坐骨神经生后发育过程中CNTF基因表达的研究

目的 观察大鼠生长发育过程中外周神经组织CNTF基因表达的变化.方法 采用RT-PCR的方法,半定量分析正常大鼠坐骨神经发育过程中CNTF mRNA表达量.结果 正常大鼠生后仅1d,其坐骨神经中即可见CNTF mRNA表达,但表达量较低;出生14d后,表达量明显增加;30d时表达量达高峰,60d时的表达量稍有下降趋势.结论 大鼠出生后其坐骨神经中CNTF基因表达量随着周围神经的发育过程而有相应的变化.提示CNTF在周围神经生后发育过程中具有重要作用.     

β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶-I在钳夹伤后大鼠坐骨神经中表达的变化

为了观察β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-I(β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I,β-1,4-GalT-I)在正常和钳夹伤后大鼠坐骨神经中表达的变化,本研究采用RT-PCR方法,从小鼠坐骨神经中特异性地扩增β-1,4-GalT-I cDNA片段并将其克隆到pGEM-T载体。采用体外转录的方法合成地高辛标记的正、反义β-1,4-GalT-I RNA探针。通过原位杂交和图像分析的方法,观察β-1,4-GalT-I mRNA在正常和夹伤大鼠坐骨神经中的表达及其变化。结果表明:β-1,4-GalT-I mRNA在大鼠坐骨神经的髓鞘中表达,在夹伤坐骨神经后1~2d,β-1,4-GalT-I mRNA在坐骨神经的表达最高,于夹伤后1周开始下降,在夹伤后1个月恢复至正常水平。上述结果提示坐骨神经夹伤后β-1,4-GalT-I mRNA的表达发生变化,并且主要表达在坐骨神经的Schwann细胞。本研究结果为进一步分析β-1,4-GalT-I在周围神经再生中的调控机制奠定了基础。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶8对肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥大的影响

目的: 研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶8(histone deacetylase 8,HDAC8)在肾性高血压大鼠左心室肥厚中的表达变化及HDAC抑制剂丙戊酸钠(valproic acid sodium, VPA)对心肌肥厚的影响。方法: 建立2肾2夹肾性高血压大鼠模型,术后4周开始给药,VPA高剂量(400 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组及VPA低剂量(200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组连续腹腔注射VPA给药4周,同时设立假手术组和阳性对照坎地沙坦(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组,实验结束时测量左心室/体重比值,HE染色检测心肌组织形态学变化, RT-PCR检测心房利钠因子(atrial natriuretic factor,ANF)和HDAC8 mRNA表达,Western blotting检测HDAC8的表达情况。结果: HDAC8 mRNA和蛋白表达水平在肾性高血压大鼠心肌组织中明显上调;VPA能够剂量依赖性降低HDAC8的表达, 同时VPA治疗组与坎地沙坦组高血压大鼠的左心室肥厚得到明显逆转,表现为心室体重比降低, 肥大心肌形态明显改善且ANF的表达下调。结论: HDAC8参与了肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚的发病过程,VPA可以下调其表达并部分逆转心肌肥厚。     

miR-29和ZO-1在大鼠血神经屏障中的作用研究

目的:观察重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt PA)通过miR-29对大鼠外周神经闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1表达水平的影响。方法:健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(Control)、rt PA组(rt PA)和无催化活性rt PAi组(rt PAi)。3组大鼠分别在坐骨神经旁注射生理盐水、rt PA和rt PAi,2 h后利用real time RT-PCR、Western Blot及免疫荧光方法检测坐骨神经内ZO-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平变化,并采用real time RT-PCR方法检测坐骨神经miR-29的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,rt PA组大鼠坐骨神经周围注射rt PA后,ZO-1的mRNA表达下降(P 0. 05),Western Blot发现ZO-1蛋白表达水平下降(P 0. 05),免疫荧光检测同样发现ZO-1表达减少;无催化活性的rt PAi处理大鼠坐骨神经后,神经束膜内ZO-1的mRNA及蛋白水平同样明显下降(P 0. 05);与对照组相比,rt PA和rt PAi处理2 h后大鼠坐骨神经内miR-29表达均明显增高(P 0. 05)。结论:rt PA通过减少神经束膜中ZO-1表达水平,增加神经束膜通透性,其作用不依赖于其对凝血酶原复合物的催化功能,可能通过增加miR-29表达下调ZO-1蛋白表达水平。     

β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶-Ⅰ在钳夹伤后大鼠坐骨神经中表达的变化

为了观察β-1，4-半乳糖基转移酶-Ⅰ（β-1，4-galactosyltransferase-Ⅰ，β-1，4-GalT-Ⅰ）在正常和钳夹伤后大鼠坐骨神经中表达的变化，本研究采用RT—PCR方法，从小鼠坐骨神经中特异性地扩增β-1，4-GalT-ⅠcDNA片段并将其克隆到pGEM-T载体。采用体外转录的方法合成地高辛标记的正、反义β-1，4-GalT-ⅠRNA探针。通过原位杂交和图像分析的方法，观察β-1，4-GalT-ⅠmRNA在正常和夹伤大鼠坐骨神经中的表达及其变化。结果表明：β-1，4-GalT-Ⅰ mRNA在大鼠坐骨神经的髓鞘中表达，在夹伤坐骨神经后1-2d，β-1，4-GalTⅠmRNA在坐骨神经的表达最高，于夹伤后1周开始下降，在夹伤后1个月恢复至正常水平。上述结果提示坐骨神经夹伤后β-1，4-GalTⅠmRNA的表达发生变化，并且主要表达在坐骨神经的Schwann细胞。本研究结果为进一步分析β-1，4-GalT-Ⅰ在周围神经再生中的调控机制奠定了基础。     

突触后密度蛋白-95在大鼠脊髓发育过程中的表达变化

目的:探讨突触后密度蛋白-95(PSD-95)在大鼠脊髓发育过程中的表达变化以及细胞定位。方法:采用实时定量PCR(Real-Time PCR)和Western blot测定发育不同时期PSD-95 mRNA及蛋白水平的表达变化。采用免疫荧光染色显示PSD-95在发育脊髓中的细胞定位。结果:大鼠脊髓发育过程中PSD-95 mRNA及其蛋白水平从生后1d开始逐渐升高,在生后1周达高锋,成年后维持在一定的生理水平。免疫荧光双标证实PSD-95在生后发育早期主要定位于脊髓灰质,与神经元的标记物NeuN和突触的标记物synapsin存在共定位;成年后广泛分布于脊髓前角、后角以及白质,分别与NeuN和synapsin以及小胶质细胞的标记物OX-42共定位。结论:大鼠脊髓发育过程中PSD-95在基因和蛋白水平呈现明显的时相变化,在生后发育早期主要表达在前角运动神经元和后角感觉神经元,提示PSD-95参与了神经元的发育和成熟。     

香烟提取物通过减少HDAC2表达诱导小鼠C2C12成肌细胞衰老

目的:探讨香烟提取物(CSE)能否引起小鼠C2C12成肌细胞衰老,并研究成肌细胞衰老与组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(HDAC2)的关系。方法:培养C2C12细胞株,分化为成熟成肌细胞,观察CSE干预对成肌细胞衰老和HDAC2表达的影响,采用real-time PCR和Western blot方法分别检测HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白的表达;β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测衰老细胞的百分率。结果:MTT法测定最佳CSE浓度与干预时间分别为60 m L/L和24 h。CSE干预后β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数增加,同时伴有HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白表达的减少。四溴苯三唑(TBB)在促进HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白表达的同时,β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数减少;用HDAC2的特异性阻滞剂丙戊酸抑制HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白的表达时,β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数增加。结论:香烟提取物可通过减少小鼠C2C12成肌细胞HDAC2的表达促进细胞老化。     

大鼠脊髓发育及损伤后NIDD mRNA表达的实验研究

目的：探讨在大鼠发育过程中及急性脊髓损伤后脊髓组织中NIDD （nNOS-interacting DHHC domain-containing protein with dendritic mRNA）mRNA的表达变化及意义。方法：采用改良Allen＇s打击法，咬除T8-10椎板后，造成大鼠脊髓损伤模型，致伤量为10×10g·cm；借助实时荧光定量PCR、原位杂交与免疫荧光结合的方法，定量、定位研究发育过程中及脊髓损伤后早期大鼠脊髓组织中NIDD mRNA与nNOS mRNA表达的时间和空间分布特征。结果：大鼠发育过程中，胚胎16d的大鼠脊髓中可见NIDD mRNA的高表达，在生后1d，与nNOS共表达于尚未分化成熟的前角，在白质也见NIDD的阳性信号。成年后呈低表达；nNOS mRNA于生后1～3d出现表达高峰；脊髓损伤后NIDD mRNA表达明显增多，在8h到达高峰，分布于脊髓前角、中间带、中央管周围及后角nNOS阳性的神经元，7d恢复至正常水平；nNOS mRNA在损伤后8h达到高峰，1d降低至正常水平。而且，在脊髓损伤后NIDD mRNA与nNOS mRNA二者表达呈正相关。结论：胎鼠脊髓中，NIDD高表达于nNOS阳性细胞，提示其在脊髓组织的发育成熟过程中的作用可能与nNOS相关。脊髓损伤后脊髓组织中NIDD与nNOS表达增多，提示在脊髓损伤的病理过程中，NIDD可能通过调节nNOS的细胞亚定位及活性而发挥一定的生物学作用。     

SAHA对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Twist和HDAC1表达的影响

目的:通过观察辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾组织Twist、组蛋白去乙酰化酶1(HDAC1)及相关上皮-间充质转化和纤维化指标表达的影响,初步探讨SAHA对糖尿病肾病Twist表达变化的可能干预机制。方法:以链脲佐菌素复制DM大鼠模型,实验分为正常对照(NC)组、DM组和SAHA组,每组12只。造模成功8周后,SAHA组用SAHA(25 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))进行灌胃。治疗8周后处死大鼠,HE和Masson染色观察肾组织形态变化;免疫组织化学染色观察肾组织中Twist的表达变化;Western blot法检测肾组织中Twist、HDAC1、上皮钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和IV型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)蛋白的表达;real-time PCR检测肾组织中Twist的mRNA表达。结果:DM组的血糖、24 h尿蛋白量和肾脏指数均显著高于NC组;而SAHA组肾脏指数与DM组相比有明显降低(P0.05),24 h尿蛋白量虽有降低,但差异无统计学显著性,而血糖无明显改变。与NC组对比,DM组大鼠肾组织中HDAC1、α-SMA和Col-Ⅳ蛋白表达上调,E-cadherin蛋白表达下调,Twist的mRNA和蛋白表达上调(P0.05);SAHA组大鼠肾组织中的Twist、HDAC1、α-SMA和Col-Ⅳ蛋白表达量明显低于DM组(P0.05),且Twist的mRNA的表达比DM组低,E-cadherin蛋白表达较DM组有所上升(P0.05)。相关性结果显示,在糖尿病大鼠肾组织中,Twist与HDAC1蛋白表达呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:SAHA可下调DM大鼠肾组织中Twist的表达,减轻糖尿病肾病大鼠肾纤维化病变,其机制可能与抑制HDAC1和Twist形成进而促进Ecadherin转录有关。     

重组水蛭素对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经功能的影响及可能机制

目的探讨重组水蛭素对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经功能的影响及对坐骨神经微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)、神经丝蛋白(NF-M)与生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)蛋白表达的影响。方法 60只SD大鼠,雌雄不限,随机分为随机分为假手术组、实验组与重组水蛭素处理组。通过钳夹大鼠坐骨神经制备周围神经损伤大鼠模型,对各组大鼠进行坐骨神经指数与小腿三头肌湿重比测定,western blot方法检测坐骨神经MAP-2、NF-M与GAP-43的表达,Real time-PCR方法检测坐骨神经MAP-2 mRNA、NF-M mRNA与GAP-43 mRNA的表达水平。结果给予重组水蛭素处理后,坐骨神经损伤大鼠的坐骨神经指数明显升高,小腿三头肌湿重比减小(P<0.05);坐骨神经MAP-2、NF-M与GAP-43蛋白与mRNA的表达升高(P<0.05)。结论重组水蛭素能促进周围神经损伤后再生和功能恢复,其机制可能与上调MAP-2、NF-M与GAP-43表达相关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.