血清总胆汁酸测定在诊断新生儿黄疸中的临床价值

【目的】探讨血清总胆汁酸(TBA)在新生儿黄疸诊断和治疗中的作用。【方法】采用循环酶速率法测定157例黄疸患儿(其中65例生理性黄疸,92例病理性黄疸)及103例正常新生儿血清TBA对照,同时对其肝功能相关项目进行测定,并进行比较分析。【结果】正常对照组血清TBA为(9.48±5.18)μmol/L;生理性黄疸患儿血清TBA为(8.96±6.42)μmol/L,与对照组比较无差异(P>0.05);病理性黄疸患儿血清TBA为(32.51±22.48)μmol/L,与对照组及生理性黄疸组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。病理性黄疸组TBA与直接胆红素(DBIL)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)等肝功能指标显著正相关。【结论】血清TBA测定在新生儿黄疸的诊断中具有较好的特异性和灵敏性,可为临床提供诊断和治疗的依据。     

新生儿胆红素水平和血糖水平观察

对1995年8月至1996年10月曾因上呼吸道感染、脐炎、新生儿窒息、硬肿症、生理性黄疸、高胆红素血症等病入院治疗的足月新生儿随机抽样211例,作胆红素和血糖浓度测定和观察,分3组,高胆经素组胆红素≥205μmol/L,黄疸组3.42～205μmol/L,无黄疸组<34.2μmol/L.组血糖分别为2.6±1.35,3.1±1.58,3.5±1.42mmol/L.发现血糖水随胆红素浓度升高而降低,认为对新生儿黄疸除测定胆红素水平外,还应监测血糖水平,以免因低血糖引致胆红素脑病。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿胆红素与血红素加氧酶1的变化

目的:观察新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病发生过程中胆红素与血红素加氧酶1活性的变化,探讨两者在缺氧缺血性脑病发生发展中的作用。方法:选择1998-01/2003-12西安交通大学第一医院产科出生并收住新生儿病房的患儿200例。纳入标准:①窒息儿根据新生儿生后Apgar评分0-3分为重度窒息,4～7分为轻度窒息。②缺氧缺血性脑病患儿临床诊断符合新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病标准。③高胆红素血症的诊断标准符合足月儿胆红素>205μmol/L。④新生儿黄疸诊断标准血清胆红素>85μmol/L时,临床出现肉眼黄疸。依据缺氧缺血程度分为2组,窒息组和缺氧缺血性脑病组。窒息组分为轻度、重度2个亚组,缺氧缺血性脑病组分为轻度,中度,重度3个亚组,每个亚组40例,对照组选择同期出生的健康新生儿40例,与窒息组和缺氧缺血性脑病组患儿的胎龄和出生体质量差异无显著性。取患儿股静脉血4mL,采用生化分析仪测定窒息组和缺氧缺血性脑病组患儿的胆红素值,并在急性期(3d内)和恢复期(10d内)用464nm和530nm双波长分光光度法测定样品反应物中胆红素生成量代表血红素加氧酶1活性,以每秒每升血清生成胆红素量为单位(μkat/L)。同时测定正常对照组新生儿的胆红素值和血红素加氧酶1活性。对样本均数比较采用方差分析。结果:①胆红素水平:轻度窒息组明显高于重度窒息组和对照[(325.62±39.1),(243.64±37.6),(305.70±51.3)μmol/L,F=10.89,P<0.01]。轻度、重度缺氧缺血性脑病组胆红素水平接近[(89.4±8.1),(86.7±3.9)μmol/L]。②胆血红素加氧酶1活性:重度窒息组急性期血红素加氧酶1活性值明显高于轻度窒息组急性期和恢复期,重度窒息组恢复期和对照组(F=38.63,P<0.01);重度缺氧缺血性脑病组急性期血红素加氧酶1活性明显高于恢复期,也明显高于轻度和中度缺氧缺血性脑病组(急性期和恢复期)(F=8.93,P<0.01)。③黄疸发生率:轻度窒息组发生高胆红素血症22例,生理性黄疸12例,黄疸发生率85%;重度窒息组发生高胆红素血症6例,生理性黄疸3例,黄疸发生率23%。对照组发生高胆红素血症20例,生理性黄疸12例,黄疸发生率80%。缺氧缺血性脑病组无高胆红素血症发生,轻度缺氧缺血性脑病组发生生理性黄疸6例,黄疸发生率15%;重度缺氧缺血性脑病组发生生理性黄疸5例,黄疸发生率13%。结论:当不同程度缺氧缺血使新生儿脑损伤时,血红素加氧酶1活性增加致胆红素的抗氧化作用途径开放,胆红素水平降低。提示胆红素水平、血红素加氧酶1活性能反映缺氧缺血性脑病患儿的病情严重程度,对缺氧缺血性脑病的诊断及预测预后具有一定的参考价值。     

口服四磨汤并早期护理干预对生理性黄疸新生儿的影响

目的观察口服四磨汤并早期护理干预对生理性黄疸新生儿的影响。方法对127例生理性黄疸新生儿随机分为干预组和对照组,治疗前后分别监测血清胆红素水平及新生儿体重。结果干预组胆红素日均下降值明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。胆红素≤102μmol/L天数少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组新生儿体重高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论新生儿黄疸予以口服四磨汤可迅速降低血清胆红素,增加体重。     

血清总胆汁酸测定在新生儿黄疸中的应用

目的　探讨血清总胆汁酸 (TBA)测定对新生儿黄疸患儿肝功能损伤的诊断意义。方法　采用循环酶速率法检测 198例各类黄疸患儿血清TBA水平。结果　生理性黄疸患儿的TBA与对照组差异无显著性 ,而病理性黄疸患儿的TBA水平明显高于对照组 ,其中细菌感染组和病毒感染组的TBA有很高的异常率 ,分别为 87.5 %和 90 .4 %。结论　当常规肝功能指标改变不明显时 ,血清TBA检测是一项新生儿病理性黄疸患儿较为灵敏的肝实质损伤的指标 ;新生儿病理性黄疸患儿随其TBA的变化 ,有可能存在不同程度的胆汁淤积     

血清总胆汁酸测定在新生儿黄疸中的应用

目的探讨血清总胆汁酸(TBA)测定对新生儿黄疸患儿肝功能损伤的诊断意义.方法采用循环酶速率法检测198例各类黄疸患儿血清TBA水平.结果生理性黄疸患儿的TBA与对照组差异无显著性,而病理性黄疸患儿的TBA水平明显高于对照组,其中细菌感染组和病毒感染组的TBA有很高的异常率,分别为87.5%和90.4%.结论当常规肝功能指标改变不明显时,血清TBA检测是一项新生儿病理性黄疸患儿较为灵敏的肝实质损伤的指标;新生儿病理性黄疸患儿随其TBA的变化,有可能存在不同程度的胆汁淤积.     

新生儿病理性黄疸肝功能的检测分析

目的分析新生儿病理性黄疸的肝功能指标变化,探讨胆红素沉积对肝功能的影响。方法采用重氮法检测185例病理性黄疸患儿血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)的含量;速率法分析患儿丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转移酶(AST)的活性;免疫金标法测试患儿的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HB-sAg)。结果病理性黄疸组患儿血清的TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST均比对照组明显升高(P<0.001,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。不同日龄患儿的肝功能指标存在着一定程度的差异。生理性和病理性黄疸两组患儿的HBsAg均为阴性。结论检测新生儿黄疸的肝功能指标,对于及时诊断新生儿高胆红素血症,降低新生儿胆红素脑病的发病率、致残率,具有重要意义。     

新生儿病理性黄疸肝功能的检测分析

目的 分析新生儿病理性黄疸的肝功能指标变化,探讨胆红素沉积对肝功能的影响.方法 采用重氮法检测185例病理性黄疸患儿血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)的含量;速率法分析患儿丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转移酶(AST)的活性;免疫金标法测试患儿的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg).结果 病理性黄疸组患儿血清的TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST均比对照组明显升高(P＜0.001,P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01).不同日龄患儿的肝功能指标存在着一定程度的差异.生理性和病理性黄疸两组患儿的HBsAg均为阴性.结论 检测新生儿黄疸的肝功能指标,对于及时诊断新生儿高胆红素血症,降低新生儿胆红素脑病的发病率、致残率,具有重要意义.     

妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症胆汁酸水平与胎儿宫内缺氧的关系

目的探讨妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)母儿胆汁酸水平与胎儿宫内缺氧的关系。方法采用循环酶法测定ICP孕妇117例(ICP组)及正常孕妇137例(正常对照组)的母血及脐血胆汁酸浓度。结果ICP组母血胆汁酸浓度(36.03±23.25)μmol/L,显著高于正常对照组(7.84±2.73)μmol/L(P<0.001);ICP组胎儿脐血总胆汁酸浓度(38.79±26.67)μmol/L,高于正常对照组(5.61±2.44)μmol/L(P<0.001),且与母血胆汁酸浓度呈正相关(r=0.841,P<0.001)。ICP组围生儿缺氧的发生率明显高于正常对照组(28.21%vs7.30%,P<0.05)。ICP组中缺氧组母血、脐血胆汁酸水平均高于无缺氧组,(分别为P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论ICP孕妇的胎儿胆汁酸浓度增高,与母血总胆汁酸浓度呈正相关。ICP时母儿均存在胆汁酸的淤积,过高的胆汁酸的细胞毒作用可能是ICP围生儿缺氧的机制之一。     

双管同步抽注法和全自动换血法治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效比较

目的:探讨双管同步抽注法和全自动换血法治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效及其对内环境的影响。方法:分别检测采用双管同步抽注法的10例高胆红素血症新生儿和采用全自动换血法的13例高胆红素血症新生儿换血前后胆红素、血电解质、血常规、血糖、pH值变化。结果:双管同步抽注法组换血前后总胆红素值分别为(390.13±107.62)μmol/L、(193.40±37.86)μmol/L,总胆红素换出率为50.4%。全自动换血法组换血前后总胆红素值分别为(430.33±121.90)μmol/L、(216.83±63.66)μmol/L,总胆红素换出率为49.8%。两组换血前后总胆红素值差异有显著性(P<0.01),两组总胆红素换出率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:全自动换血法是简便易行、安全有效的方法,是新生儿换血较理想的方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.