经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤

目的 报告经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析8例海绵窦区肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方式、疗效和术后并发症。结果 肿瘤全切5例，次全切3例；术后原有颅神经症状的63．6％获得改善，27．3％同术前，9．1％较术前加重，无新的神经症状出现，无疾病及死亡病例，随访7例，时间20－23个月，无肿瘤复发。结论 采用经额颞硬膜外手术入路可较好地暴露和切除海绵窦区肿瘤，明显降低术后并发症和死亡率。     

海绵窦区肿瘤的显微外科手术经验(附13例分析)

目的 探讨海绵窦区肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析13例海绵窦区肿瘤的临术及影像学特征，手术方法及结果，结果，肿瘤全切除3例，次全切除8例，大部切除1例，术中因严重出血而终止手术1例，术后症状改善5例，无变化5例，加重并出现新的症状2例，死亡1例（为鞍区横纹肌肉瘤病人）。术后随访3-23个月，平均11个月，存活病人均未见肿瘤复发。结论 合适的手术入路和良好的显微手术操作是海绵窦区手术成功的关键，手术应以病人生存质量为前提，不必盲目追求全切。     

扩大经蝶入路显微手术治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体瘤

目的 探讨扩大经蝶入路切除海绵窦侵袭性垂体瘤的方法。方法 回顾性分析22例采用扩大单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体瘤的临床资料．其中侵袭单侧海绵窦者14例（4例微腺瘤）．侵袭双侧者8例。结果 肿瘤全切13例，7例近全切．2例大部切除，3例术后出现脑神经损伤，无死亡。结论 扩大单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术是治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体瘤合理有效的方法，手术创伤小．并发症少．对双侧海绵窦侵袭病人优点更明显。     

非海绵窦区硬膜海绵状血管畸形2例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨非海绵窦区硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形的影像学特点、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析2例经术后病理证实的非海绵窦区硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形的临床资料，结合相关文献进行分析。结果 1例术前考虑大脑镰旁脑膜瘤，另1例术前考虑左侧横窦及天幕脑膜瘤。2例病灶均全切除，术后病理均证实为硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形，术后均恢复良好，未出现手术并发症，无需放疗等后续治疗。术后随访1年以上无复发。结论 非海绵窦区硬膜海绵状血管畸形极少见，容易误诊为脑膜瘤。手术切除时，应先阻断肿瘤位于硬膜或静脉窦的肿瘤基底，并尽量整块切除，否则可能遭遇汹涌的出血。该类疾病手术往往可安全有效的全切除病变，预后良好。     

额颞硬膜外-下入路手术治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨额颞硬膜外-下入路手术切除海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2016年12月采用额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术治疗的58例海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除46例，次全切除12例；术后出现动眼神经麻痹46例，其中42例0.5~1年后恢复。无死亡病例。结论 额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术是治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤有效的方法，动眼神经麻痹是主要并发症。     

海绵窦肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除

目的 探讨海绵窦肿瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗效果.方法 38例患者经CT 及MRI诊断为海绵窦肿瘤.采用改良翼点入路、于显微镜下手术切除病变.结果 31例(81.6%)肿瘤达全切除,5例(13.1%)获次全切除,余2例(5.3%)为部分切除,术后1例(2.6%)死亡.术后头痛及海绵窦综合征症状有所改善.肿瘤标本经病理学检查证实分别为脑膜瘤、神经鞘瘤、海绵状血管瘤、垂体腺瘤和胆脂瘤.33例随访8月～12(平均3.6)年,3例肿瘤复发,4例无变化或略有缩小.对其中的4例行放射外科治疗.结论 MRI是诊断海绵窦肿瘤的最佳检查方法,采用改良翼点入路显微手术切除本类肿瘤,效果良好.     

海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖与扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤（附103例分析）

目的研究海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点，并探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的方法。方法在10具成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路，观察海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点。根据解剖学研究结果，指导临床采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤103例。结果垂体侧方的海绵窦内侧壁薄弱，仅有一层疏松的纤维组织结构。颈内动脉是扩大经蝶窦入路海绵窦内所见的主要结构，可分为5段，有3个主要分支。颈内动脉海绵窦段主要的分支有脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉和被囊动脉。向内侧走行的脑膜垂体干和被囊动脉是经蝶窦入路中较易损伤的血管。手术显微镜下全切除肿瘤62例（60．2％），次全切除38例（36．9％），大部切除3例（2．9％）；无手术死亡；手术并发症包括短暂性脑脊液鼻漏5例，暂时性脑神经功能损伤4例，垂体功能低下3例，颈内动脉损伤2例，永久性尿崩症1例。术后行放射治疗17例，γ刀治疗15例，药物治疗13例。随访3个月～8年，2例出现肿瘤复发而予以γ刀治疗。无再手术病例。结论扩大经蝶窦入路是切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤理想的入路；了解颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支在解剖形态上的变化，对于减少术中出血，确保术中安全，具有重要意义。     

海绵窦眶尖肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 分析海绵窦眶尖肿瘤显微外科治疗的手术方法和治疗效果。方法 回顾分析过去4年间，采用显微手术治疗18例海绵窦眶尖肿瘤的临床资料。所有病例均采用额颢切口(翼点入路)，其中有5例加颧弓离断(扩大翼点入路)方法开颅。结果 肿瘤全切除12例，次全切除3例，大部分切除2例，活检1例；无手术死亡及严重并发症，神经继发损伤症状出现率为44．4％。结论 ①现代影像学可明确海绵窦眶尖解剖结构，根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范围，采用翼点入路、扩大翼点入路方法开颅；②熟练掌握解剖知识及手术技巧，选择恰当的手术入路，成功地手术切除和及时处理术后并发症等是治疗的关键；③颅底缺损应给予修补和重建，避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染也是一个关键的问题。     

经硬膜外入路切除海绵窦肿瘤(附18例报告)

目的 报告１８例海绵窦肿瘤的经硬膜外入路显微外科治疗的经济。方法 回顾性分析自１９９４￣１９９８年８月经硬膜外入路切除１８例海绵窦肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方法、手术结果及手术并发症等。结果 全部肿瘤全切除，无手术死亡，术后４５％颅神经症状得到改善，４５％颅神经症状同术前，１０％颅神经症状加重，１１％术后出现新颅神经症状。随访２月至４８月（平均２４月）无复发。结论 海绵窦肿瘤可采用单一硬膜外入路     

海绵窦内海绵状血管瘤

目的本文对海绵窦内海绵状血管瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、肿瘤起源和治疗作一探讨.方法对我院1981年8月以来治疗的10例海绵窦内海绵状血管瘤进行回顾性分析.结果 10例病人均行手术,其中4例行肿瘤切开取检时因大出血终止手术,1例仅行肿瘤栓塞治疗,2例肿瘤部分切除,3例肿瘤完全切除.无手术死亡.结论根据手术中所见可对肿瘤能否切除作出判断.实质性成分较多的肿瘤可通过显微手术完全切除.     

The antero-medial triangle: the risk for cranial nerves ischemia at the cavernous sinus lateral wall. Anatomic cadaveric study

OBJECTIVE: Vascular damage in the cavernous sinus can cause ischemic injury to the cranial nerves. An appropriate anatomical knowledge of the blood supply to the cranial nerves can help to reduce the morbidity associated with cavernous sinus surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three formalin-fixed and six adult cadaveric fresh heads, with common carotid arteries injected, were used for anatomical dissection in this study. A fronto-temporal craniotomy was performed and the cavernous sinus was explored according to the Dolenc technique. With microsurgical dissection and photographic documentation, we demonstrate the anatomy of the superior orbital fissure artery in the antero-medial triangle. RESULTS: The 12 explored cavernous sinuses demonstrated the presence of two principal branches directly from the intracavernous internal carotid artery that supply the cranial nerves: the infero-lateral trunk and the meningohypophyseal trunk. The artery of the Superior Orbital Fissure (SOF), originated more often from the infero-lateral trunk, and vascularized the III, IV, VI, and VI, and ophtalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (TGN VI) at their entry in the fissure. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrate that the superior orbital fissure artery is a branch from the infero-lateral trunk which runs immediately under the reticularis layer at the level of the anteromedial triangle in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The blood supply to all cranial nerves in the SOF is at risk to injury when the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is transgressed at the anteromedial triangle since the SOF-artery runs superficially at this level.     

Parasellar syndromes

The parasellar compartments are located lateral to and on either side of the sella turcica. The cavernous sinuses are the most prominent anatomic feature of the parasella. Each sinus consists of a plexus of veins through which runs the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Ocular motor nerves three and four travel within the dural covering of the cavernous sinus to the superior orbital fissure, and cranial nerve six travels through the carotid sinus itself, giving rise to parasellar syndromes, which have distinctive clinical features. Ophthalmoplegia occurs as a result of damage to these ocular motor nerves and variable involvement of oculosympathetic nerves. Facial pain, dysesthesia, and paraesthesia are caused by damage to one or more of the divisions of the fifth cranial nerve, travelling in the dural wall of the cavernous sinus. Tumors, such as meningiomas, frequently cause parasellar syndromes, as do aneurysms of the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Inflammatory conditions such as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, ischemia to small vessels supplying the cavernous portion of the cranial nerves, and infections can cause this syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice and therapy is specific to the cause of the parasellar syndrome, but now includes more aggressive endoscopic and microsurgical intervention, and radiosurgery.     

采用Dolenc入路处理海绵窦病变

目的 探讨海绵窦手术入路方法，以期提高手术效果。方法 在8个尸头上（16侧）按Dolenc手术入路的基本要领进行解剖练习，应用于临床12例，其中10例为海绵窦内肿瘤（脑膜瘤5例，垂体瘤3例，脊索瘤2例），1例为累及海绵窦的眼动脉巨大动脉瘤，1例为海绵窦段颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤。结果 Dolenc手术入路主要分两步；首先从硬膜外去除遮挡海绵窦的部分骨质（前床突，蝶骨翼等），然后将海绵窦上壁和外侧壁的硬膜广泛剥离开，暴露其深面的颅神经。采用此入路，10例海绵窦内肿瘤有5例全切。3例近全切，动脉瘤顺利夹闭，除2例持久的外展神经麻痹，未带来新的神经功能缺损。结论 Dolenc手术入路显露充分，安全，为彻底根除某些海绵窦病变提供了机会。     

海绵窦内颅神经血液供应显微外科解剖研究

目的 为减少海绵窦显微外科手术时损伤海绵窦内颅神经血供而研究这些颅神经的血液供应解剖。方法 50具成人尸体海绵窦标本,在解剖显微镜下解剖和分析。结果（１）９０侧（占90％）的标本示动眼神经由颈内动脉的下外侧动脉分支供血;（2）滑车神经近段有74例（占74％）的标本示其接受下外侧动脉的分支供血,有26例（占26％）标本示其接受脑膜垂体动脉分支天幕动脉的供血,滑车神经远段主要由下外侧动脉的分支供血;（3）在Dorellos管区域,外展神经近段接受脑膜背侧动脉的血供,中段及远段由下外侧动脉的分支供血;（4）三叉神经的眼支和上颌支由下外侧动脉的分支供血,三叉神经节的内侧部由下外侧动脉和天幕动脉的分支供血,中部由下外侧动脉的分支供血,外侧部由下外侧动脉的分支或由脑膜中动脉供血。结论 下外侧动脉在海绵窦内颅神经供血中起重要作用。术中我们应保护这些血供,就可减少术后颅神经功能障碍。     

Anatomic rationale for a transmaxillary access to the cavernous sinus

W. Couldwell et al. were the first to propose a transmaxillary access to the cavernous sinus in 1997. The authors showed that this approach was low-invasive and cosmetic and it ensured visualization of different nervous formations of the cavernous sinus and the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. This study was undertaken to study microsurgical anatomy, to simulate a transmaxillary access, to demonstrate its expediency, and to assess the use of endoscopic techniques when this access was applied. The study was conducted in 3 steps: 1) a craniometric study on 33 skulls and 25 craniograms to examine the craniological and geometric parameters of the anatomy of the osseous structures included into the transmaxillary access; 2) simulation of the access on the osseous structures of the skull (2 sides); by including anterior and posterior maxillotomy and bone drilling-out around the round foramen; 3) microsurgical preparation--dissection was performed on 3 head samples (5 sides) at the Laboratory of Microneurosurgical Anatomy, Acad. N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Endoscopy was tested when the transmaxillary access was applied. The results were as follows: 1. The depth of the access failed to correlate with the shape of the skull. The operative observation angle averaged 18-23 degrees. 2. Simulation of the transmaxillary access on the dried skull made it possible to visualize the medial portion of the infratemporal fossa, by enlarging the pterygpid-maxillary fissure. The bone drilling-out boundaries for the skull base were defined. 3. Microsurgical dissection after removal of the posterior maxillary sinus wall and opening the pterygopalatine fossa. The topography of the maxillary artery and nerve was studied. After drilling out the bone of the skull base, the lower wall of the cavernous sinus was crescent. The cavernous sinus was opened as far as possible both above the maxillary nerve and between the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve. Conclusions: 1. The access is deep and narrow, yet low-traumatic. 2. It may be the access of choice in removing a small pathological focus in the pterygopalatine fossa, round foramen or lower portions of the cavernous fossa. 3. The access may be used to approach the medial portion of the infratemporal fossa. 4. The described stepwise microsurgical anatomy and internal guiding lines in the retromaxilllary space permit one to perform surgical operations with confidence. 5. With this access, there is no guidance over the great vessel (internal carotid artery). 6. The access passes through the vestibule of the mouth; in this connection its application is undesirable at surgery for intradural abnormalities.     

海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的影像特征和显微手术

目的 总结海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的诊断和手术治疗经验,探讨其影像特征和手术要点.方法 对2001年10月至2008年10月收治并手术切除的13例海绵窦海绵状血管瘤进行回顾性分析.病灶最大径3.5～6 0 cm,均经MRI证实和显微手术切除.结果 病变被全切除9例,大部切除3例,活检1例,无手术死亡.海绵窦神经保留情况:8例保留动眼神经;9例保留三叉神经第Ⅱ、Ⅲ支;其余均未能保留.结论 海绵窦海绵状血管瘤可以根据其MRI的特征性影像获得确诊.合适的手术人路、娴熟的显微外科技术是全切肿瘤的必备条件.海绵窦内神经的保留仍然是未能完全解决的问题.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the imaging character and surgical therapy of cavernous hemangiomas in cavernous sinus ( CSHs) .Method From 2001 to 2008, 13 patients with CSHs were surgically treated in our department.The diameters of CSHs varied from 3.5 cm to 6.0 cm.Results All the patients were operated on with no mortality.Complete tumor removal was achieved in 9 cases, partial tumor removal in 3 cases, and biopsy in 1 case.Cranial nerve Ⅲ was preserved in 8 cases and cranial nerves V2,V3 in 9 cases.In the other cases, cranial nerves in cavernous sinus were sacrificed unavoidably.Conclusions CSHs can be diagnosed preoperatively according to MRI and can be removed successfully by experienced surgeons who are familiar with operative approaches and microsurgical technique.However,great efforts should be made to decrease postoperative cranial nerve deficits.     

Comparative assessment of the results of different surgical treatments in patients with pituitary adenomas infiltrating the cavernous sinus

Benign pituitary tumors or adenomas are highly common, occasionally inclined to infiltrate the adjacent structures, the cavernous sinus in particular. Despite the fact that drug and radiation therapy are at present widely used treatments, surgical procedures remain highly topical. Different modifications of two basic surgical methods (transcranial intradural and transsphenoidal) that fail to completely remove a tumor from the cavernous sinus in most cases are mostly frequently used as before. Attempts to improve surgical procedures and introduction of current technologies have led to the emergence of an extradural method for tumor removal from the cavernous sinus and to the introduction of endoscopic monitoring during transsphenoidal operations. A strategy of two-stage removal of pituitary tumors has simultaneously been developed. The paper presents the results of surgical treatment of 297 patients with pituitary adenomas growing into the cavernous sinus, by using currently available procedures: transsphenoidal, transcranial intradural, and intra-extradural, and two-stage ones. The findings have confirmed that transsphenoidal removal of pituitary adenomas is the safest method. However, this method has a number of limitations in cases with tumor being grown into the cavernous sinus especially when there is a medial displacement of the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. Moreover, secondary tumor nodes that may be removed by transcranial intradural access are a contraindication to its use. With this, attempts to remove a tumor from the cavernous sinus fail to ensure the desired completeness of removal from the cavernous sinus. The application of an intra-extradural access is the most adequate procedure for tumor removal from the cavernous sinus. The two-stage removal is the most adequate procedure in cases of simultaneously significant spread of a tumor intracranially and into the structures of the base of the skull.     

海绵窦Dolenc入路的显微外科解剖学研究

目的对海绵窦（CS)经Dolenc入路进行显做外科解剖学研究，为途经该区的显做手术提供解剖学依据。方法模拟经Dolenc入路，对15具(30侧)灌注好了的尸头在放大5～20倍的手术显做镜下进行解剖、测量。结果联合硬膜内、外打开CS上壁和外侧壁，然后进入CS内，显露神经、血管。CS上壁及外侧壁各有与手术相关的解剖三角，近环的一部分形成颈内动脉(ICA)-Ⅲ硬膜，与视神经嵴相连，ICA床突段可有静脉丛。结论Dolenc入路显露充分、安全，可配合使用CS内各个三角处理其内病变。ICA床突段可位于CS内、外，而视神经嵴可作为区别CS和硬膜内邻近ICA瘤可靠的解剖学标志。