Antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum in acute ethanol-induced heart toxicity

The hot water extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have antioxidative effect against heart toxicity. Investigations into the mechanisms of action, level of lipid peroxidation level in vivo, and superoxide scavenging activity were also conducted. The mice were divided into six groups with ten animals in each group. Ganoderma lucidum, at doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg (p.o.) was administered. Superoxide anions were assayed by UV spectrophotometer using the cytochrome C reduction method. The results of this study showed that Ganoderma lucidum exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation and superoxide scavenging activity in mouse heart homogenate. Additionally, this result indicated that heart damage induced by ethanol shows a higher malonic dialdehyde level compared with heart homogenate treated with Ganoderma lucidum. It is concluded that the antioxidative activity may therefore contribute to the cardioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum, and may therefore protect the heart from superoxide induced damage.     

Evaluation of the hepatic and renal-protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in mice.

The antioxidative effect of hot water extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on ethanol-induced free radical generation had been studied. In order to further investigate the hepatic and renal protective mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum, rates of lipid peroxidation were determined. The hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum dose-dependently exhibited antioxidative effect on mouse liver and kidney lipid peroxidation; our results indicated that hepatic and renal homogenates have a higher malonic dialdehyde level in an ethanol administered group than in the Ganoderma lucidum treated group. It was concluded that the hepatic and renal protective mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum, might be due at least in part to its prominent superoxide scavenging effect. Ganoderma extract could protect the liver and kidney from superoxide induced hepatic and renal damages.     

富锗灵芝菌丝体中2种同工酶及脂肪酸、无机元素含量分析

 目的　研究富锗灵芝菌丝体中超氧物歧化酶、酯酶2种同工酶及脂肪酸、无机元素含量的变化。方法　聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析同工酶谱,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定脂肪酸,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICP-AES)测定无机元素。结果　富锗灵芝菌丝体与普通灵芝菌丝体比较:①同工酶谱存在明显差异;②多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量提高;③除锗、钾含量提高外,其余7种无机元素含量均降低。结论　锗能促进灵芝菌丝体超氧物歧化酶、酯酶的活性和提高其多不饱和脂肪酸含量。     

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a basidiomycete white rot fungus, has long been prescribed to prevent and treat various human diseases, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. Several classes of bioactive substances have been isolated and identified from G. lucidum, such as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleosides, sterols, and alkaloids, among others. This paper examines the potential role of G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) in tumor therapy and the possible mechanisms involved. Both in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that the anti-tumor activities of GLPS are mediated by its immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, and cytotoxic effects. GLPS affects immune cells and immune-related cells including B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. In addition, recent data also suggest that GLPS suppresses tumorigenesis or inhibits tumor growth through direct cytotoxic effect and anti-angiogenic actions. However, many questions still need to be answered before both G. lucidum and GLPS can be widely accepted and used as anti-tumor agents.     

Antioxidant potential of selected Spirulina platensis preparations

Recent studies suggest that Spirulina, a unicellular blue-green alga, may have a variety of health benefits and therapeutic properties and is also capable of acting as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent. In this study, a cell-free and a cell-based test assay were used to examine the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of four selected Spirulina platensis preparations: (1) Biospirulina, (2) SpiruComplex, a preparation with naturally bound selenium, chromium and zinc, (3) SpiruZink, a preparation with naturally bound zinc, (4) Zinkspirulina + Acerola, a preparation with naturally bound zinc and acerola powder. The cell-free test assay used potassium superoxide as a donor for superoxide radicals, whereas the cell-based test assay used the formation of intracellular superoxide radicals of functional neutrophils upon stimulation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate as a model to investigate the potential of Spirulina preparations to inactivate superoxide radicals. In accordance with the recommended daily dosage, test concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 microg/mL were chosen. The results showed a dose-dependent inactivation of free superoxide radicals (antioxidant effect) as well as an antiinflammatory effect characterized by a dose-dependent reduction of the metabolic activity of functional neutrophils and a dose-dependent inactivation of superoxide radicals generated during an oxidative burst. The results demonstrate that the tested Spirulina preparations have a high antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential. Especially SpiruZink and Zinkspirulina + Acerola might be useful as a supportive therapeutic approach for reducing oxidative stress and/or the generation of oxygen radicals in the course of inflammatory processes.     

灵芝对小鼠SOD活性、丙二醛和脂褐素含量的影响

目的　本文研究灵芝对小鼠的生理作用。方法　小鼠 30只 ,分为 3组 ,按灵芝生药 5 g/ kg· bw、10g/ kg· bw剂量的水煎液和蒸馏水连续灌胃 16 d后 ,测定了肝脏中 SOD活性、肝和心肌组织中丙二醛和脂褐素的含量。结果　灵芝能明显提高小鼠肝脏中 SOD活性 ,极显著降低小鼠肝和心肌组织中丙二醛的含量 ,显著减少小鼠肝组织的脂褐素的含量。结论　灵芝具有明显抗衰老作用。     

韩国赤芝全基因组重测序分析

目的：探索韩国赤芝与中国赤芝CGMCC5.0026间在基因组水平上存在的差异,为赤芝的遗传育种提供研究基础。方法：采用高通量重测序技术,对韩国赤芝进行全基因组重测序,并对单核苷酸多态位点突变（SNP）、小片段插入缺失变异（InDel）、结构变异（SV）进行检测和注释。对DNA水平变异基因进行KEGG、GO、COG、NR、SwissProt数据库注释。结果：韩国赤芝重测序覆盖深度为44 ×,与中国赤芝CGMCC5.0026相比,共发现10607个基因发生非同义SNP,4774个InDel和1428个SV,共导致9469个基因发生变异。这些变异基因中有转录因子86个,细胞色素P450 195个。结论：本研究通过对中国赤芝和韩国赤芝基因组序列进行比较,为赤芝的分子标记育种和对完善灵芝模式真菌研究体系提供了基础。     

灵芝菌对茯苓药材的生物转化研究

目的：利用灵芝菌对中药材茯苓药材进行固态生物转化,研究转化产物中总多糖和总三萜量的变化情况。方法：采用微波法提取茯苓及转化产物中的总多糖并采用苯酚-硫酸法进行含量测定;采用超声法提取茯苓及转化产物中总三萜并用香草醛-高氯酸法进行含量测定。结果：经生物转化后产物中的总多糖含量明显高于未经转化的茯苓药材（P<0.01）,而总三萜含量明显升高（P<0.01）,说明灵芝菌的生物转化过程改变了茯苓药材的原始特性;茯苓对灵芝生长具有促进作用,表现为灵芝菌丝生长旺盛未受抑制、转化产物中总多糖及总三萜含量显著高于茯苓原药材。结论：利用灵芝菌对中药茯苓进行生物转化来提高总多糖和总三萜含量,具有方法简单、成本低等优点,在中药现代化中有较高的应用价值。     

灵芝和紫芝对照提取物在灵芝样品指纹图谱分析的应用

目的使用赤芝对照提取物(CZERS)、紫芝对照提取物(ZZERS)对所收集18批次灵芝药材进行高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱分析。方法使用HPTLC指纹图谱方法,高效娃胶预制板,以氯仿-乙腈-甲醇-甲酸=13:2:0.5:0.53次展开和环己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸=15:5:0.5:0.52次展开的方法分别分析灵芝三萜酸类和甾醇类成分。使用HPLC指纹图谱方法,Kromasil 100-5 C18柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:A-乙腈,B-0.02%嶙酸;梯度洗脱程序:0~40min,29%→33%A,40-70 min,33%→65%A,70-105 min,65%→100%A;105-120 min,100%A;检测波长244 nm(DAD检测器);流速1.OmL·min^-1;进样量10μL;柱温25℃。结果使用对照提取物(ERS)和指纹图谱分析方法,可以区分赤芝,无柄灵芝和紫芝。不同种类和生长方式的灵芝成分存在差异。结论灵芝品种繁多,分野生和人工培养,而人工培养的培养基又有不同,导致不同灵芝个体间成分存在差异。使用特定品种的ERS和指纹图谱分析方法更加适合灵芝多成分整体质量控制的需求。     

In vitro effects of aqueous seeds extract of Acacia cyanophylla on the opsonized zymosan-induced superoxide anions production by rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes

In vitro studies were carried out in rat pleural polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) activated by opsonized zymosan (OZ) to investigate the effects of aqueous extract from Acacia cyanophylla seeds on superoxide anions generation. PMNs were collected, after induction of an acute inflammatory reaction, by injection in the rat pleural cavity, of a suspension of calcium pyrophosphate (CaPP) crystals (pleurisy with CaPP) or serum (pleurisy with serum). The results obtained indicate that Acacia cyanophylla aqueous seeds extract had, in vitro, a significant stimulatory effect, in a dose dependent manner, on the PMN superoxide anions generation. It also corrected the diminution of superoxide anions production induced by diclofenac pre-treated PMNs. It could be concluded from the results of this study that the stimulatory properties of Acacia cyanophylla seeds aqueous extract may at least be due to the presence of polyphenols such tannins and/or lignins. Further investigations are needed to determine clearly the mechanisms mediating the generation of superoxide radicals in this phenomenon.     

Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom(Ganoderma lucidum)OA

Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. l...     

固体灵芝精的制备及质量控制

 目的对固体灵芝精的制备及质量控制标准进行研究。方法固体灵芝精是由泰山赤灵经水提取、真空雾化干燥而制成;用可见 紫外分光光度法测定多糖,高速氨基酸自动分析仪测定各种游离氨基酸,高频等离子体发射光谱仪测定无机元素。结果：固体灵芝精所含的有效成分与泰山赤灵芝相同,且按相同重量计含量高得多,其总糖含量泰山赤灵芝为0.0018%,而固体灵芝精为20.5%,微量无素的含量比泰山赤灵芝高100～1000倍。结论提取工艺设计合理,制剂稳定,质量控制方法准确可靠。     

灵芝孢子粉破壁技术、质量分析与深加工相关研究进展

破壁灵芝孢子粉为一种灵芝深加工产品,具有多种药理学活性,更易被人体吸收。灵芝孢子的破壁方法包括生物化学法、物理法和机械法等,工业生产多综合利用多种方法。破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量分析还没有统一的国家标准,灵芝孢子粉质量可以参考地方标准进行综合评价,还可以参考近期发表的一些分析方法。灵芝孢子粉提取物产品以孢子油为主,其它产品也有研发并推出市场。药理学研究表明,灵芝孢子油、灵芝孢子粉水提物和醇提物均具有抗癌活性,有良好的应用前景。     

Antimicrobial activity of some Ganoderma species from Nigeria

The crude n-hexane:diethyl ether, chloroform:acetone and methanol extracts of four species of Ganoderma (Ganoderma colossum (Fr.) C. F. Baker, G. resinaceum Boud., G. lucidum (cf.) (Curtis) P. Karst. and G. boninense (cf.) Pat.), from Nigeria, were tested for antimicrobial activity. The three solvent extracts of all the species of Ganoderma were active against Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus subtilis, whereas none of the extracts were active against Cladosporium herbarum. Preliminary thin layer chromatography chemical tests on these extracts of Ganoderma showed that they contained compounds that stained blue-violet and blue or green when sprayed with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid or Dragendorff, respectively. The profile of compounds in the extracts showed some variation among the four species.     

Ganoderma lucidum mycelia enhance innate immunity by activating NF-kappaB

Ganoderma lucidum is a popular medicinal mushroom in China and Japan for its immunomodulatory and antitumor effects. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of dried mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum produced by submerged cultivation on the enhancement of innate immune response. We found that Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (0.2-1.6 mg/ml) stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-6 production after 8h treatment in human whole blood. IFN-gamma release from human whole blood was also enhanced after 3 day-culture with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (0.2-1.0mg/ml). However, Ganoderma lucidum mycelia did not potentiate nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. To better understand the possible immuno-enhancement mechanisms involved, we focused on nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (1.6 mg/ml) activated kappaB DNA binding activity in RAW264.7 cells. These results provide supporting evidences for the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia.     

超声循环提取灵芝中三萜类化合物的研究

目的 研究超声循环技术在灵芝中三萜类化合物提取中的应用。方法 在常规提取方法的基础上，增加超声循环的处理步骤。结果 通过试验对比，超声循环提取所需各种溶剂用量减少，提取时间缩短，目的产物提取率提高了40%。与常规方法提取得到的目的产物之间存在着良好的相关性。结论 超声循环技术用于灵芝中三萜类化合物的提取具有良好的应用前景。     

灵芝液体发酵产漆酶最佳培养基和培养条件研究

目的研究灵芝液体发酵产漆酶的最佳培养基和培养条件。方法以灵芝S3号菌株为试验材料,以灵芝漆酶活性为衡量指标,通过正交试验分别对灵芝液体发酵培养基及培养条件进行优化筛选。结果筛出最佳培养基组成为葡萄糖30g/L、棉花0.2%、磷酸氢二铵0.66g/L、干酪素0.5%、聚山梨酯-800.15%;优化培养条件为初始pH5.5、装液量75mL、接种量12.5%、菌龄5×24h、培养时间9×24h。结论优化培养基及培养条件后,发酵液中灵芝漆酶活性显著提高。     

Anti-androgenic activities of Ganoderma lucidum

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms on 5alpha-reductase activity were examined. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum Fr. Krast (Ganodermataceae) showed the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity. The treatment of the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum or the extract prepared from it significantly inhibited the testosterone-induced growth of the ventral prostate in castrated rats. These results showed that Ganoderma lucidum might be a useful ingredient for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).     

Ganodermataceae: natural products and their related pharmacological functions

The objective of this paper is to review the natural products and the pharmacological functions of Ganodermataceae family. Presently, studies on the bioactive components of Lingzhi are focused on polysaccharides and triterpenes/triterpenoids compounds. New Ganoderma polysaccharides, including their molecular weights, glycosyl residue compositions, glycosyl linkage and branches, are summarized in this paper. Also presented are new types of triterpenes and their characteristics from Lingzhi. Taking Ganoderma lucidum as an example, we reviewed its pharmacological functions in anti-tumor and immune-modulating activities for treating hypoglycemosis, hepatoprotection, and the effect on blood vessel system. Based on the advances in Lingzhi research in the past few decades, both G. lucidum and G. sinense are considered as the representative species of medicinal mushroom Lingzhi in China. Until 2001, G. tsugae was only advised to be used as the materials of the health products. The biologically-active components related to pharmacological functions of these three species were studied more than other Ganodermataceae family species; however, which have been used in less modern folk medicine.     

Radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in mice

Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidum could be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before or after irradiation of 500 and 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn't significant by statistical analysis. The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups. However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p greater than 0.05).