国人脑动脉系统的研究——五、新生儿大脑内动脉的配布

用注射、固定透明的脑厚切片在立体解剖显微镜下观察了十一个新生儿大脑内微动脉的走行与配布。各大脑动脉在大脑表面反复分支,互相吻合,形成多角形和不规则形的软膜动脉网。各脑回内微动脉的走行和配布形象具有共同特征。皮质动脉由软膜动脉网发出,与脑表面垂直穿入大脑皮质,在皮质内是直行的,排列整齐,随沟回起伏。皮质长动脉管径为16～31微米,短的为7.5～15.4微米,形成多角形或不规则形的毛细血管网。髓质动脉从回顶穿入的完全直行,长的直达髓质深部,管径为48～61微米,短的只35～47微米。从脑沟穿入的髓质动脉在皮质内是直行的,至髓质则有不同程度的弯曲,随同纤维方向行走。髓质动脉的分支也都以直角分出,行一短程,又“T”形分叉,互相连接,构成近似长方格形的毛细血管网。中央动脉由脑底等处穿入,至纹状体的动脉在穿入脑实质以后,沿壳核浅层扇形分开,弧形上行;丘脑的动脉从后外、下内及上面各方面穿入,分支也均呈锐角,经3～4级分支后形成多角形,三角形、近圆形和不规则形毛细血管网。内囊的动脉多顺纤维方向行走,也直角分支,“T”形分叉,形成近似长方格形的毛细血管网,但杂有横行从豆状核至尾状核的分支。     

小脑皮质及髓质的微血管构筑

12例新鲜儿童尸脑,以甲醛碳素墨水灌注,光镜观察.小脑皮质及髓质的动脉来源于小脑动脉皮质支及中央支.血管多以直角及呈放射状穿小脑实质.小脑皮质及髓质的动脉分为皮质浅动脉、皮质中动脉、皮质深动脉、皮质髓质动脉及髓质动脉.动脉分支间相互吻合构成皮质浅、深层及髓质血管网.血管及血管网眼密度以皮质深层为最高.皮质的血供主要来自皮质浅、中、深动脉,髓质主要来自皮质髓质动脉及髓质动脉.髓质内的血管多呈直角分支.且血管走行与白质纤维方向一致.本文讨论了小脑皮质及髓质的血供及血管形态与小脑血管疾病的关系.     

胎儿大脑中动脉皮质支和中央支微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

应用脑血管铸型方法，在扫描电镜下观察了１０例胎大脑中动脉皮质支及中央的微血管构筑，结果表明两者存有差异。（１）皮质支分出的微动脉胺照其终止部分为皮质浅动脉、皮质中动脉和皮质深动脉。微动脉多以锐角发出分支。皮质中动脉和皮质深动脉可见喷泉样分支。皮质内血管网明显地分浅、中、深三层，以中层（Ⅲ．Ⅵ层）最密集。微静脉属支以直角汇入主干。（２）中央支及其分支的微动脉根据其从大脑中动脉的起始部位不同分为内侧群     

应用单宁酸-氯化铁法显示小脑不同部位的微血管构筑

目的　光镜下观察 6只大鼠小脑前叶、后叶及蚓部微血管构筑。方法　用单宁酸 -氯化铁法 (TAFM)媒染显示小脑内血管。结果　小脑各部位皮质、髓质动脉均来源于软脑膜动脉和小脑动脉中央支 ,软脑膜动脉分支多以直角进入小脑皮质 ,分别在分子层、蒲肯野细胞层、颗粒层形成毛细血管网 ;小脑后叶髓质中微动脉呈爪状分支 ,小叶两侧皮质深层微动脉或毛细血管可跨过髓质互相沟通。结论　 TAFM显示小脑微血管构筑清晰、立体感强 ,并发现小叶内皮质深层微血管之间有吻合支     

胎儿和新生儿肾上腺的血管构筑

本文采用血管复型扫描电镜,注射墨汁切片光镜下观察和注射铅丹乳胶X线照像3种方法,研究了28例胎儿和新生儿肾上腺的血管构筑。发自膈下动脉、腹主动脉和肾动脉的肾上腺上、中、下动脉及其分支,在肾上腺囊表面和穿过囊的过程中逐级分支,最后形成毛细血管。动脉和毛细血管共同构成囊血管丛,从该丛发出的皮质动脉和髓质动脉,分别分支供给皮质和髓质。从囊血管丛发出的“V”型动脉在皮质中行一段距离后又返回囊中分支。永久性皮质毛细血管网是囊毛细血管的直接延续。在胎儿性皮质中,毛细血管有两个来源,其一是永久性皮质毛细血管的延伸;另一来源是由皮质动脉分支构成。它们共同构成胎儿性皮质毛细血管网。在胎儿性皮质的中部,毛细血管汇成小静脉。中央区的髓质由髓质动脉供血。在皮质中,正在迁移的髓质细胞团由与之伴行的动脉供应。在皮质中形成的小静脉呈向心性行走。其中一部分在近中央区又分为毛细血管,这些毛细血管相互吻合,最后入中央静脉的属支中。这种分布特点属于门脉形式的血管;另一部分属于中央静脉的第一级属支,它们逐级汇合后形成中央静脉主干。中央静脉系呈树枝状,其主干在腺的前面穿出腺后为肾上腺静脉。左侧肾上腺静脉人左肾静脉;右侧的人下腔静脉。而与动脉伴行的肾上腺上、中、下静脉的末级属支与囊毛细血管相连。本研究讨论了胎儿和新生儿肾上腺血管的分布规律,为胎儿内分泌学和肾上腺移植等方面提供了血管形态学基础。     

15 人脑海马内部微血管三维构筑的研究

<正>本文采用5例有机玻璃单体铸型标本,暗视野全景观察和日立S—450扫描电镜观察,较完整地显示人脑海马内部血管从动脉—微动脉—毛细血管前括约肌—毛细血管—微静脉—小静脉连续性立体构筑。海马内微动脉与微静脉有着特殊的分布形式,本文观察到一支动脉分细支或数条动脉的分支组成血管网,数支微动脉伴随一条微静脉为-血管单位,毛细血管互相交织成不规则的血管网.皮质动脉分支走向及毛细血管袢长轴与神经纤维走向平行。皮质长、短动脉各序支管随年龄增长而变粗;皮质动脉在深部发支返回浅层。本文观察到微血管间存在多种吻合:1.微动脉间吻合;2.毛细血管前动脉间吻合;3.微动脉与微静脉间吻合;4.微静脉间有搭桥式吻合。微血管形态特征;小动脉壁有卵圆形的内皮细胞核压迹,排列整齐,清晰可见。小静脉壁有圆形的内皮细胞核压迹。较大数量的毛细血管前括约肌和微动脉末端肌纤维包绕管壁形成纹理的微动脉括约肌,微动脉管径突然变细呈锥状与毛细血管相连接。毛细血管汇入静脉,静脉属支呈“树根状”。     

大脑皮质微血管构筑

本实验用铸型扫描电镜法观察大鼠和豚鼠大脑皮质内微血管构筑。两者基本相似,均存在以皮质微静脉为中轴的、周围由6支皮质微动脉形成的6边棱柱状的微循环单位。大鼠皮质微动脉长约800～1000μm,直径约18～20μm,两相邻微动脉间距约200μm。皮质微静脉长约1100～1500μm,直径约40～45μm,两相邻皮质微静脉间距约530μm。每支皮质微静脉引流范围约0.2～0.3mm~2。皮质毛细血管的直径约5.0～5.5μm,长约80～200μm。有些区域毛细血管较密集,吻合形态复杂。直径大于8μm的微动脉管壁有完整的平滑肌,毛细血管前括约肌明显。     

闭孔动脉吻合支的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 :为骨盆创伤止血提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 0个防腐固定的成年骨盆标本 ,仔细解剖观察双侧闭孔动脉的来源、分支及其吻合情况。同时通过 5个盆部血管铸型标本 ,观察闭孔动脉与髂外动脉及髂内动脉系统的侧支吻合情况。结果 :闭孔动脉起源分散 ,可分为盆内段和盆外段 ,其分支分布至盆腔脏器和骨盆。 86.7%的闭孔动脉与旋股内动脉浅支间存在直径 ( 1.2 8± 0 .2 2 )mm的血管吻合 ,3 6.7%与对侧闭孔动脉间存在直径 ( 1.12± 0 .0 8)mm的血管吻合 ,2 6.7%与腹壁下动脉 (或髂外动脉 )间有直径( 1.0 2± 0 .3 2 )mm的吻合血管 ,11.7%与旋股内动脉深支有直径 ( 1.5 6± 0 .3 4)mm的血管吻合。此外 ,闭孔动脉分支的终末毛细血管与髂腰动脉、旋髂深动脉、第四腰动脉、阴部内动脉、膀胱上、下动脉和前列腺动脉 (或子宫动脉 )等动脉之间存在广泛、固定的毛细血管吻合网。结论 :闭孔动脉与髂内动脉其他分支及髂外动脉之间存在广泛的血管吻合 ,主要吻合类型为终末支直接吻合和终末支网状血管吻合。在骨盆创伤骨折需阻断出血动脉时 ,应特别注意终末支直接吻合的存在。     

肾上腺髓质微血管构筑

本文以树脂铸型扫描电镜法,观察大鼠和小鼠肾上腺髓质的微血管构筑,并特别注意髓质血管和皮质血管的相互关系;此外切片观察测量了肾上腺髓质两种嗜铬细胞的分布。肾上腺皮质集合小静脉发出侧支,分布于髓质,构成了门静脉循环特点。小鼠的肾上腺髓质,主要由这种侧支供应;而大鼠的髓质,还有多支髓质动脉供应。从血管铸型上表现出的明显局部环形缩窄推测,肾上腺髓质血液循环有若干括约装置控制。大、小鼠两种嗜铬细胞在肾上腺髓质内的分布不同,大鼠的呈随机分布;小鼠的 NA 细胞多靠近皮质,而 A 细胞多远离皮质。     

脑桥动脉的显微外科解剖

用动——静脉连续灌注和厚切片透明法,在手术显微镜下观测了60侧国人脑桥浅动脉和18侧内部动脉。脑桥前内侧动脉平均每侧有6.25支,以反向夹角自基底动脉发出,由基底沟侧缘等处穿入。脑桥前外侧动脉平均为6.50支,穿入脑桥基底部内侧。脑桥外侧动脉每侧有8.12支,经基底部外侧和小脑中脚穿入。脑桥后动脉平均为6.98支,穿入小脑上脚。脑桥表面存在纤细的软膜动脉网。每侧共有29个动脉穿入点(0.2 mm以上),以基底沟、脚间沟和脚间窝下缘等处的较为密集。内部各群动脉均向第四脑室底集中行走,有分布于基底部的短动脉和伸入被盖部的长动脉。描述了内部各群动脉的行程和分布。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.