高龄股骨颈骨折患者行全髋关节置换与人工双极股骨头置换的比较☆

目的：高龄股骨颈骨折患者在人工全髋假体和人工双极股骨头假体置换的选择上存在争议。回顾性分析全髋关节假体置换与人工双极股骨头假体置换治疗70岁以上股骨颈骨折远期生物相容性反应及关节功能恢复状况。 方法：2002-01/2006-12吉林大学第一医院骨关节一科收治的70岁以上股骨颈骨折实行髋关节置换的患者60例60髋。按照手术方式分为人工全髋置换组和人工双极股骨头置换组。全髋关节置换组21例，男8例，女13例，平均年龄（72.1±3.5）岁，合并内科疾病18例。人工双极股骨头置换组39例，男16例，女23例，平均年龄（75.1±6.4）岁，合并内科疾病35例。①人工假体选择：16例假体采用德国Link公司及美国Zimmer公司产品，44例为北京蒙太因公司提供的人工关节。②术者资质：手术均由本科从事人工关节专业工作≥ 10年高年资医师作为术者完成，术者资格符合岗位技术标准要求。③置入后评估：全部病例平均随访37个月，从材料与宿主的生物相容性、关节功能、Harris评分、住院时间、住院费用、不良反应、手术时间、术中出血量等方面进行比较和随访。 结果：①材料与宿主生物相容性的比较：人工双极股骨头置换组2例患者在术后5年出现髋臼壁磨损而行翻修手术。其余患者无切口感染，无关节脱位，无假体松动。②两组不良反应比较：全髋关节置换组和人工双极股骨头置换组各有1例在术后出现患侧髋部红肿、疼痛，经证实无假体周围感染，对症治疗后痊愈。③关节功能随访比较：平均随访37个月，全髋关节置换组Harris评分平均为（89.8±8.6）分，人工双极股骨头置换组Harris评分平均为（72.7±9.5）分，两组比较差异有显著性意义（P < 0.05）。④住院时间与住院费用的比较：两组患者平均住院时间和平均住院费用相比差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）。⑤手术时间与术中出血量的比较：全髋关节置换组平均手术时间（150.2±24.3）min，人工双极股骨头置换组平均手术时间（105.8±22.1）min，两组相比差异有显著性意义（P < 0.05）。全髋关节置换组平均术中出血（990.1±184.6）mL，人工双极股骨头置换组平均术中出血量（680.5±154.7）mL，两组相比差异有显著性意义（P < 0.05）。 结论：高龄股骨颈骨折行人工全髋关节置换后关节功能恢复较好，远期出现髋关节疼痛及髋臼磨损等生物相容性反应的几率较低，是人工关节置换治疗的首选方法。     

非骨水泥型髋关节假体用于老龄初次全髋关节置换：2年随访

背景：目前普遍认为非骨水泥型假体适用于年龄< 65岁的患者,骨水泥假体适用高龄、骨质情况欠佳的患者。但没有明确证据表明非骨水泥假体不适用于年龄> 70岁、既往身体健康、日常活动量满意、无骨质疏松或有轻度骨质疏松的患者。 目的：观察非骨水泥型髋关节假体用于老龄初次全髋关节置换患者的效果。 方法：纳入行非骨水泥假体初次全髋关节置换、年龄> 70岁的老龄患者57例65髋,平均年龄86.3岁;其中股骨颈骨折33例33髋,股骨头缺血性坏死18例25髋,髋关节发育不良6例7髋。记录置换时间、手术出血量、住院时间、置换后初次下床活动的时间、置换前及置换后3,6,12,24个月的髋关节Harris评分、X射线片结果、置换后并发症。 结果与结论：随访6~40个月,平均19.6个月。53例完成随访,4例失访,未发现假体松动和需翻修手术病例。Harris评分由置换前的平均(40.7±18.9)分提高到置换后的(89.2±5.5)分,优良率为93.7%。置换后并发症包括术口血肿1例、脑血管意外1例几泌尿系感染1例。提示老龄患者用非骨水泥型髋关节假体行初次全髋关节置换治疗能达到满意的近期效果。     

骨水泥型双极股骨头假体应用于高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折16例

选择苏州大学附属第一医院骨科自2006-07/2008-11行骨水泥型双极股骨头假体置换治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者16例,男5例,女11例;平均年龄84岁。其中15例获得随访。假体采用北京蒙太因公司骨水泥型双极股骨头假体,置换后常规抗生素治疗5~7 d,并给予镇痛、抗凝等药物。平均随访时间14个月,1例于置换10个月后因肺心病死亡,3例存在异位骨化,随访期间均未见假体松动、脱位现象。髋关节功能按Harris评分,优3例,良9例,可3例,差0例,优良率为80%。结果提示骨水泥型双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折是积极、有效的,但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

含抗生素骨水泥股骨柄与非骨水泥髋臼金属托结合全髋置换治疗中老年股骨颈骨折内固定失败19例

背景：中老年股骨颈骨折内固定失败后的治疗充满挑战性,最佳治疗方法尚未达到一致。 目的：观察含抗生素骨水泥股骨柄与非骨水泥髋臼金属托组合的全髋关节置换治疗股骨颈骨折内固定失败的效果。 方法：纳入股骨颈骨折内固定失败后行人工全髋关节置换患者19例,假体均为含抗生素骨水泥股骨柄与非骨水泥髋臼金属托组合的全髋关节。髋臼侧采用生物性假体压配固定,股骨侧采用带抗生素骨水泥假体固定。12例选取金属-聚乙烯承重界面,7例选取陶瓷-聚乙烯承重界面。置换后随访,定期摄片监测假体位置,并指导功能锻炼,记录髋关节功能恢复状况。 结果与结论：手术时间(110±55) min,术中出血量(510±60) mL,置换后出血量(310±40) mL。切口均一期愈合,未见局部红肿,脓性渗出。双下肢畸形恢复,长度相差均小于1 cm。19例全部获得随访,随访期间所有病例均未见假体松动征象。置换后1年随访Harris髋关节评分显著高于置换前(P < 0.05),其中优10例,良8例,中1例,差0例,优良率为94.7%。提示全髋关节置换治疗股骨颈骨折内固定失败有一定困难,采用含抗生素骨水泥股骨柄与非骨水泥髋臼金属托组合,可加强围手术期处理以及针对性的功能锻炼,患者关节疼痛以及活动度可得到明显改善。     

全陶瓷型人工髋关节置换治疗股骨头缺血性坏死23例☆

目的：全髋关节置换存在的主要问题是假体无菌性松动，为此许多不同特质的关节假体界面被研究利用，陶瓷对陶瓷型假体就是其中的一种。观察陶瓷-陶瓷人工髋关节置换治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的中短期疗效，并评估其临床应用价值。 方法：于2006-01/2008-12对23例(28髋)采用陶瓷-陶瓷非骨水泥型假体置换治疗的股骨头缺血性坏死患者进行随访，所有关节假体均使用BiCONTACT®全陶瓷关节假体。应用Harris评分标准进行功能评价，应用股骨Gruen与髋臼Delee-Charnly分区方法进行影像学评价。 结果：平均随访28个月。患者Harris评分从置换前平均39.45分提高至置换后平均88.57分，差异具有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。影像学上无明显的假体松动、下沉。 结论：对于股骨头缺血性坏死患者，新型陶瓷-陶瓷假体短期随访置换效果良好，影像学表现无明显松动。     

股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换42例：5年同一机构治疗者≥12个月结果随访

背景：继往的人工髋关节置换切除股骨颈,将严重改变压应力系统和张应力系统之间的受力平衡。而保留股骨颈则保留了股骨颈健康骨结构,使假体应力沿股骨近端生理状况分布,亦可防止股骨近端骨质疏松导致假体松动。 目的：评价股骨颈保留型人工髋关节在髋关节置换中的应用效果。 方法：2003-03/2008-04施行股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换42例52髋,均应用S-ROM假体(Depuy,美国),假体分为髋臼部分和股骨部分。记录髋关节置换时间、术中出血量、置换后住院天数、Harris评分及围手术期并发症。置换后摄标准髋关节正侧位X射线片,并测量髋臼外展角和前倾角。 结果与结论：全部病例随访12~61个月,平均39个月。全髋关节置换时间30~70 min,平均45 min。术中出血70~200 mL,平均110 mL。置换后X射线片测量髋臼外展角平均44.1°,前倾角平均21°。置换后第5天髋关节摄片确认置入假体正常后即要求扶助行器下地活动。置换前髋关节功能Harris评分平均(32.7±6.3)分,置换后3个月Harris评分平均(93.2±4.1)分。提示股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换具有创伤小、出血少、符合人体生物力学、假体稳定、假体磨损小的特点,可以作为传统股骨柄的替代治疗。     

人工双极股骨头置换中大转子不同固定方法的比较★

背景：钢丝捆绑固定大小转子间骨折在髋关节置换过程中被广泛采用，但对于严重粉碎的骨质疏松骨折可能会加重骨折或无法固定所有骨折块。 目的：对比人工双极股骨头置换治疗老年骨质疏松性不稳定转子间骨折中不同固定方法的效果。 方法：在人工双极股骨头置换治疗34例骨质疏松性老年患者股骨转子间不稳定骨折中，采用钢丝捆绑固定大转子骨折块19例，采用爱惜邦聚丁酯带针缝线固定大转子骨折块15例。 结果与结论：所有大转子骨折均愈合，无骨折移位、关节脱位、假体下沉、断裂、松动等并发症发生。所有患者日常生活能自理，无严重疼痛、功能障碍，疗效满意。两组骨折愈合时间及Hariss评分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.01)。爱惜帮捆绑固定组手术时间及术中出血量较钢丝捆绑组少(P < 0.01)。表明在人工双极股骨头置换治疗老年骨质疏松伴大转子粉碎的不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者过程中，采用爱惜帮缝合线固定可明显缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量。     

全髋关节置换治疗股骨转子间骨折37例

选择2000-07/2008-03郴州市第一人民医院骨科收治的股骨转子间骨折内固定失败患者37例,男20例,女17例,年龄63~84岁,平均74岁。均由于内固定后并发镙钉对股骨头、颈和髋臼的切割破坏而再次行全髋关节置换。距第1次内固定的时间为13~23个月。全部病例无严重心肺功能不全、局部感染等置换禁忌证,置换前Harris评分为(40.0±12.2)分。37例患者采用骨水泥型假体置换18例,采用非骨水泥型假体置换19例。本组37例患者均获得随访,平均6.3个月。全部病例平均置换时间(81.0±13.6) min,置换过程出血量(662.0±51.8) mL。置换后无伤口感染、脱位、坠积性肺炎、压疮、下肢深静脉栓塞等并发症。随访期间未出现髋部疼痛、无力、活动受限等异常,X射线平片未见假体松动、下沉、脱位,骨质疏松情况逐步改善。置换后Harris评分为(83.0±12.4)分,其中优20例,良12例,可4例,差1例,优良率86.49%。提示假体置换是治疗转子间骨折内固定失败后的一种有较治疗方法。     

自体股骨头植骨生物型人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不良的疗效

背景：Crowe Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型髋关节发育不良患者真臼发育差,且受股骨头蚀损影响,外侧壁常有缺损,因此大部分患者均需采用自体植骨、假臼重建。 目的：观察生物型人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不良时采用自体股骨头植骨的临床效果。 方法：选择2007-03/2009-11四川省骨科医院髋部创伤科收治的髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎患者15例15髋,单侧患者双下肢不等长为(2.7±0.8) cm,置换前Harris评分为(41.6±12.8)分。术中15髋采用标准全髋关节置换,同时采用自体股骨头植骨重建髋臼旋转中心。置换后随访摄骨盆正位和患髋侧位X射线平片评价髋臼和股骨假体位置、植骨块愈合情况以及双下肢长度。 结果与结论：置换后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间一两年,平均1年。置换后12个月X射线平片示植骨块均已愈合。末次随访时单侧患者双下肢不等长(0.8±0.3) cm,Harris评分为(89.3±6.5)分,与置换前相比,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。X射线平片示髋臼和股骨假体无移位,未见植骨块有明显移位和吸收塌陷征象。提示髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎行全髋关节置换时采用自体股骨头植骨有利于恢复髋臼旋转中心,提供良好髋臼固定。     

双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折108例随访☆

秦皇岛市第一医院于2002-01/2008-06采用人工股骨头置换治疗股骨颈骨折,共108例患者获得随访,随访过程中回顾分析患者的住院时间、手术时间及术中出血量,并对置换前、后的X射线结果及随访过程中髋关节Harris评分进行评估,以评价患者近期疗效。患者随访6个月~5年,平均3.4年。髋关节Harris评分优42例,平均96.4分;良50例,平均85.7分;中10例,平均74.5分;差6例,优良率85.2%。X射线结果显示随访期间假体位置良好,无松动及下沉。人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折手术时间短,出血少,可降低手术风险。置换后患者功能恢复满意,可有效提高患者生活质量,是一种治疗股骨颈骨折的满意方法。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.