脂联素、内肥素和IL-6水平与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

摘要：目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）胰岛素抵抗（IR）与血清脂联素（AN）、内肥素（Visfati）和IL-6水平的关系。方法ELISA法测定45例健康对照（对照组）、46例T2DM（T2DM组）患者血清AN水平、Visfati,夹心免疫法测定IL-6水平。结果与对照组比较,T2DM组的BMI,FBG,2hPBG,FINS,HbA1c,IRI（HOMA-IR）,ISI,HDL,TC,LDL,AN,Visfati、腰围、TG和IL-6水平有统计学差异（P〈0．01,〈0．05）;血清IRI（HOMA-IR）与AN（r=-0．610,P〈0．01）和IL-6（r=-0．645,P〈0．01）呈负相关,与Visfati呈正相关（r=0．445,P〈0．01）。血清AN与Visfati呈负相关（r=-0．568,P〈0．01）;Visfati与IL-6呈负相关（r=-0．441,P〈0．01）;与IL-6正相关（r=0．428,P〈0．01）。结论血清AN、Visfati和IL-6水平与T2DM IR相关联,可作为预测T2DM IR的因子。     

胰岛素抵抗患者血清脂联素与部分炎性因子的相关性研究

目的研究胰岛素抵抗（IR）患者血清脂联素（AN）与高敏C反应蛋白（HsCRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）等的关系。方法ELISA法测定25例正常对照、30例糖调节受损（IGR）、30例2型糖尿病（T2DM）个体血清AN水平，R1A法测定HsCRP、IL-6水平。结果正常对照组AN水平显著高于IGR组及T2DM组（P〈0．001），HsCRP水平显著低于IGR组及T2DM组（P〈0．001），IL-6水平低于IGR组（P〈0．01），显著低于T2DM组（P〈0．001）；AN与HsCRP、IL-6呈负相关（r=-0．416，P〈0．05，r=-0．366，P〈0．05），控制性别因素后，相关性存在（r=-0．427，P〈0．01，r=-0．337，P〈0．05），控制性别、体重指数等因素后，不存在相关性。结论AN可预测T2DM发生，AN与炎症之间的联系是通过肥胖连接起来的。     

2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病一级亲属血清高敏C反应蛋白与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）在2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病中的作用。方法利用ELISA方法检测72例T2DM患者非糖尿病一级亲属（FDR）和68例健康对照者（NC）血清hsC-RP、Fins、FPG等，并用HOMA—IR公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果（1）FDR组血清hsC—RP水平较NC组升高（P〈0.01），HOMA—IR高于NC组（P〈0.01）；（2）血清hsC-RP水平与HOMA-IR（r=0．307，P〈0．01）、Fins（r=0．286，P〈0．05）、BMI（r=0．250，P〈0．05）、LDL—C（r=0．302，P〈0．05）、TC（r=0．267，P〈0．05）相关。结论慢性炎症与胰岛素抵抗密切相关，hsC-RP升高是2型糖尿病发生的一个预测因子。     

血清抵抗素水平与2型糖尿病并脑梗死的关系

目的 探讨血清抵抗素水平与2型糖尿病（T2DM）并脑梗死（CI）的关系。方法 采用酶联免疫法测定的血清抵抗素水平。CI并发T2DM组（n=48），单纯CI组（n=50），对照组（n=36）。结果 T2DM＋CI及CI组血清抵抗素水平均明显升高（P〈0．05）；二者相比，T2DM＋CI组血清抵抗素水平较CI组明显升高（P〈0．05）。相关分析发现，血清抵抗素浓度与FINS、SBP、DBP．Homa-IR呈显著正相关（均P〈0．05），与Homa-β显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论 T2DM＋CI组，血清抵抗素水平显著高于CI组，高抵抗素血症与高胰岛素血症的相关性提示，抵抗素可能在T2DM及其脑血管并发症CI的发病中起一定作用。     

老年2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子水平及其与大血管病变的相关性

目的观察2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子水平的变化,探讨炎症因子对2型糖尿病尤其老年患者合并心脑血管病变的影响。方法103例2型糖尿病患者按年龄及是否合并心脑血管病变分别分组。用自动生化分析仪测定所有患者血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）、FBG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C水平,用ELISA方法测定血清白介素6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平。结果（1）2型糖尿病患者年龄≥65岁者,血清hsC-RP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均高于年龄〈65岁者（P〈0．01）。（2）合并心脑血管病变者,血清hsC-RP水平较高于无心脑血管病变者（P〈0．05）。年龄≥65岁中合并心脑血管病变者,血清hsC-RP水平高于无心脑血管病变者（P〈0．05）。（3）血清hsC-RP水平与年龄和血清TG水平呈正相关（r=0．257,P〈0．01;r=0．220,P〈0．01）。影响hsC-RP的因素主要为年龄,回归方程为y（hsC-RP）=2．407＋0．100年龄。（4）2型糖尿病中≥65岁者合并心脑血管病变的发生率高于〈65岁者（P〈0．01）。结论hsC-RP与大血管病变相关,但IL-6和TNF-α与大血管病变无明显相关性;年龄增长是血清hsC-RP水平升高的主要影响因素。     

老年代谢综合征患者血清瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的：探讨老年代谢综合征患者血清瘦素水平与血糖、血脂、胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：根据相应的诊断标准，分别收集老年2型糖尿病患者49例，血脂异常患者39例，代谢综合征104例，以同期门诊体检人员49例作为对照组，测定体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血清三酰甘油、瘦素水平等，以稳态模型公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）．并分析瘦素与各参数问的相关性。结果：与正常对照组相比，代谢综合征患者HOMA—IR、血清瘦素水平和FINS均显著增高（t分别为11．849、2．839、3．280，均P〈0．01）。与糖尿病组和血脂异常组相比．代谢综合征组患者的血清瘦素水平（t=3．058，t=2．911，P〈0．01）、FINS（t=2．750，P〈0．01；t=2．482，P〈0．05）和HOMA—IR值（t=3．072，t=7．749，P〈0．01）亦显著增高。直线回归相关分析显示瘦素水平与BMI呈正相关（r=0．418，P〈0．01），校正BMI和性别后与WHR无相关性（r=0．042，P〉0．05），但与FINS、HOMA—IR呈正相关（r：0．257，P〈0．01；r=0．124，P〈0．05）。结论：老年代谢综合征患者中普遍存在高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗：瘦素水平与BMI、FINS及HOMA—IR的相关性提示瘦素是胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征发生的重要相关因素之一。     

2型糖尿病患者强化治疗前后血清骨钙素的变化

目的了解2型糖尿病（Type2 diabetes T2DM）患者在严格控制血糖后血清骨钙素（Osteocalcin,OC）水平的变化及其影响因素。方法按1999年WHO诊断标准筛选T2DM患者44例,应用胰岛素泵强化治疗12～15天,同时给予调脂、降压等综合治疗。记录人体测量参数,计算体质量指数（Body mass index,BMI）、腰臀比（Waist-to-hip ratio,WHR）,监测治疗前、后生化指标,以及空腹血清OC、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白介素-6（interleakin-6,IL-6）的变化。结果强化治疗后血清OC水平由（7．624±3．23）ns／L上升至（11．92±4．45）ng／L,有显著意义（P〈0．01）。Pearson相关分析显示,治疗前后血清骨钙素的增值（AOC）与WHR（r=-0．339,P=0．024）、A空腹血糖（Fasting plasma glucose,FPG r=-0．890,P=0．000）、△餐后两小时血糖（2hour post-meal blood glucose,2h PBG r=-0．364,P=0．015）、△超敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivity C—reaction protein,hs-CRP r=-0．372,P=0．013）以及△IL-6（r=-0．334,P=0．027）成负相关。多元逐步回归分析显示,△FPG是影响△OC的独立相关因素。结论T2DM患者强化治疗后血清OC水平比治疗前显著升高,且其增值与△FPG水平呈负相关,揭示了体内骨代谢与能量代谢之间存在密切关系。     

糖尿病肾病患者抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗的关系及临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系及临床意义。方法检测61例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者（DN组31例、无DN组30例）及30例健康对照者的血清抵抗素、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（Fins）及胰岛素抵抗指数（Homa—IR）,分析血清抵抗素水平与各检测指标的相关性。结果与对照组比较。DN组、无DN组的血清抵抗素、FPG、Fins、Homa-IR均明显升高（P均〈0．05）;与无DN组比较,DN组上述指标虽有升高趋势,但均无统计学差异（P均〉0．05）。相关分析显示,DN组血清抵抗素水平与FPG、Fins、Homa-IR均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论抵抗素与DN患者的IR密切相关,检测T2DM患者的血清抵抗素变化,在一定程度上可反映其肾脏病变。     

中老年2型糖尿病血清瘦素水平与超重或肥胖、血糖、胰岛素的关系

目的 研究中老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）肥胖与非肥胖患者血清瘦素与肥胖、血糖、胰岛素抵抗（IR）之间的关系。方法对样本人群进行体检并测定血清瘦素、空腹C肽（FCP）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及血糖（FPG）等生化指标并对结果进行统计分析。结果 （1）T2DM组无论男女血清瘦素水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），且女性组显著高于男性组（P〈0．01）；（2）T2DM超重或肥胖组血清瘦素水平显著高于非肥胖组且与腹型肥胖密切相关；（3）T2DMIR组血清瘦素水平显著高于胰岛素敏感组（P〈0．01），并与FINS、C肽呈正相关；（4）T2DM肥胖组血清瘦素水平与收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、甘油三酯（TG）呈正相关。结论 T2DM血清瘦素水平与超重或肥胖、IR、长期的血压、TG及血糖的平均水平关系密切。减肥，改善瘦素抵抗，增加机体对瘦素的敏感性对治疗T2DM可能提供帮助。     

2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子水平的变化及对心脑血管病变的影响

目的观察2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子水平的变化,探讨炎症因子对2型糖尿病尤其老年患者合并心脑血管病变的影响。方法103例2型糖尿病患者按年龄及是否合并心脑血管病变进行分组。用自动生化分析仪测定所有患者血清超敏C反应蛋白（Hs-CRP）、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平,用ELISA方法测定血清白介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-a（TNF-Q）水平。结果（1）2型糖尿病患者年龄≥65岁者,血清Hs-CRP、TNF-q、IL-6水平均高于年龄〈65岁者（P=0．003,P=0．001,P=0．007）。（2）合并心脑血管病变者,血清Hs-CRP水平高于无心脑血管病变者（P=0．015）。且年龄≥65岁合并心脑血管病变者,血清Hs-CRP水平高于无心脑血管病变者（P=0．040）。（3）血清Hs-CRP水平与年龄和血清TG水平呈正相关（r=0．257,P=0．000;rE0．220,P=0．003）。影响Hs-CRP的因素主要为年龄,回归方程为Y（Hs-CRP）=2．407＋0．100X（年龄）。（4）2型糖尿病中年龄≥65岁者合并心脑血管病变的发生率高于年龄〈65岁者（P=0．000）。结论炎症因子CRP、TNF-a、IL-6与老年2型糖尿病合并心脑血管病变密切相关;增龄是血清Hs-CRP水平升高的主要影响因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.