Motor unit recruitment strategy of knee antagonist muscles in a step-wise,increasing isometric contraction

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist between the control strategies of two antagonist thigh muscles during knee flexion and extension muscular coactivation. Surface myoelectric signal (MES) of the quadriceps (rectus femoris) and the hamstrings (semitendinosus) were obtained from both muscles while performing step-wise increasing contractions during flexion and extension with the knee at 1.57 rad of flexion (90 degrees). The median frequency of the power density spectrum, which is related to the average muscle fiber action potential conduction velocity and therefore to motor unit recruitment, was calculated from each MES. The results suggest that, in all the subjects tested, when the muscle acts as antagonist most motor units are recruited up to 50% of the maximal voluntary force, whereas when the muscle acts as antagonist motor units are recruited up to 40% of the maximal voluntary force. The force range past 40–50% of the maximal force is also characterized by differences between the agonist/antagonist.     

Single motor unit and spectral surface EMG analysis during low-force, sustained contractions of the upper trapezius muscle

Intramuscular and surface electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded from the left and right upper trapezius muscle of eight healthy male subjects during 5-min long static contractions at 2% and 5% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Intramuscular signals were detected by wire electrodes while surface EMG signals were recorded with linear adhesive electrode arrays. The surface EMG signals were averaged using the potentials extracted from the intramuscular EMG decomposition as triggers. The conduction velocity of single motor units (MUs) was estimated over time from the averaged surface potentials while average rectified value and mean power spectral frequency were computed over time from 0.5 s epochs of surface EMG signal. It was found that (1) MUs were progressively recruited after the beginning of sustained contractions of the upper trapezius muscle at 2% and 5% MVC, (2) the conduction velocity of the MUs active since the beginning of the contraction significantly decreased over time, and (3) although the CV of single MUs significantly decreased, the mean power spectral frequency of the surface EMG did not show a consistent trend over time. It was concluded that spectral surface EMG analysis, being affected by many physiological mechanisms, may show limitations for the objective assessment of localized muscle fatigue during low force, sustained contractions. On the contrary, single motor unit conduction velocity may provide an early indication of changes in muscle fiber membrane properties with sustained activity.     

Electromyogram power spectrum and features of the superimposed maximal M-wave during voluntary isometric actions in humans at different activation levels

The frequency characteristics of the electromyogram (EMG) power spectrum, such as the median or the mean power frequency, as well as the duration of the muscle compound action potential response to a single supramaximal electrical stimulus (maximal M-wave) may both be related to the conduction velocity (CV) of the muscle fibre. To investigate this further, we studied in ten male subjects: the EMG of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris muscles during maximal isometric knee extensions at 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction and also the maximal M-wave, elicited by a single supramaximal stimulus to the femoral nerve, of the same muscles at rest or superimposed on the same levels of voluntary contraction. The EMG was recorded during the constant force phase of the voluntary contractions, the duration of which was 2.5–4 s, with a 1.5 min pause between contractions. The average EMG (aEMG) and the median frequency (MF) were then calculated. The results indicated that as aEMG increased with increase in force, MF remained unchanged. However, while the amplitude of the M-wave was not affected, the duration of the M-wave was shorter as the force level increased. The duration of the M-wave may be affected by recruitment of faster motor units, by increased firing rate of the active units and by changes in the muscle fibre length. The shorter duration of the M-wave observed at higher force levels was not, however, accompanied by a corresponding increase in MF. The MF could not therefore be used as a parameter to reflect the changes in voluntary muscle activation and CV. When MF was calculated by overlapping the fast Fourier transform (FFT) windows (0.4 s long window moved data point by data point to the right) for 1 s periods of the isometric plateau phase at each force level, the difference between the lowest and the highest MF was quite substantial. These variations suggest that FFT window placement, i.e. which part of the signal is chosen for the analyses, may play an important role even in isometric situations. Electronic Publication     

The influence of torque and velocity on erector spinae muscle fatigue and its relationship to changes of electromyogram spectrum density

The influence of contraction force and velocity during isokinetic contractions on the development of fatigue in the erector spinae muscle was studied. Seven male subjects performed a series of 250 contractions at 25% and 50% of their isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 40 and 80°·s^–1. Fatigue defined as a decrease of the contractile capacity of the muscles was studied by means of a 15-s maximal test-contraction following the exercise. Both the initial force and the force decrement during the test-contraction were studied. Surface electromyogram (EMG) signals of the main tracts of the erector spinae muscle were recorded. The frequency content was studied by calculating the zero-crossing rate for the signals obtained during dynamic contractions and by means of fast Fourier transformation for the test contraction. After the 50% MVC dynamic contractions the initial force during the postexercise test-contraction was significantly lower than after the 25% MVC contractions. No significant influence of contraction velocity on fatigue development was found. The force decrement during the test-contraction did not depend on the experimental conditions. The EMG amplitude indicated that the subjects were better able to relax their muscles during the counter movement (flexion) at high forces and high velocities compared to the other experimental conditions. The frequency content of the EMG signals during the dynamic contractions and the postexercise test-contraction showed only very weak relationships with fatigue. Therefore, spectrum EMG parameters as determined in the present study do not seem suitable as indicators of muscle fatigue as a consequence of dynamic contractions of trunk extensor muscles.     

Conduction velocity of quiescent muscle fibers decreases during sustained contraction

We tested the hypothesis that conduction velocity of quiescent muscle fibers decreases during sustained contraction due to the activity of the active motor units in the muscle. Ten subjects trained for the identification of a target motor unit in the abductor pollicis brevis with feedback on surface EMG signals detected with a two-dimensional array of 61 electrodes. The subjects activated the target motor unit in two 10-s long contractions, before (contraction C1) and after (C3) a 3-min contraction (C2), all in ischemic condition. The target motor unit was not activated during C2. Eight of the 10 subjects (control group) performed a second experimental session identical to the first but with a resting period of 3 min instead of the contraction C2. Exerted force and target motor unit discharge rate were not different between the two subject groups and between C1 and C3 (mean +/- SD, over C1 and C3; C2 group: 15.8 +/- 10.4% maximal voluntary contractions and 13.1 +/- 1.9 pps; control group: 15.6 +/- 22.1% maximal voluntary contractions and 14.5 +/- 1.9 pps, respectively). Muscle fiber conduction velocity of the target motor unit decreased in C3 with respect to C1 in the C2 group (3.59 +/- 0.57 and 3.34 +/- 0.47 m/s for C1 and C3, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in the control group (3.47 +/- 0.68 and 3.46 +/- 0.73 m/s). In the C2 group, the percent decrease in conduction velocity of the target motor unit between C1 and C3 (6.4 +/- 7.1%) was not significantly different from the percent decrease in the average conduction velocity of the motor units active during C2 (9.6 +/- 5.4%). In conclusion, the contraction-induced modifications in electrophysiological membrane properties of muscle fibers are partly independent on fiber activation.     

Blood pressure, heart rate and EMG in low level static contractions

The purposes of the present investigation were: to evaluate a possible use of changes in the mean spectral frequency (MSF) of the EMG power spectra as a measure of reflex cardiovascular responses originating from the muscles during static exercise; and to study the relation between muscle fibre composition, EMG, and the cardiovascular response. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), myoelectric signal (EMG), and intramuscular temperature (Tm) were measured during prolonged static contractions in five healthy male subjects (25-44 yrs). Two studies were performed. In study I constant EMG contraction muscle force in the first 5 s of the knee-extensor contraction was set to 20% MVC, (maximal voluntary contraction), and in the rest of the 5 min contraction the myoelectric signal was kept constant by visual feedback from an oscilloscope. In study II, (constant force contraction) two 1 h 7% MVC isometric contractions of the elbow-flexors and extensors were performed on two separate days. During the 5 min constant EMG contraction, the force fell from 20 to 11% MVC, mean BP (MAP) increased from 97 +/- 5 to 120 +/- 4 mmHg (P less than 0.01), and the EMG MSF decreased from 87 +/- 16 to 66 +/- 9 Hz (P less than 0.01). The decrease in MSF was strongly correlated to the increase in MAP (r = 0.96, P less than 0.01). The intramuscular temperature showed a small increase from 34.3 degrees C to 35.3 degrees C (P less than 0.01). During the 1 h constant force contraction involving m. triceps, MAP increased from 104 +/- 10 to 120 +/- 12 mmHg, with a simultaneous decrease in the EMG MSF from 96 +/- 11 to 70 +/- 19 Hz and an increase in the EMG amplitude (247% of the initial value). In the contractions involving m. biceps, however, both MAP and EMG MSF remained almost unchanged, but EMG amplitude increased (197% of the initial value). Very modest changes in HR were observed: 63 +/- 6 to 66 +/- 6 beats min-1 and 61 +/- 5 to 59 +/- 7 beats min-1 in the contractions involving m. triceps and m. biceps, respectively. The intramuscular temperature increased simultaneously, 1.3 degrees C and 0.7 degrees C in m. triceps and m. biceps, respectively. The results from the constant EMG contractions indicate the existence of a common 'trigger' for both the increase in BP and the decrease in EMG MSF; and the extracellular [K] is put forward as a candidate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contraction of the vastus medialis muscle

The aim of the study was to analyze motor unit conduction velocity at varying force of the vastus medialis muscle during sustained contraction. Surface (8-electrode array) and intramuscular (two wire electrodes) EMG signals were recorded from the distal part of the dominant vastus medialis muscle of ten healthy male subjects. The subjects sat on a chair with the knee 90° flexed and performed seven 180-s long contractions at forces in the range 2.5–30% of the maximal voluntary contraction force. For each force level, the discharge patterns of the newly recruited motor units with respect to the previous force level were identified from the intramuscular recordings and used as trigger for averaging the surface EMG signals. Motor unit conduction velocity was estimated from the averaged surface EMG. Average discharge rate at which motor units were analyzed was the same for each force level (mean ± SD, 8.3 ± 0.8 pulses per second). Motor unit conduction velocity at the beginning of the contraction and its rate of change over time increased with force (P < 0.05). Conduction velocity at the beginning of the contraction estimated from the interference surface EMG (4.44 ± 0.66 m/s) and from single motor units (4.75 ± 0.56 m/s) were positively correlated (R ² = 0.46; P < 0.0001) but significantly different (P < 0.05). The results indicate that single motor unit conduction velocity and its rate of change during sustained contraction, assessed at a fixed discharge rate, depend on force level.     

Relationship between average muscle fibre conduction velocity and EMG power spectra during isometric contraction,recovery and applied ischemia

Summary The relationship between muscle fibre conduction velocity (MFCV) and the power spectrum of surface EMGs in 3 human volunteers was studied during isometric contractions at 40% maximum voluntary contraction. In addition, the recovery of these two parameters was measured during short lasting contractions at the same force level every 30 s. The recovery phase was also studied during ischaemia, thereby preventing the recovery of MFCV.The mean MFCV was calculated by the cross-correlation method. The measurements were facilitated by a real-time estimation of the cross-correlation and the MFCV and by a graphic display of the digitised signal.During contraction a nearly linear relation was found between MFCV and the median frequency of the power spectrum (MPF). During recovery this relationship was lost in one subject: MPF restored much faster then MFCV. During recovery under ischemia MFCV did not recover, but MPF recovered partially in all subjects.It is concluded that the shift of the power spectrum to lower frequencies during fatigue cannot be explained by changes in MFCV alone. Central mechanisms also influence the power spectrum and studying the recovery of local muscle fatigue during ischemia may separate these influences from that of MFCV on the power spectrum during fatigue.     

Myo-electric signals from two extrinsic hand muscles and force tremor during isometric handgrip

Summary The objective of the present study was to investigate the myo-electric signs of muscle fatigue and the isometric force tremor of two extrinsic hand muscles, extensor digitorum communis and flexor digitorum superficialis, during isometric power grip. In addition, the synergy between flexor and extensor muscles and hand differences in a right-handed population have been studied. During isometric hand-dynamometry the myo-electric signal was recorded using surface electrodes and isometric force tremor was recorded using a special load cell. Eight subjects participated in this study and contractions were performed at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with left and right hands. The decrease of mean power frequency (MPF) with duration of contraction was greater in the left extensor as compared to the ipsilateral flexor muscle. No differences in the decrease in MPF with the duration of the contraction were found between the right extensor and flexor muscles. Isometric force tremor root mean square did not change during contractions at a given contraction level. Isometric tremor amplitude increased from 20% to 60% MVC and decreased at higher contraction levels. Tremor amplitude was higher in the left hand at all contraction levels but 60% MVC. These data would suggest differences in fatiguability and muscle fibre composition between the dominant and nondominant hand, which may be due to preferred use. The significance of force tremor for the evaluation of recruitment order and muscle fatigue is discussed.     

Motor impairment in the human hand following eccentric exercise

Motor impairment was induced by having subjects perform two sets of 50 maximal contractions, using the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle to abduct the index finger, while the muscle was being stretched. Tests were conducted prior to the exercise (pre-exercise) and 24 h following the exercise (post-exercise). There were declines of 19% in maximal abduction torque and 15% in maximal flexion torque at the metacarpaphalangeal joint, during isometric contraction post-exercise compared to pre-exercise. The ability to stabilize the metacarpophalangeal joint about the abduction/adduction axis was reduced by 14% post-exercise, and the variability in tracking an isometric torque target increased by 30%. There was a decrement of 7%–10% in the median frequency of the power density spectrum of FDI electromyogram (EMG) throughout a 60 s maintained abduction at 50% maximal voluntary contraction. The mean rectified EMG, on the other hand, increased by 100%–175% for torque levels below 40% of maximal voluntary contraction, post-exercise. The results were consistent with preferential injury of type II muscle fibres in FDI. Although non-exercised synergist muscles appeared to be inhibited during maximal voluntary flexion, there was evidence that they compensated for injured FDI muscle fibres during maintained contraction at sub-maximal flexion torque. Accepted: 19 September 2000     

Relationships between muscle fibre conduction velocity and frequency parameters of surface EMG during sustained contraction

Summary A surface electrode array has been used to investigate the relationship between muscle fibre conduction velocity and the frequency spectrum during sustained isometric contractions of the biceps brachii. Measurement of muscle fibre conduction velocity was made directly, using the zero-crossing time delay method with two pairs of bipolar electrodes. It was found that the average conduction velocity during an intense (12 kg) sustained contraction decreased by about 20% at the end of the contracting period. Except for peak frequency, changes in the spectral parameters decreased in a similar manner. These results indicate that, during fatiguing contraction, spectral modifications are partly due to reduction in the action potential conduction velocity along the muscle fibres.     

Output of human motoneuron pools to corticospinal inputs during voluntary contractions

This study investigated transmission of corticospinal output through motoneurons over a wide range of voluntary contraction strengths in humans. During voluntary contraction of biceps brachii, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex grow up to about 50% maximal force and then decrease. To determine whether the decrease reflects events at a cortical or spinal level, responses to stimulation of the cortex and corticospinal tract (cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials, CMEPs) as well as maximal M-waves (M(max)) were recorded during strong contractions at 50 to 100% maximum. In biceps and brachioradialis, MEPs and CMEPs (normalized to M(max)) evoked by strong stimuli decreased during strong elbow flexions. Responses were largest during contractions at 75% maximum and both potentials decreased by about 25% M(max) during maximal efforts (P < 0.001). Reductions were smaller with weaker stimuli, but again similar for MEPs and CMEPs. Thus the reduction in MEPs during strong voluntary contractions can be accounted for by reduced responsiveness of the motoneuron pool to stimulation. During strong contractions of the first dorsal interosseous, a muscle that increases voluntary force largely by frequency modulation, MEPs declined more than in either elbow flexor muscle (35% M(max), P < 0.001). This suggests that motoneuron firing rates are important determinants of evoked output from the motoneuron pool. However, motor cortical output does not appear to be limited at high contraction strengths.     

Mechanomyogram from the different heads of the quadriceps muscle during incremental knee extension

To investigate the time- and frequency-domain responses of mechanomyograms (MMGs) during the progressive fatigue induced by intermittent incremental contractions, a surface MMG was obtained from the three muscle heads of the quadriceps muscle in seven subjects while they performed isometric knee extensions lasting 7.6 min. Isometric intermittent incremental contractions started at 1% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3 s, with a 3-s relaxation period in between each contraction, and the contraction level was increased by 1% of MVC for every contraction (by 10% of MVC per min) up to exhaustion. Separate contractions with sufficient rest periods were also conducted to serve for the MMG characteristics without fatigue. The integrated MMG (iMMG) was linearly related to force in all of the muscles when fatigue was not involved. With regard to the incremental contractions, the relationship exhibited an ascending-descending shape, but the behavior was not the same for the individual muscle heads, especially for the rectus femoris muscle. A steep increase in the median frequency of MMG from around 60% of MVC corresponded to a decrease in iMMG. These results suggest that analysis of MMG in the time- and frequency-domain during an incremental protocol is a useful way of characterizing the motor unit recruitment strategy and fatigue properties of individual muscles.     

Advances in processing of surface myoelectric signals: Part 1

During sustained voluntary or electrically elicted muscle contractions the surface myoelectric signal is nonstationary and it undergoes progressive changes reflecting the modifications of the motor unit action potentials and their propagation velocity. In particular, during sustained electrical stimulation, the evoked signals show progressive amplitude, time scaling and shape modification. The quantitative evaluation of these changes is important for non-invasive muscle characterisation and may be performed in either the time or frequency domain using parametric and nonparametric spectral analysis as well as alternative methodologies. The paper introduces the detection techniques, reviews and compares the methods of spectral estimation based on FFT and autoregressive models, and discusses their applications and limitations in extracting information from the surface myoelectric signal with particular regard to myoelectric manifestations of localised muscle fatigue during sustained contractions.     

Time and frequency domain analysis of electromyogram and sound myogram in the elderly

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the ageing process on the time and frequency domain properties of the surface electrical and mechanical activity of muscle. In 20 healthy elderly subjects (10 men and 10 women, age range 65–78 years) and in 20 young controls, during isometric contractions of the elbow flexors in the 20%–100% range of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), estimations were made of the root mean square (rms) and the mean frequency (MF) of the power density spectrum distribution, from the surface electromyogram (EMG) and sound myogram (0SMG) signals, detected at the belly of the biceps brachii muscle. Compared to the young controls, the MVC was lower in the elderly subjects (P < 0.05); at the same %MVC the rms and the MF of EMG and SMG were lower (P < 0.05) in elderly subjects; the rms and MF of the two signals increased as a function of the effort level in all groups. Only in the 80%–100% MVC range did the EMG-MF level off and the SMG-rms decrease; in contrast the young controls, at 80% MVC the high frequency peak in the SMG power spectrum density distribution was not present in the elderly subjects. The results for MVC and %MVC can be related to the reduction in the numbers of muscle fibres in aged subjects. In particular, the lack of fast twitch fibre motor units (MU), attaining high firing rates, might also explain the result at 80% MVC. In 80%–100% MVC range the two signals rms and MF behaviour may have been related to the end of the recruitment of larger MU with high conduction velocity, and to the further increment of MU firing rate in the biceps brachii muscle beyond 80% MVC, respectively. Thus, the coupled analysis of the EMG and SMG with force suggests that in the elderly subjects the reduction of the number of muscle fibres may have co-existed with a MU activation pattern similar to that of the young subjects.     

Contractile speed and EMG changes during fatigue of sustained maximal voluntary contractions

Measurements were made from the human adductor pollicis muscle of force, contractile speed, and electromyographic activity (EMG) before, during, and after maximal isometric voluntary contractions sustained for 60 s. The use of brief test periods of maximal nerve stimulation with single shocks or trains of shocks enabled various muscle mechanical properties to be studied throughout each contraction. Electrical activity was measured after rectification and smoothing of the surface potentials and also by counting the total number of potentials per unit time from a population of motor units using fine wire intramuscular electrodes. During a 60-s maximal voluntary contraction, the force fell by 30-50%. Throughout the experiment the voluntary force matched that produced by supramaximal tetanic nerve stimulation. This indicated that, with sufficient practice, full muscle activation could be maintained by voluntary effort. However, the amplitude of the smoothed, rectifed EMG and the rate of spike counts declined. Since no evidence for neuromuscular block was found, the decline in EMG and spike counts was attributed to a progressive reduction of the neural drive from the central nervous system, despite maintained maximum effort. After the prolonged voluntary contractions twitch duration was prolonged, mainly as a result of slowing in relaxation rate. Twitch summation in unfused tetani increased. Both the maximum rate of relaxation and the time course of force decay declined by 50-70%. Similar changes were seen in both voluntary contractions and in test periods of stimulation. The percentage change in muscle contractile speed measured by these parameters approximately equaled the percentage change in the surface EMG measured simultaneously. It is concluded that 1) during a 60-s sustained maximal voluntary contraction there is a progressive slowing of contraction speed such that the excitation rate required to give maximal force generation is reduced, 2) the simultaneous decline in EMG may be due to a continuous reduction in motoneuron discharge rate, and 3) the EMG decline may not necessarily contribute to force loss.     

The effects of beta-blockade on electrically stimulated contraction in fatigued human triceps surae muscle

The contractile characteristics of the triceps surae muscle group were examined before and after repeated isometric contractions in two groups of eight healthy young males. Single twitches and trains of stimuli at 10, 20, 50 and 100 Hz were delivered to the muscle using supramaximal voltages. Subjects were treated with beta-blockade (2 X 80 mg oral propranolol, beta-b) or matched placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Four different exercise conditions were studied: (I) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC); (II) MVC during circulatory occlusion; (III) electrical stimulation at 20 Hz using 50% of voltage required for maximal torque production; and (IV) electrical stimulation with occlusion. Each contraction was for 5 s with 5 s recovery. Total duration of exercise was 10 min for non-occluded contractions and to a 50% decline in torque output with occlusion. At rest prior to exercise, maximal voluntary contraction was significantly reduced (5.7%) by beta-b during 40 observations in 16 subjects. Following exercise without occlusion (I and III), the reduction in torque output of the muscle at 10 and 20 Hz stimulation was generally greater during beta-b than placebo. This low frequency fatigue was longer-lasting with beta-b. The shorter lasting reduction in torque at 50 and 100 Hz was generally not different between beta-b placebo. After exercise with occlusion (II and IV), the torque output at all stimulation frequencies was reduced to a similar extent in both placebo and beta-b at most comparison points. Twitch responses after exercise with occlusion showed decreases in peak tension and time to peak tension and a lengthening of one-half relaxation time in both placebo and beta-b. It was concluded that the greater reduction in torque output of the triceps surae muscle group at low frequencies during beta-b was probably a consequence of a reduction in blood flow relative to the placebo treatment. This relative low frequency fatigue could be responsible for the increased perception of effort in patients exercising during beta-blocker therapy.     

M-wave modulation at relative levels of maximal voluntary contraction

Frequency (mean and median power frequency, f and f _m) and amplitude (average rectified and root mean square values, ARV and rms), parameters of the M-wave, and the dorsiflexor force parameters of the anterior tibial muscles were measured in seven healthy human subjects. Intermittent, voluntary contractions at relative intensities (40%, 60%, and 80%) of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were performed in conjunction with electrical stimulation. The M-wave parameter changes were measured over the course of the isometric contractions. At higher force levels, M-wave potentiation was observed as increases in both ARV and rms. The ARV augmentation attained levels as high as 206.1 (SD 7.4)% of resting values after both initial and final contractions of 80% MVC, reaching statistical significance (P < 0.01). The f and f _m failed to show a significant difference at any level of contraction. It was surmised that potentiation of the M-wave was the result of an increased contribution of muscle fibre type IIb recruited during higher contraction levels, reflecting the change to larger, deeper innervating motoneurons as the intensity of contraction, as a percentage of MVC, rose. Recruitment of type IIb fibres, which have been reported to have a higher energy potential and frequency content, were thought to reflect changes in the local, excitability threshold of some motor units as the force intensity increased during the intermittent voluntary contractions. It is suggested that the M-wave elicited after contractions has the potential to reflect, to some extent, motor unit recruitment changes resulting from the preceding contractions, and that through comparisons of M-wave amplitude parameters, contributions of varying fibre types over the course of a contraction may be indicated.     

Motor unit activation patterns during concentric wrist flexion in humans with different muscle fibre composition

Muscle activity was recorded from the flexor carpi radialis muscle during static and dynamic-concentric wrist flexion in six subjects, who had exhibited large differences in histochemically identified muscle fibre composition. Motor unit recruitment patterns were identified by sampling 310 motor units and counting firing rates in pulses per second (pps). During concentric wrist flexion at 30% of maximal exercise intensity the mean firing rate was 27 (SD 13) pps. This was around twice the value of 12 (SD 5) pps recorded during sustained static contraction at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, despite a larger absolute force level during the static contraction. A similar pattern of higher firing rates during dynamic exercise was seen when concentric wrist flexion at 60% of maximal exercise intensity [30 (SD 14) pps] was compared with sustained static contraction at 60% of maximal voluntary contraction [19 (SD 8) pps]. The increase in dynamic exercise intensity was accomplished by recruitment of additional motor units rather than by increasing the firing rate as during static contractions. No difference in mean firing rates was found among subjects with different muscle fibre composition, who had previously exhibited marked differences in metabolic response during corresponding dynamic contractions. It was concluded that during submaximal dynamic contractions motor unit firing rate cannot be deduced from observations during static contractions and that muscle fibre composition may play a minor role.     

Potassium homeostasis during and following exhaustive submaximal static handgrip contractions

The aim of the present study was to follow local potassium homeostasis during and after exhaustive contractions. Eight subjects performed static handgrip with their right forearm at 10%, 25% and 40% maximal voluntary contraction. Blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) and the venous effluent plasma potassium concentration were followed during the contractions and during a 60-min recovery period. Electromyography was registered during exercise (frequency analysis). With all three protocols the blood flow increased significantly during the contractions and the same was true of the effluent plasma potassium concentrations. In the recovery period blood flow and the venous effluent plasma potassium concentration returned to base values within 30 min following 40% maximal voluntary contraction while following 10% and 25% maximal voluntary contraction, venous effluent plasma potassium concentration was still significantly below resting values one hour after the exercise had ceased, indicating a long-lasting uptake of potassium from the blood into the muscles. In line with this a significant potassium deficit was still seen after 1 hour of recovery following 10% and 25% maximal voluntary contraction. It is concluded that the recovery of potassium homeostasis following prolonged low-intensity contractions is a slow process. This may be due to either sequestration of potassium in other tissues with a subsequent slow release and/or insufficient sodium/potassium pump activation. The contraction induced potassium loss may play a major role in muscle performance since it may impair mechanical force production, and it is hypothesized that this may be the origin of low-frequency fatigue.