿命可达30个月以上。 结论 我国结膜吸吮线虫的中间宿主为冈田氏绕眼果蝇。     

人体结膜吸吮线虫病与犬的感染关系的研究

目的阐明五河地区人体结膜吸吮线虫病与犬的感染关系。方法调查结膜吸吮线虫病的传播媒介和采取控制养犬前后本病流行情况。结果通过调查,于1989年证明了结膜吸吮线虫病的传搔媒介为变色纵眼果蝇(Amita variegata);1985～1992年于五河县发现婴幼儿病例17例,其间家犬感染本虫阳性率为86.9%。而控制养犬后调查换代家犬31只未见感染,人体病例亦不再出现。结论流行区控制养犬后消灭了传染源,经7年跟踪观察,该地区达到了消灭结膜吸吮线虫病的目标。     

传播结膜吸吮线虫的果蝇[Amiota (Phortica) okadai]生态习性研究

目的为进一步了解结膜吸吮线虫不同地区媒介果蝇某些生态习性差异。方法用实验室饲养的媒介果蝇在食物上产卵,以产卵数代表对食物的亲疏的关系;观察和捕获现场媒介果蝇绕眼次数及侵袭人眼的数量,测定侵袭眼的频率和强度;初冬季节用结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴,喂饲感染媒介果蝇,经越冬(150d)后剖检,获得感染期幼虫感染家兔,观察其感染力。结果实验表明媒介果蝇嗜食水果类如苹果、梨、香蕉、油桃等和瓜蔬类如冬瓜、胡萝卜等。厌恶大蒜、韭菜等芳香蔬菜和鸡肠、鱼肠等动物内脏。各地区媒介果蝇绕眼、袭眼特性不同:山区果蝇袭眼更频繁;媒介果蝇感染结膜吸吮线虫后能越冬,其寿命长达150 d,幼虫在蝇体内能保持完好的感染力。结论各地区的媒介果蝇食性近似;山区的果蝇绕眼、袭眼能力较强;果蝇感染结膜吸吮线虫后能够越冬至次年仍保持传病能力。本文还讨论了亚欧果蝇的属种名问题。     

幼儿眼内感染结膜吸吮线虫1例

本文报道了幼儿眼内感染结膜吸吮线虫1例。     

人眼结膜吸吮线虫虫卵及幼虫形态观察

结膜吸吮线虫可引起动物源性疾病，主要寄生于多种哺乳动物的眼部，亦可寄生于人体眼部。近年来，国内对人眼结膜吸吮线虫病例报道较多，但对该虫的卵及幼虫形态少有报道。为初步了解寄生在人眼结膜吸吮线虫的虫卵及其发育各期幼虫形态，作者等从患者眼中检获的人眼结膜吸吮线虫成虫．进行短时间(24h)培养，制成压片、镜检，初步结果报道如下。     

换代犬与阻断结膜吸吮线虫病流行关系的研究

冒的为了探寻控制结膜吸吮线虫病流行的有效措施。方法采取对现症病人所在村的传染源犬、传播媒介冈田氏饶眼果蝇(A.o)感染结膜吸吮线虫(T.c)进行调查和实行换代犬后的犬及A.o感染T.c追踪调查,将前后调查结果进行比较。结果 1981～1992年安徽淮北地区连续出现T.c病人,这时对宿县芦岭、泗县大庄、五河县城郊病人所在村犬进行了检查,当时感染T.c分别占63.6％(14/22)、75.0％(12/16)和86.1％(19/231)。同时重点检查了五河城郊A.o蝇737只,阳性12只,其感染率为1.6％。其中个别A.o带有T.c感染期幼虫达20余条。于1998年即实行换代犬之后 5年,再查五河城郊及泗县大庄家犬计31只,全部阴性。此期间无新病例。同时查五河城郊A.o果蝇206只,也全部阴性。表明换代犬已失去原先犬群那种强力传染源作用。于 1998～1999年在合肥郊区一新病例居住村,对犬进行检查,犬感染T.c占79.2％(19/24),查犬时即取出虫体,为犬治病。此时进行健康教育,群众易于接受,采用换代大及拴养犬措施,预防该病。于2000年再去检查该村犬12只,阳性8只,占66.7％,犬的感染率及感染度虽较前2年有所降低,但其传染源作用的下降,明显不如其他实行群众性换代犬措施地区的效果好。结论对结膜吸吮线虫病流行区,在健康教育基础上,果断实行换代大措施,是阻断本病传播的最有效方法。     

Colon carcinoid tumors

PURPOSE: The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the clinical presentation of patients with carcinoid tumors of the colon and to estimate the survival and potential prognostic factors of this tumor type. METHODS: A population-based study was performed using data from the Alberta Cancer Registry between 1964 and 1988 (inclusive). The clinical records and the pathologic material of eligible patients were reviewed. Survival was estimated both as crude survival and with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: During the 25-year study period (1964–1988), 36 true carcinoid tumors of the colon were diagnosed in Alberta. Carcinoids of the ileocecal region and of the rectum were excluded from the study. The average age at time of diagnosis was 68.4 years; there were 20 males and 16 females. Symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, anorexia) occurred late in the course of the disease: 64 percent of the lesions were in Dukes D stage and 22 percent were Dukes C at diagnosis. Only one patient presented with a malignant carcinoid syndrome. Lesions occurred most frequently in the cecum (39 percent), followed by transverse and sigmoid colon. Most of the patients were managed surgically. The perioperative mortality rate was with 22 percent, which is quite high. The average size of the lesions was 5.8 (range, 2–10) cm, and most tumors (31/36) had invaded the pericolic fat. The most common immunohistochemical pattern was argentaffin/argyrophil negative and neuron-specific enolase positive. Two-year and five-year actuarial (Kaplan-Meier) survival was 34 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Survival for carcinoids of the colon was significantly lower compared with carcinoids of the rectum or appendix, and with colon adenocarcinomas. Size of the tumor and tumor invasion into the muscularis propria—the two major histopathologic prognostic factors for carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract—were not found to influence survival significantly. Rather, tumor stage, histologic pattern, tumor differentiation, nuclear grade, and mitotic rate were found to significantly influence the survival rate. CONCLUSION: Carcinoid tumors of the colon are extremely rare tumors, diagnosed late in the course of the disease, and they carry a bad prognosis. Prognostic factors are tumor stage, histologic pattern, differentiation, nuclear grade, and mitotic rate of the tumor.Presented in part at the meetings of the International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Crete, Greece, October 25 to 29, 1992, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, September 19 to 23, 1991.     

Étiologies et orientation diagnostique devant un flush

The flush is a transient and recurrent erythema of the upper region of the body, due to a sudden arterial dilatation. First, physicians should confirm the flush and ascertain the location and timing of skin manifestations. The rapid onset and location of the skin rash to the face and anterior chest are the main characteristics of flush. In most of the cases, the flush is emotional, but this should remain a diagnosis of exclusion, as flush may be the presenting manifestation of many systemic or neoplastic disorders. Therefore, a comprehensive diagnostic work-up is necessary, including clinical, biological, and imaging testing. Neoplastic and endocrine causes of flush include VIPoma, carcinoid syndrome, medullary thyroid cancer, mastocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. Mast cell activation syndrome has been recently described, but it remains a diagnosis of exclusion. This review will first present the different causes of flush, and then will propose a diagnostic algorithm for the physician.     

Experimental Analysis of Steel Circular Hollow Section under Bending Loads: Comprehensive Study of Mechanical Performance

The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying two-point loads, to determine and examine the effects of the diameter, the thickness of the section, and the span of the beam on the performance of the steel tube. The effects of square opening and variation in the number of openings on the performance of these sections have also been examined. Ten samples of hollow circular beams of varying thickness (2 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm), varying diameter (76.2 mm, 101.6 mm, and 219 mm), and varying span (1000 mm, 1500 mm, and 2000 mm) were fabricated and tested for pre-failure and post-failure stages. The dimensions of the reference specimen considered were 3 mm in thickness, 101.6 mm in diameter, and 1500 mm in span. The results have shown that on increasing the section thickness by 200%, ductility and bearing strength were enhanced by 58.04% and 81.75%, respectively. Meanwhile, decreasing the section thickness by 67%, ductility and bearing strength were reduced by 64.86% and 38.87%, respectively. Moreover, on increasing the specimen diameter and on decreasing span, a significant increase in bearing strength and stiffness was observed; however, ductility was reduced. Meanwhile, on increasing the span of the specimen, all the parameters observed, i.e., bearing strength, stiffness, and ductility, decreased. On observing the ultimate strength of each specimen with square opening, the ultimate strength was reduced by 17.88%, 19.71%, and 14.23% for one, two-, and three-square openings, respectively. Moreover, the ductility was significantly reduced by 72.40%, 67.71%, and 60.88% for one, two-, and three-square openings/apertures, respectively, and led to the sudden failure of these specimens. The local buckling failure dominated for specimens having a D/t ratio more than 50 and showed very negligible levels of ovalization of the cross-section. Local buckling failure was observed to be prevented after providing the circular rings in the specimen, since bearing strength increased compared with the specimen without rings.     

武汉市血吸虫病控制达标考核结果评价

目的考核2007年武汉市血吸虫病控制达标情况。方法按照血吸虫病控制和消灭的国家标准,对武汉市洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂、江夏、东西湖和江岸等7个区开展人畜查病和螺情调查。结果20042006年全市居民血吸虫感染率分别为3.06%、0.93%和0.56%,急性血吸虫病病人数分别为14、10和4例;耕牛感染率分别为0.88%、1.39%和0.67%;有螺面积分别为1 351.301、1 343.916和1 341.829万^m2。2007年,洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂和江夏等5个疫情控制考核区居民血吸虫感染率0.67%,耕牛感染率0.69%。东西湖和江岸2个传播控制考核区居民血检阳性率分别为3.47%和1.71%;粪检未见阳性病人和耕牛;螺点调查未见感染性钉螺。结论2004年以来武汉市血吸虫病疫情呈逐年下降趋势,洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂和江夏等5个区达到血吸虫病疫情控制标准,东西湖和江岸2个区达到血吸虫病传播控制标准。     

输入性曼氏血吸虫病监测与防控对策专家共识

我国于20世纪80年代发现曼氏血吸虫中间宿主藁杆双脐螺进入广东深圳地区，目前已在深圳定殖并扩散至东莞、惠州等地区。鉴于输入性曼氏血吸虫病病例在我国时有报道，我国已经面临输入性曼氏血吸虫病在中国大陆传播的风险。随着我国进一步深化对外开放，特别是“一带一路”倡议的深入实施，曼氏血吸虫病在中国大陆的传播风险将逐渐增大。为防止曼氏血吸虫在我国形成完整生活史并造成疾病传播，提升对曼氏血吸虫病的认识、加强提前防控的意识以及尽早发现、报告、处置输入性曼氏血吸虫病病例或病原携带者尤为重要。国内多位传染病和寄生虫病防控专家就输入性曼氏血吸虫病监测与防控对策达成共识，旨在提升我国疾病预防控制机构和医疗机构关于输入性曼氏血吸虫病诊疗和防控意识与能力、降低甚至消除输入性曼氏血吸虫病在我国传播的风险，从根本上保障我国居民健康。     

Carbon Nanofibers and Their Composites: A Review of Synthesizing,Properties and Applications

Carbon nanofiber (CNF), as one of the most important members of carbon fibers, has been investigated in both fundamental scientific research and practical applications. CNF composites are able to be applied as promising materials in many fields, such as electrical devices, electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors and as sensors. In these applications, the electrical conductivity is always the first priority need to be considered. In fact, the electrical property of CNF composites largely counts on the dispersion and percolation status of CNFs in matrix materials. In this review, the electrical transport phenomenon of CNF composites is systematically summarized based on percolation theory. The effects of the aspect ratio, percolation backbone structure and fractal characteristics of CNFs and the non-universality of the percolation critical exponents on the electrical properties are systematically reviewed. Apart from the electrical property, the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of CNF composites are briefly reviewed, as well. In addition, the preparation methods of CNFs, including catalytic chemical vapor deposition growth and electrospinning, and the preparation methods of CNF composites, including the melt mixing and solution process, are briefly introduced. Finally, their applications as sensors and electrode materials are described in this review article.     

Abdominal aortic aneurysms: Distribution of elastin,collagen I and III,and intermediate filament proteins desmin and vimentin—A comparison of familial and nonfamilial aneurysms

Summary The aortic walls of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and of healthy controls were examined for elastin, collagen I and III, and the intermediate filament proteins desmin and vimentin by immunohistochemical, enzyme histochemical, and routine histological techniques. The morphology of the aneurysmatic walls varied considerably from case to case, but many pathological changes were seen in all cases, e.g., extensive atherosclerotic plaques in the intima, prominent alterations in amount and organization of the elastic lamellae in the media, and an increase of connective tissue. Both collagen I and III were present in all the aneurysmatic walls. The smooth muscle cells in all the aortic walls showed a marked heterogeneity with respect to the morphological appearance, the enzyme histochemical features, and the content of desmin and vimentin. Vimentin occurred in some intimal, medial muscle, and adventitial cells of both the controls and the AAA patients. Desmin occurred in some of the intimal, medial, and adventitial muscle cells of both the controls and the AAA patients. All the cells with desmin in the intima and media also contained vimentin. Thus, smooth muscle cells in the walls of both the normal human abdominal aorta and aneurysms contained either vimentin, desmin, or both. This variability may be explained by the presence of different phenotypes of smooth muscle cells and could be of significance for the development of atherosclerosis and aneurysms. Of special interest was the finding that 5 of the 24 AAA patients studied had blood relatives with the same disease, suggesting a hereditary influence. However, no systematic differences between the morphological appearance of the aneurysmatic walls in familial and nonfamilial AAA could be detected.     

Hyaluronic-Acid-Based Organic-Inorganic Composites for Biomedical Applications

Applications of natural hyaluronic acid (HYH) for the fabrication of organic-inorganic composites for biomedical applications are described. Such composites combine unique functional properties of HYH with functional properties of hydroxyapatite, various bioceramics, bioglass, biocements, metal nanoparticles, and quantum dots. Functional properties of advanced composite gels, scaffold materials, cements, particles, films, and coatings are described. Benefiting from the synergy of properties of HYH and inorganic components, advanced composites provide a platform for the development of new drug delivery materials. Many advanced properties of composites are attributed to the ability of HYH to promote biomineralization. Properties of HYH are a key factor for the development of colloidal and electrochemical methods for the fabrication of films and protective coatings for surface modification of biomedical implants and the development of advanced biosensors. Overcoming limitations of traditional materials, HYH is used as a biocompatible capping, dispersing, and structure-directing agent for the synthesis of functional inorganic materials and composites. Gel-forming properties of HYH enable a facile and straightforward approach to the fabrication of antimicrobial materials in different forms. Of particular interest are applications of HYH for the fabrication of biosensors. This review summarizes manufacturing strategies and mechanisms and outlines future trends in the development of functional biocomposites.     

Cinedefecography and electromyography in the diagnosis of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome

A prospective study was undertaken to assess the correlation between electromyography (EMG) and cinedefecography (CD) for the diagnosis of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome (NRPR). Clinical criteria for NRPR included straining, incomplete evacuation, tenesmus, and the need for enemas, suppositories, or digitation. EMG criteria included failure to achieve a significant decrease in electrical activity of the puborectalis (PR) during attempted evacuation. CD criteria included either paradoxical contraction or failure of relaxation of the PR along with incomplete evacuation. In addition, other etiologies for incomplete evacuation, such as rectoanal intussusception or nonemptying rectocele, were excluded by proctoscopy and defecography in all cases. One hundred twelve patients with constipation, 81 females and 31 males, with a mean age of 59 (range, 12–83) years were studied by routine office evaluation, CD, and EMG. Forty-two patients (37 percent) had evidence of NRPR on CD (rectal emptying: none, 24; incomplete, 18). Twenty-eight of these patients (67 percent) also had evidence of NRPR on EMG. EMG findings of NRPR were present in 12 of 70 patients (17 percent) with normal rectal emptying. Conversely, 14 of 72 patients (19 percent) with normal PR relaxation on EMG had an NRPR pattern on CD. The sensitivity and specificity for the EMG diagnosis of NRPR were 67 percent and 83 percent, and the positive and negative predictive values were 70 percent and 80 percent, respectively. Conversely, if EMG is considered as the ideal test for the diagnosis of NRPR, CD had a sensitivity of 70 percent, a specificity of 80 percent, and positive and negative predictive values of 66 percent and 82 percent, respectively. In summary, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of EMG and CD are suboptimal. Therefore, a combination of these two tests is suggested for the diagnosis of NRPR.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Francisco, California, June 7 to 12, 1992.Dr. Ger was a visiting colorectal surgeon from the Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.     

Infecciones relacionadas con el uso de los catéteres vasculares

Venous catheter-related infections are a problem of particular importance, due to their frequency, morbidity and mortality, and because they are potentially preventable clinical processes. At present, the majority of hospitalized patients and a considerable number of outpatients are carriers of these devices. There has been a remarkable growth of knowledge of the epidemiology of these infections, the most appropriate methodology for diagnosis, the therapeutic and, in particular, the preventive strategies. Multimodal strategies, including educational programs directed at staff and a bundle of simple measures for implementation, applied to high-risk patients have demonstrated great effectiveness for their prevention. In this review the epidemiology, the diagnosis, and the therapeutic and preventive aspects of these infections are updated.