Diabetes and Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in the Drug-Eluting Stent Era

Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with decreased event-free survival following coronary revascularization. Although the historical complication rates for diabetic patients following percutaneous coronary intervention have been less than acceptable, the emerging drug-eluting stent technology when coupled with an aggressive adjunctive pharmacological regimen will improve the complication rates following percutaneous revascularization for this high-risk group of patients. This review will focus on the historical data associated with revascularization, percutaneous and surgical, and diabetes mellitus and will highlight the emerging data of drug-eluting stents and adjunctive pharmacology.     

药物洗脱支架置入术后冠状动脉瘤及其治疗

药物洗脱支架术后冠状动脉瘤是少见的并发症,但是一旦发生可引起严重的心血管事件,因此引起临床上极大的重视。手术创伤、局部血管的炎症反应,支架贴壁不良及血管本身的结构特点等可能是冠状动脉瘤产生的原因。目前治疗冠状动脉瘤的方法有长期抗血小板治疗、介入治疗和外科手术等。     

Differential Effects of Newer-Generation Ultrathin-Strut Versus Thicker-Strut Drug-Eluting Stents in Chronic and Acute Coronary Syndromes

ObjectivesThe authors sought to compare the differential effects of ultrathin-strut and thicker-strut drug-eluting stents (DES) in patients with chronic (CCS) versus acute (ACS) coronary syndromes.BackgroundNewest-generation ultrathin-strut DES reduce target lesion failure (TLF) compared with thicker-strut second-generation DES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing newer-generation ultrathin-strut (<70 μm) versus thicker-strut (≥70 μm) DES. Patients were divided based on baseline clinical presentation (CCS versus ACS). The primary endpoint was TLF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically indicated target lesion revascularization (TLR).ResultsA total of 22,766 patients from 16 randomized controlled trials were included, of which 9 trials reported TLF rates in ACS patients. At a mean follow-up of 12.2 months, the risk of TLF was lower among patients treated with ultrathin-strut compared with thicker-strut DES (risk ratio [RR]: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75-0.95; P = 0.006). The difference was driven by a lower risk of clinically-indicated TLR (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63-0.89; P < 0.001) among patients treated with ultrathin-strut DES. The treatment effect was consistent between patients presenting with CCS and ACS (relative RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.73-1.31; P for interaction = 0.854). In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, TLF risk was lower among those treated with ultrathin- compared with thicker-strut DES (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.54-0.99; P = 0.049).ConclusionsUltrathin-strut DES reduce the risk of TLF compared with thicker-strut second-generation DES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, a difference caused by a lower risk of ischemia-driven TLR. The treatment effect was consistent among patients with CCS and ACS.     

Revascularization for Left Main and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in the Drug-Eluting Stent Era: Integration of Recent Drug-Eluting Stent Trials

As older patients comprise a greater proportion of the population, the incidence of multivessel and left main coronary artery disease is increasing. Given the improvements in percutaneous coronary intervention, more patients are suitable for this revascularization strategy. However, the optimal revascularization strategy remains a moving target. Numerous trials, extending from the bypass surgery versus medical therapy era to the most current drug-eluting stent versus bypass surgery era, provide information to select the most appropriate revascularization strategy. The objective of this review is to summarize these data.     

Coronary Calcification and Long-Term Outcomes According to Drug-Eluting Stent Generation

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of coronary artery calcification (CAC) on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention and the respective performance of first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES).BackgroundWhether contemporary DES have improved the long-term prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in lesions with severe CAC is unknown.MethodsIndividual patient data were pooled from 18 randomized trials evaluating DES, categorized according to the presence of angiography core laboratory–confirmed moderate or severe CAC. Major endpoints were the patient-oriented composite endpoint (death, myocardial infarction [MI], or any revascularization) and the device-oriented composite endpoint of target lesion failure (cardiac death, target vessel MI, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization). Multivariate Cox proportional regression with study as a random effect was used to assess 5-year outcomes.ResultsA total of 19,833 patients were included. Moderate or severe CAC was present in 1 or more target lesions in 6,211 patients (31.3%) and was associated with increased 5-year risk for the patient-oriented composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR]: 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 1.20) and target lesion failure (adjHR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.34), as well as death, MI, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization. In patients with CAC, use of second-generation DES compared with first-generation DES was associated with reductions in the 5-year risk for the patient-oriented composite endpoint (adjHR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.00) and target lesion failure (adjHR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.87), as well as death or MI, ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis. The relative treatment effects of second-generation compared with first-generation DES were consistent in patients with and without moderate or severe CAC, although outcomes were consistently better with contemporary devices.ConclusionsIn this large-scale study, percutaneous coronary intervention of target lesion moderate or severe CAC was associated with adverse patient-oriented and device-oriented adverse outcomes at 5 years. These detrimental effects were mitigated with second-generation DES.     

药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架对非糖尿病患者冠状动脉局限病变的8个月疗效

目的评估非糖尿病冠心病患者,药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架对于治疗冠状动脉局限病变的8个月疗效.方法自身冠状动脉首次介入治疗病变(在线定量冠状动脉造影分析直径≥3.0 mm,长度≤15 mm)的非糖尿病患者入选本研究,148例患者分为药物洗脱支架组(n=81)和金属裸支架组(n=67),两组的基本临床特征和冠状动脉造影结果无显著差异.术前、术后和8个月随访时进行定量冠状动脉造影分析,并在住院期间,30天和8个月时观察不良心脏事件的发生.结果支架置入成功率均为100%.住院期间靶病变重复血管重建率,在药物洗脱支架组和金属裸支架组无显著性差异(1.2%和0%,P=0.36).在术后30天时两组均无支架内血栓形成.8个月随访时,定量冠状动脉造影分析显示,支架内最小管腔直径药物洗脱支架组明显大于金属裸支架组,有极显著性差异(P＜0.01);支架内远期管腔丢失、病变内远期管腔丢失、支架内狭窄直径、病变内狭窄直径药物洗脱支架组明显低于金属裸支架组有显著性差异(P＜0.05～0.001).两组支架内再狭窄率(8.64% vs 17.91%,P=0.09)和病变节段再狭窄率(11.11% vs 17.91%,P=0.24)均无显著性差异,但支架内再狭窄率比数比为0.8985(95%的可信区间0.7887;1.0237).结论药物洗脱支架对于治疗非糖尿病、自身冠状动脉局限病变患者安全有效,两组支架内再狭窄率虽无显著性差异,但药物洗脱支架有降低再狭窄率的趋势.     

药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架对冠状动脉临界病变的远期疗效

目的:评估药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架对于治疗冠状动脉临界病变的远期疗效。方法:自身冠状动脉首次介入治疗病变(在线定量冠状动脉造影分析50%≤管腔狭窄直径≤70%)的患者入选本研究,共计151例患者分为药物洗脱支架组(n=102)和金属裸支架组(n=49),两组的基本临床特征和冠状动脉造影结果差异无统计学意义。术前、术后和随访6～12个月时进行定量冠状动脉造影分析,并在住院期间、30天和6～12个月时观察严重不良心脏事件的发生。结果:151例患者支架置入成功率均为100%。住院期间严重不良心脏事件发生率,在药物洗脱支架组和金属裸支架组差异无统计学意义(0%和2.0%,P=0.15)。在随访30天时,两组均无死亡和支架内血栓形成。6～12个月随访期间,药物洗脱支架组和金属裸支架组比较①严重不良心脏事件发生率(3.9%vs8.1%,P=0.97),②靶病变重复血管重建率(2.9%vs6.1%,P=0.39),③急性心肌梗死发生率(1.96%vs2.04%,P=0.95),差异均无统计学意义。12个月时药物洗脱支架组和金属裸支架组比较,支架内血栓发生率和病死率差异也无统计学意义(1.96%vs0%,P=0.34;0%vs4.08%,P0.05)。定量冠状动脉造影分析显示:远期管腔丢失药物洗脱支架组明显低于金属裸支架组[(0.23±0.73)mmvs(0.95±0.94)mm,P=0.01],两组比较差异有统计学意义;而支架内再狭窄率两组比较差异无统计学意义(12.9%vs25.0%,P=0.34)。结论:药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架对于治疗自身冠状动脉临界病变安全有效,两组远期严重不良心脏事件发生率差异无统计学意义。     

Coronary Intravascular Brachytherapy for Recurrent Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent In-Stent Restenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveTo examine the outcomes with intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT) in recurrent in-stent restenosis (ISR).BackgroundRecurrent ISR can be challenging to treat and IVBT can be used for recurrent ISR but has received limited study.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of five observational studies, including 917 patients (1014 lesions) with recurrent ISR, defined as having at least two prior ISR episodes with previous treatment with a stent, who underwent treatment with IVBT. Outcomes of interest included target vessel revascularization (TVR), myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 24 ± 7 months, the incidence of TVR was 29.2% (95% CI 18.0–40.4%). The incidence of MI and all-cause mortality were 4.3% (95% CI 1.7%–6.9%) and 7.3% (95% CI 3.2–11.5%), respectively. At one- and two-years after PCI the incidence of TVR was 17.5% (95% CI 13.6%–21.4%) and 26.7% (95% CI 16.6%–36.9%), respectively and the incidence of MI was 3.1% (95% CI 2–4.2%) and 3.9% (95% CI 1–6.8%), respectively.ConclusionIntravascular brachytherapy can be used to treat recurrent ISR, although TVR is needed in approximately one of four patients at two years.     

Coronary Vasomotion One Year after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: Comparison of Everolimus-Eluting and Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stents

First-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) have been associated with impaired localized coronary vasomotion and delayed endothelialization. We aimed to compare coronary vasomotion after implantation of a newer-generation everolimus-eluting stent (EES), with a first-generation paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES). Coronary vasomotion was studied in 19 patients with EES and 13 with PES. Vasomotor response was measured proximally and distally to the stent and in a remote vessel (reference segment). Quantitative coronary angiography was performed offline. Endothelium independent vasomotion did not differ significantly between the two groups. EES showed significant vasodilatation while PES showed vasoconstriction at both proximal (+4.5?±?3.6 vs ?4.2?±?6.9, p?<?0.001) and distal (+4.6?±?7.9 vs ?4.8?±?9.3, p?=?0.003) segments. The reference segment did not show any significant difference in vasodilatation between the two groups (+9.8?±?6.4 vs +7.2?±?5.2, p?=?0.17). Endothelium-dependent vasomotion at adjacent stent segments is relatively preserved after EES implantation while vasoconstriction was observed after PES implantation.     

In-Stent Yellow Plaque at 1 Year After Implantation Is Associated With Future Event of Very Late Stent Failure: The DESNOTE Study (Detect the Event of Very late Stent Failure From the Drug-Eluting Stent Not Well Covered by Neointima Determined by Angioscopy)

ObjectivesThis study examined whether coronary angioscopy-verified in-stent yellow plaque at 1 year after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation is associated with future event of very late stent failure (VLSF).BackgroundAtherosclerosis detected as yellow plaque by angioscopy has been associated with future events of acute coronary syndrome. Development of in-stent neoatherosclerosis is a probable mechanism of VLSF.MethodsThis study included 360 consecutive patients who received successful angioscopic examination at 1 year after implantation of a DES. They were clinically followed up for VLSF defined as cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina, or need for revascularization associated with the stent site.ResultsThe follow-up interval was 1,558 ± 890 days (4.3 ± 2.4 years). The incidence of VLSF was significantly higher in the patients with yellow plaque than in those without (8.1% vs. 1.6%; log rank p = 0.02). Multivariable analysis revealed the presence of yellow plaque (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.38; p = 0.02) and absence of statin therapy (HR: 3.25; p = 0.02) as risks of VLSF.ConclusionsIn-stent atherosclerosis evaluated by yellow plaque at 1 year after the implantation of DES and the absence of statin therapy were risks of VLSF. The underlying mechanism of VLSF appeared to be the progression of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by the yellow plaque.     

Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent Infection Complicated by Coronary Artery Aneurysm and Purulent Pericarditis: Complete Resolution Without Surgery

Coronary stent infection is considered to be a rare but catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. In this report, we present a 72-year-old man who developed a coronary stent infection complicated by coronary aneurysm and purulent pericarditis. Coronary artery aneurysm resolved over a period of 8 months following the successful management of infection with intensive antibiotic therapy alone. This case suggests that conservative therapy can be a therapeutic option in patients with high operative risks.     

Covered-Stent Treatment of Coronary Aneurysm after Drug-Eluting Stent Placement: Case Report and Literature Review

Most commonly, coronary artery aneurysms are secondary to atherosclerosis, but cases have been reported in patients who have vasculitis or tissue disorders, and in patients who have undergone interventional procedures. However, over the past few years, an increasing number of cases of coronary artery aneurysms after drug-eluting stent implantation have been reported. The exact mechanism is unknown. Experimental animal studies have shown that both the active drug and the polymer coating, under certain circumstances, might cause progressive luminal dilation, positive vascular remodeling, and aneurysmal formation. Complications like rupture, thrombosis, embolization, myocardial infarction, and even sudden death have been reported. Treatment options vary from aggressive surgical ligation of the aneurysm, in union with distal bypass surgery, to percutaneous implantation of a covered stent or conservative medical management with continued antiplatelet therapy. Currently, there is no consensus on an ideal approach to treating coronary artery aneurysm after drug-eluting stent implantation. Polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents, easy and rapid to deploy, have emerged as a newer option. We report a case of coronary artery aneurysm at the site of a previous drug-eluting stent. The lesion was successfully treated with a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent.Key words: Blood vessel prosthesis, coronary aneurysm/etiology/therapy, coronary disease/therapy, covered stents, dilatation, pathologic, drug delivery systems/adverse effects, drug-eluting stents/adverse effects, polytetrafluoroethylene, postoperative complications, sirolimus/administration & dosage, stents/adverse effectsAneurysmal dilation of the coronary arteries was first described by Bougon in 1812.¹ Most commonly, coronary artery aneurysms are secondary to atherosclerosis,² but cases have been reported in patients who have vasculitis (Kawasaki syndrome,³ for example) or tissue disorders (Ehlers-Danlos⁴ or Marfan syndrome,⁵ for example), and in patients who have undergone interventional procedures.^6,7 Over the past few years, an increasing number of case reports have described a growing incidence of coronary artery aneurysms after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation.^8–11 Since 2003, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the 1st such stent, DESs have unequivocally demonstrated their superiority to bare-metal stents in regard to in-stent restenosis.^9–12 Nevertheless, safety concerns brought up from time to time—especially regarding the increased risk of late stent thrombosis¹³—have raised questions about the long-term safety of DES implantations.The exact mechanism of coronary artery aneurysmal formation after DES placement is unknown. Complications such as rupture,¹⁴ thrombosis,¹⁵ distal embolization,¹⁶ myocardial infarction,¹⁷ and even sudden death¹⁸ have been reported. Here we report a case of coronary artery aneurysm at the site of DES implantation, which we successfully treated with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stent. In addition, we present a review of the literature on the use of PTFE-covered stents in the repair of coronary artery aneurysms that have formed at the site of DES implantation.     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者置入药物洗脱支架和裸金属支架2年临床观察

目的:评价冠心病合并糖尿病患者成功置入药物洗脱支架(DES)和裸金属支架(BMS)2年后的有效性和安全性。方法:本研究入选了2004-04至2006-10在我院行择期支架置入术的冠心病合并糖尿病患者1565例。入选患者分为DES组(n=1317)和BMS组(n=248例)。随访资料包括术后30天、1年和2年的死亡、心肌梗死、血栓、靶病变血运重建和靶血管血运重建。本研究比较了DES和BMS两组间各种临床事件累积发生率的差异,同时通过倾向性评分调整后的Cox比例风险模型比较两组术后2年的临床随访结果。结果:DES和BMS两组患者术后2年出现学术研究联合会(ARC)定义的支架内血栓形成率差异无统计学意义,但DES组术后30天明确血栓形成率显著低于BMS组(0.08%比0.81%,P=0.016)。术后2年与BMS相比,DES组靶病变血运重建率[3.88%比10.89%;风险比0.159(95%可信区间:0.151～0.444),P0.0001]和靶血管血运重建率[5.48%比11.69%;风险比0.383(95%可信区间:0.232～0.633),P0.0001]的风险均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义。两组间全因死亡率、心肌梗死发生率及全因死亡/心肌梗死发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论:对于冠心病合并糖尿病患者而言,与置入BMS相比,使用DES可以显著降低靶病变血运重建率和靶血管血运重建率,但是全因死亡率、心肌梗死发生率和血栓形成率的差异均无统计学意义。