Carbon dioxide-enhanced sonographically guided radiofrequency ablation plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

A 78-year-old man had a history of blood transfusion and hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis. He was admitted to the authors' hospital with a hepatocellular carcinoma just below the right hemidiaphragm. Although the lesion was not well visualized with standard sonography, it was clearly defined by performance of sonography with intraarterial injection of carbon dioxide, allowing safe and accurate radiofrequency ablation. To increase the extent of tumor ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was performed immediately before radiofrequency ablation. By concomitant application of these two techniques, complete tumor necrosis was achieved without the need to perform additional ablation.     

Imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pictorial essay is to show the imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency thermal ablation on CT, MRI, and contrast-enhanced sonography and to describe the advantages and limitations of each imaging technique in evaluating the therapeutic effect on HCC. CONCLUSION: CT is the standard imaging technique for monitoring the effectiveness of TACE and radiofrequency ablation. Contrast-enhanced sonography and MRI can complement CT in evaluating the therapeutic response.     

C臂CT引导经皮乙醇消融术在巨块型肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞后的近期疗效

目的 评价C臂CT引导经皮无水乙醇消融术(PEI)在巨块型肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)后的可行性及近期疗效.方法 回顾分析巨块型肝癌患者95例,其中40例行单纯TACE治疗(对照组),55例行TACE联合PEI治疗(联合组).对照组1个月后重复TACE治疗1次.联合组TACE1周后行PEI.术前经C臂CT扫描评估碘油沉积情况,定位穿刺路径及注入部位.2周后对碘油沉积缺损部分追加PEI.3个月后两组复查CT,对碘油沉积分布情况进行统计学分析.结果 联合组初次PEI术后显示碘油沉积为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型病灶分别为41.8％ (23/55)、49.1％(27/55)、7.3％ (4/55)和1.8％(1/55);2周后分别为25.4％ (14/55)、50.9％(28/55)、16.4％(9/55)和7.3％(4/55).再次对除Ⅰ型病灶外的41例患者行PEI.3个月后复查CT,对照组碘油沉积Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型病灶分别为7.5％ (3/40)、30％(12/40)、42.5％(17/40)、20％(8/40);联合组碘油沉积Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型病灶分别为30.9％(17/55)、40％ (22/55)、23.6％(13/55)、5.5％(3/55).两组差异有统计学意义.结论 C臂CT成像技术在TACE术后联合PEI治疗巨块型肝癌的指导和评估中具有重要价值,保证了手术的安全性、准确性和有效性.     

Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a combined therapy for unresectable non-early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

The treatment of unresectable “non-early” (according to the BCLC classification) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) followed by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is retrospectively evaluated and possible prognostic factors of this combined therapy are investigated. Forty-six consecutive cirrhotic patients (Child-Pugh class A or B) with solitary or oligonodular HCC underwent RFA after TACE. The treated lesions were 51 overall (size 30–80 mm, mean 48.9). RFA was performed by a multitined expandable electrodes device after one TACE administration. Local efficacy was evaluated with multiphasic computed tomography (CT) performed an average of 2 months after treatment and then during follow-up. Patient survival rate was also evaluated (follow-up time 1–51 months, mean 15 months). Technical success (defined as complete devascularization during the arterial phase) was achieved in 34/51 lesions (66.7%) at the first CT check and in 29/51 (56.9%) during the succeeding follow-up. Among the considered prognostic factors, only lesion diameter (< or >=50 mm) was statistically significant in the Fisher's exact test in terms of local control (85.2 vs. 45.8% at first CT, p=.0065; 70.4 vs. 41.7% during follow-up, p=.051). There were two major complications (6.5%): one hepatic failure and one death. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed survival rates of 89.7% at 12 months and 67.1% at 24 months. Combined therapy for non-early HCC shows a relatively high complete local response (especially in lesions less than 5 cm in diameter) and promising mid-term clinical success. Its overall usefulness has yet to be established by a larger series and risk-benefit analysis.     

晚期肝癌介入栓塞化疗加射频热疗的疗效评价

目的：研究晚期肝癌介入栓塞化疗（TACE）加射频热疗的疗效和毒副作用。方法：原发性或转移性肝癌33例，分为两组，TACE加热疗组14例，单纯TACE组19例。所有患者均介入肝动脉灌注化疗药物并栓塞，TACE加热疗组于介入栓塞后行上腹部射频热疗，治疗3周期后，以WHO疗效评价标准评价疗效。治疗前后进行肝功能分级，骨髓毒副作用参照WHO化疗毒副作用标准评价，以χ^2检验法比较组间差异。结果：TACE加热疗组，3例部分缓解（PR）（21．4％），5例病灶稳定（SD）（35．7％）；单纯介入栓塞组有2例PR（10．5％），3例SD（15．8G）；疾病控制率（PR＋CR＋SD）分别为51．7％及26．3％（P〈0．05）；两组间肝功能，血常规变化未见明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：本研究提示TACE加射频热疗较单纯介入栓塞治疗临床有效率高，副作用未见明显差异。     

Low-output radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial oily-chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

We devised low-output radiofrequency ablation (RFA)combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using iodized oil mixed with anticancer drugs (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), to reduce the cooling effect of tumoral arterial blood flow, to prevent intraportal disseminations and intrahepatic metastases by sudden ebullition (bumping), and to obtain an adequate margin of safety. We performed low-output RFA on 10 HCC patients. We performed RFA with a lower output of 90W or less within two weeks after TACE. After the ablation, portal venous-phase CT images showed a low-density margin of 5 mm or larger around the site of iodized-oil accumulation, indicating that the necrotic area completely included the tumor. No intrahepatic metastasis or severe complication occurred. Low-output RFA combined with TACE is a safe, effective therapy for HCC.     

肝细胞癌TACE治疗进展

肝细胞癌(HCC)是世界上第五大常见肿瘤,我国肝癌的死亡率也位居前列。目前,手术是唯一有可能治愈HCC的方法。绝大多数病人来医院就诊时已经处于肝癌中晚期,对于此类病人,介入治疗是最主要的一种治疗方法。介入治疗又可分为血管性介入治疗和非血管性介入治疗。血管性介入治疗包括:经导管动脉化疗栓塞、肝动脉栓塞、肝动脉灌注化疗。经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是肝癌介入治疗的主要方法。主要对HCCTACE治疗的现状和进展进行综述。     

肝细胞癌TACE治疗进展

肝细胞癌（HCC）是世界上第五大常见肿瘤,我国肝癌的死亡率也位居前列。目前,手术是唯一有可能治愈HCC的方法。绝大多数病人来医院就诊时已经处于肝癌中晚期,对于此类病人,介入治疗是最主要的一种治疗方法。介入治疗又可分为血管性介入治疗和非血管性介入治疗。血管性介入治疗包括：经导管动脉化疗栓塞、肝动脉栓塞、肝动脉灌注化疗。经导管动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）是肝癌介入治疗的主要方法。主要对HCCTACE治疗的现状和进展进行综述。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗联合射频消融与联合微波消融治疗原发性肝癌的疗效和安全性比较

目的 对比肝动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)或联合微波消融(MWA)的近期局部疗效、安全性及生存率.方法 回顾性分析采用TACE联合RFA治疗或联合MWA治疗的原发性肝癌患者,比较两组术后AFP、肝功能、不良反应、并发症、术后3个月的影像学表现以及1年生存率情况.结果 射频联合组术后3个月边缘复发率9.8％,微波联合组23.7％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);射频联合组术后AFP平均下降为(412.47±373.81) ng/ml,微波联合组平均下降为(278.72±269.20) ng/ml,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后射频联合组ALT平均升高至(81.22±49.50) U/L、AST平均升高至(93.71±50.94) U/L,微波联合组ALT平均升高至(139.53±97.77) U/L,AST平均升高至(181.43±140.16) U/L;两组ALT及AST对比有统计学意义(P＜0.001);两组术后不良反应无明显差异,射频联合组并发症1例,微波联合组并发症2例,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),两组术后均未出现与治疗相关的死亡病例,1年生存率无差异(P＞0.05).结论 TACE联合RFA或联合MWA的近期局部疗效、并发症及1年生存率无显著差异,但射频联合组术后比微波联合组术后肝功能损伤轻微.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of combined treatment with laser thermal ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

PURPOSE: To determine the potential long-term effectiveness of laser thermal ablation (LTA) followed by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the percutaneous ablation of large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty large HCCs 3.5-9.6 cm in diameter (mean diameter, 5.2 cm) and 15 small HCCs 0.8-3.0 cm (mean diameter, 1.9 cm) were treated with ultrasonographically guided LTA with TACE and with LTA alone, respectively, in 30 patients: 19 with a solitary large HCC, and 11 with one to three additional synchronous small HCCS: A 1.064-microm neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser at a power of 5.0 W was coupled with one to four quartz optic fibers that were advanced through 21-gauge needles. Segmental TACE was performed 30-90 days after LTA. All lesions were evaluated for change in size at computed tomography (CT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, recurrence rates, and cumulative survival rates. RESULTS: No major complications occurred in 127 LTA sessions. CT showed complete tumor necrosis in 27 (90%) of 30 large HCCS: Twenty-eight patients were followed up for 6-41 months (mean, 17.1 months). In 25 patients, all lesions appeared stable or smaller at CT. AFP levels decreased to the normal range in all patients with high pretreatment values. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year local recurrence rate was 7% in large HCCS: Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in all 15 (100%) small HCCs; none of them recurred locally. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 92%, 68%, and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSION: LTA followed by TACE is an effective palliative therapy in treating large HCCS:     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma using microwave and radiofrequency ablation

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of thermal ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using microwave and radiofrequency (RF) energy application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 190 nodules in 97 patients (84 male, 13 female; mean age 53.4 years, range 24-74 years) with HCC were treated with microwave or RF ablation in the last 4 years. The applicators were introduced into the tumours under conscious analgesic sedation by intravenous administration of fentanyl citrate and droperidol and local anaesthesia in both thermal ablation procedures. The patients were then followed up with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) to evaluate treatment response. Survival was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Complete ablation was obtained in 92.6% (176/190) nodules. The complete ablation rates were 94.6% (106/112) in microwave ablation and 89.7% (70/78) in RF ablation. The complete ablation rates in tumours/=4.0 cm were 93.1, 93.8 and 86.4%, respectively. Local recurrence was found in 9.5% nodules and the rates in tumours/=4.0 cm in diameter were 3.4, 9.9 and 31.8%, respectively. In the follow-up period, 7.1% nodules ablated by microwave and 12.8% by RF presented local recurrence. The 1, 2 and 3-year distant recurrence-free survivals were 47.2, 34.9 and 31.0%, respectively. Estimated mean survival was 32 months, and 1, 2 and 3-year cumulative survivals were 75.6, 58.5, and 50.0%, respectively. One and 2 years survivals of Child-Pugh class A, B and C patients were 83.8 and 70.4%, 78.2 and 53.2%, 36.3 and 27.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Thermal ablation therapy by means of microwave and RF energy application is an effective and safe therapeutic technique for hepatocellular carcinoma. Large tumours can be completely ablated, but have a significantly higher risk of local recurrence at follow-up.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合经皮消融治疗肝细胞癌疗效的meta分析

目的 综合分析肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合经皮消融(PA)与单独行TACE治疗不可手术切除的肝细胞癌(HCC)生存率、肿瘤缩小率的差异,为HCC的治疗提供理论依据.方法 收集比较TACE联合PA与单独行TACE治疗不可手术切除的HCC患者生存率差异的随机对照试验(RCT),从中提取相关数据,按照Cochrane手册标准对纳入文献进行质量评价.结果 共纳入15篇RCT,859例患者.meta分析显示:TACE联合PA组1、2、3年生存率、肿瘤缩小率均优于TACE单独治疗组[1年生存率:RR=1,454,95％CI(1.333,1.586),Z=8.56,P＜0.001;2年生存率:RR=1.781,95％CI(1,511,2.099),Z=6.88,P＜0.001;3年生存率:RR=2.351,95％ CI(1.808,3.059),Z=6.37,P＜0.001;肿瘤缩小率:RR=1.314,95％ CI(1.190,1.452),Z=5.38,P＜0.001].敏感性分析揭示两组生存率、肿瘤缩小率的差异结果可靠.结论 与单独行TACE相比,TACE联合治疗组的患者1、2、3年生存率、肿瘤缩小率均较高.     

膈下肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融的临床疗效分析

【摘要】　目的?评估经肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）联合射频消融（RFA）治疗膈下肝癌的安全性与有效性。方法?选取2014年3月至2018年11月行TACE联合RFA治疗的膈下肝癌患者55例。随访期间评估所有患者术后肿瘤反应及生存率,比较治疗前后血生化、AFP及肝功能指标变化,并总结患者术后并发症的发生情况。结果?在55例肝癌患者共61处膈下病灶中,30处病灶（49.2%）完全缓解（CR）,24处病灶（39.3%）部分缓解（PR）,7处病灶（11.5%）疾病稳定（SD）,无病灶疾病进展（PD）。客观反应率（ORR）为88.5%,疾病控制率（DCR）为100%,所有患者均获益。治疗前后肝功能及血生化指标无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但术后AFP值明显下降,差异具有统计学意义（t?=3.277,P＜0.05）。所有患者在围手术期未出现严重并发症。结论?TACE联合RFA对膈下肝癌疗效显著。在RFA治疗过程中出现的疼痛,通过术前静脉滴注氟比洛芬酯或地佐辛并联合利多卡因局麻,术中加入适量利多卡因与0.9%NaCl溶液1:1稀释液经进水孔对肿瘤病灶进行灌注麻醉,必要时给予吗啡肌注,可显著缓解患者疼痛。     

原发性肝细胞癌经动脉导管栓塞化疗联合射频消融术后的CT及MRI表现

目的:回顾性评价原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)经肝动脉导管化疗栓塞(transcatheter ar-terial chemoembolizstion,TACE)联合射频消融术(radiofrequencr ablation,RFA)后的CT及MR表现。方法:回顾性收集2004年6月～2009年6月的肝癌病例42例(共49个病灶)进行了TACE联合RFA治疗。术后随访为3～24个月。用CT及MR评价肝内病灶的密度(信号)、强化方式、边界和大小等变化。结果:TACE联合RFA完全的病灶CT表现为不规则致密碘油沉积(高密度)和消融区域(低密度无强化)混合存在。MRI表现为T1WI等、高信号,T2WI等、低信号,增强扫描无强化。TACE联合RFA1个月之内行CT扫描的患者中,7个病灶术后存在片状或环行强化,复查消失。随访中,5例CT及3例MR表现为病灶体积增大或出现不规则强化,提示复发。结论:用CT或MRI对TACE联合RFA术后患者进行评价可以了解栓塞和射频消融是否完全或是否存在残留或复发。     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

This article presents a review of the literature regarding the use of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There have been two different approaches to the treatment: (a) percutaneous tumor ablation methods which can be divided into injectable and thermal methods; percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is the most widely used method, and (b) TACE. PEI is the treatment of choice for single HCCs smaller or equal to 3 cm in size. For patients with large HCCs combined TACE and PEI is probably the most effective nonsurgical treatment. In the presence of multiple HCC nodules, TACE remains the treatment of choice.     

肝动脉栓塞化疗联合CT导向射频消融术治疗中、晚期肝癌的评价

目的 探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗联合CT导向下的射频消融治疗中、晚期原发性肝癌的疗效。方法 85例中、晚期原发性肝癌患者按单双日法分组原则分为A、B2组。A组：经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗组(TACE组)，共43例；B组：肝动脉栓塞化疗联合CT导向下的射频消融治疗组(联合治疗组)，共42例。结果 TACE组的完全坏死率、初次复发率及1年存活率分别20．93％、39．53％和79．07％；而联合治疗组分别为92．86％、9．53％和97．62％。两组间完全坏死率、初次复发率及1年生存率的差异皆有显著性意义(其相应P值分别为0．001，0．004，0．009)。结论 肝动脉栓塞化疗联合CT导向下的射频消融治疗效果明显优于单纯栓塞化疗。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞序贯冷循环射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的体会

目的 评价肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）联合冷循环射频消融术（RFA）治疗原发性肝癌的临床价值。方法 65例原发性肝癌分为单纯TACE治疗组31例,TACE联合冷循环射频消融术治疗组（TACE＋RFA组）34例。治疗后通过DSA、CT、超声检查及血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）测定评价。结果 单纯TACE组的肿瘤完全坏死率、复发率、1年生存率分别为16．1％、48．4％、48．4％,TACE＋RFA联合组分别为47．1％、17．7％、79．4％,两组比较有极显著统计学差异（P〈0．01）;单纯TACE组的肿瘤缩小率、AFP下降率分别为22．6％、19．4％,TACE＋RFA联合组分别为32．4％、44．1％,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 TACE＋RFA较单纯TACE治疗中晚期肝癌效果好,是治疗中晚期肝癌的一种有效方法,值得提倡。     

同轴微导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌

目的 探讨经肝动脉微导管化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)术治疗原发性肝癌(HCC)的疗效.方法 回顾分析1000例HCC的DSA表现与术前多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查结果.其中179例病灶局限于1个肝段,采用微导管超选择插管栓寒.术后4周复查动态增强CT和(或)MR,对40例病灶碘油聚集不良者,进行RFA,术后1个月复查.结果 DSA发现直径3 cm以上肿块670例,3 cm以下病灶202例,子灶400例,动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘482例,异常血供430例,门脉癌栓362例.局限于1个肝段的病灶,微导管栓塞后4周,肿瘤局部控制率为77.6%;控制不良者行RFA后1个月,肿瘤局部控制率为97.5%.结论 DSA对于发现3 cm以下小病灶(含子灶)、肿瘤血供、动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘具有绝对的优势,对HCC的术前评价具有不可替代性的作用.RFA是HCC的有效的治疗方法,是TACE疗效不佳者的理想选择.     

射频消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的应用

以超声、CT等为主要引导方式的经皮射频消融(RFA)等局部热消融技术在肝癌治疗中发挥了重要的作用.然而,对血供丰富的较大肝癌疗效受限.经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)可有效减少肝癌的血供,并具有创伤小,适应证广,并发症少等特点,成为肝癌患者姑息治疗及术前、术后新辅助治疗的有效手段之一.因此,富血供肝肿瘤RFA治疗前应用TACE,通过栓塞肿瘤供血动脉造成肿瘤缺血,进而减少血流带走热量,可扩大消融范围提高RFA疗效,是肝癌RFA联合治疗常用的方法.本文针对RFA联合TACE治疗肝癌的应用现状及疗效进行综述.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融或放射性粒子组织间放疗对原发性肝癌的疗效比较研究

目的 评价比较肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA),以及TACE联合放射性粒子组织间放疗治疗原发性肝癌的效果.方法 50例患者接受TACE联合RFA,34例患者接受TACE联合125I组织问放疗.术后4周复查动态增强CT或MR,对病灶碘油聚集不良者,再次行TACE,术后定期复查,观察疗效.结果 TACE联合RFA或125I放疗后1个月.肿瘤局部控制率分别为98.0%和97.1%,两组间差异无统计学意义.结论 TACE联合RFA和125I植入放疗是肝细胞性肝癌的有效的治疗方法,是单纯TACE疗效不佳者的理想选择.