喙锁韧带重建的解剖放射学研究

目的测量不同透视体位下喙锁韧带骨道走行的放射学参数，为临床喙锁韧带重建提供解剖学依据。 方法取22具防腐处理的成人肩关节标本，解剖测量喙锁韧带两部分（斜方韧带，锥状韧带）的走行方向、止点宽度及透视体位下成角。 结果斜方韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（26.2±1.2） mm，喙突侧（22.7±1.6）mm。锥状韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（24.6±1.4）mm，喙突侧（19.2±1.6）mm。影像学测量韧带的插入角度：肩胛骨正位与锥状韧带与锁骨长轴成角（81±4）°，斜方韧带成角（67±7）°。侧位成角：斜方韧带（83±3）°，锥状韧带（70±6）°。与外科标志的毗邻关系：斜方韧带与锥状韧带足印区长轴中心点在锁骨间距（21.9±4.8）mm，在喙突侧间距（15.7±1.6）mm。 结论锥状韧带及斜方韧带止点足印宽度较为恒定，斜方韧带插入角度有变异度较大，锥状韧带较为恒定。两韧带在锁骨及喙突上间距较小。在进行肩锁关节解剖重建时，可参照其解剖学特点。     

A Modified Technique of Arthroscopically Assisted AC Joint Reconstruction and Preliminary Results

Surgical treatment of high-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations has become analogous to ligament reconstructions elsewhere in the body with the goal being restoration of the native anatomy. Circumferential access to the base of the coracoid is essential to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligament complex. Using some of the traditional open approaches, this access requires detaching the deltoid insertion and performing extensive soft tissue dissection. Also, poor visualization risks injury to nearby neurovascular structures. An arthroscopically assisted reconstruction offers the advantage of less soft tissue dissection and superior visualization to the base of the coracoid. We have developed a unique arthroscopically assisted technique that uses a subacromial approach to pass suture material and a tendon graft around the coracoid to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligament complex. We describe our technique and preliminary results in 10 patients who have undergone coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction for high-grade AC separation. All patients improved subjectively with regard to pain and function at a minimum followup of 3 months (mean, 5 months; range, 3-18 months). This arthroscopically assisted technique has the potential to allow for safe and at least in the short term reliable restoration of the coracoclavicular ligament complex and provides an alternative technique to treat AC joint separations.     

腘绳肌腱结合双固定技术重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨采用腘绳肌腱股骨端胫骨端双固定技术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的可行性及近期疗效。方法对25例ACL损伤行关节镜下ACL重建术,采用笔者自行设计双监视法解剖等长重建技术建立股骨胫骨隧道。移植物股骨端用Endobutton钢板和Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Bio-Intrafix和Stample门形加压钉固定。结果本组获随访12～18(13.76±1.61)个月,未发现滑膜炎、韧带断裂、活动度明显障碍等并发症。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前评分:20～48(31.32±8.71)分;术后1年评分:90～98(94.96±2.56)分(t=37.69,P<0.01)。结论在腘绳肌腱重建ACL中应用股骨端胫骨端双固定技术具有手术操作简便,固定牢固,效果可靠的优点,值得推广。     

喙突钢板位置对应用Triple Endobutton技术治疗肩锁关节脱位疗效的影响

目的探讨应用Triple Endobutton技术治疗肩锁关节脱位时喙突钢板位置对疗效的影响。 方法将2010年1月至2015年12月温州医科大学附属第二医院收治67例患者按术后X线中喙突钢板位置分为偏外侧组（n=19）、中央组（n=27）、偏内侧组（n=21）。记录患者一般资料及术后并发症的发生情况,采用Constant评分、视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）及肩关节简单评分（simple shoulder test,SST）综合评估肩关节功能。 结果三组患者总并发症发生率为41.8%（28/67）。三组间并发症发生率（12/19 vs. 6/27 vs. 10/21,P=0.017）及复位丢失率（8/19 vs. 2/27 vs. 5/21,P=0.020）差异有统计学意义,偏外侧组患者并发症发生率显著高于中央组（P <0.01）。三组术后Constant评分分别为（91.2±4.2）分、（94.3±3.6）分、（93.9±4.2）分,中央组及偏内侧组评分高于偏外侧组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,但三组间VAS评分（P=0.742）及SST评分（P=0.258）差异无统计学意义。 结论应用Triple Endobutton技术治疗急性肩锁关节脱位的过程中,喙突骨隧道的位置与临床疗效关系密切,中央型骨隧道并发症少,效果显著。术中透视若发现喙突骨隧道偏移,尤其是向外侧偏移,应立即予以纠正。     

A Salvage Procedure for Failed Weaver-Dunn Reconstruction

THE PROBLEM: The failure rate after surgical acromioclavicular (AC) joint stabilization is of up to 10%. For revision, several techniques including modifications of the Weaver-Dunn procedure have been suggested. However, patients with failure of such revision techniques represent a special challenge due to the altered anatomic relationships and the lack of stabilizing structures. THE SOLUTION: In this respect, a case of several failed AC joint reconstructions is reported in which a doubled semitendinosus graft was used. The use of either biological autograft or artificial material has been suggested in the literature. However, especially the use of an autograft or allograft tendon has been supported by biomechanical studies. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A semitendinosus graft was harvested, passed through a clavicular and a coracoid tunnel, and subsequently doubled around the medial clavicle and the medial coracoid hook. A second pair of tunnels in the distal part of the clavicle and the coracoid was used for tying a 2-mm Fiber-Wire (Arthrex Inc.) cerclage. Then, the tendon graft was sutured beyond itself with # 2 Ethibond (Ethicon Inc., Johnson & Johnson). Consecutively, the deltotrapezial fascia was doubled and closed up with inverted # 1 sutures. After skin closure the left arm was immobilized in a sling. RESULT: 12 months after surgery, the patient was free of pain, presenting with a Constant Score of 87/100 and a Neer Score of 94/100.     

Analysis of risk factors for loss of reduction after acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated with the suture-button

BackgroundThe most commonly reported complication after acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation treated with the Suture-button is loss of reduction. Loss of reduction is a major factor influencing the patient's joint function and subjective satisfaction. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors causing loss of reduction after AC joint dislocation treated with the Suture-button.MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients with AC joint dislocation who were surgically treated the Suture-button in our hospital from February 2009 to February 2015, were recorded their age, sex, BMI, time from injury to surgery, Rockwood's classification, with or without osteoporosis, double or triple button technique, position of the clavicle tunnel, tunnel diameter, coracoid button position, alignment of the button, acromioclavicular ligament repair or not, different methods of postoperative limb immobilization, and so on. Mean comparisons or chi-square test was used for univariate analysis of the above factors, and then multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predict risk factors.ResultsReduction was lost in 23.1% of the patients. Univariate analysis showed that button alignment, double or triple button technique, coracoid button position, position of the clavicle tunnel, acromioclavicular ligament repair or not and osteoporosis had statistically significant association with loss of reduction for AC joint (P = 0.031, 0.034, 0.000, 0.042, 0.047 and 0.000 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that osteoporosis (P = 0.003), position of the clavicle tunnel (P = 0.032) and coracoid button position (P < 0.001) were the risk factors that significantly associated with the loss of reduction after AC joint dislocation treated with the Suture-button.ConclusionsClavicle tunnel location using relative ratio method, accurate placement of button plate under coracoid process (inside or outside deviation <20°), various reinforcement operations for patients with osteoporosis are important factors in preventing loss of reduction.     

TightRope治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位失败病例分析

目的分析TightRope治疗肩锁关节脱位失败病例的原因,总结相关经验教训。 方法自2014年1月至2018年4月收治肩锁关节脱位RockwoodⅢ型77例,均采用TightRope重建喙锁韧带治疗,术后发生钢板脱出、松动共6例,分析其手术失败原因。 结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间3~32个月,平均14.30个月,术后3个月Constant评分（93.86±5.59）分。失败病例6例,术后3个月Constant评分（79.17±7.33）分。失败原因包括隧道建立偏斜3例,手术操作不当2例,肩锁关节过度复位1例。 结论TightRope治疗肩锁关节脱位导致失败的因素：严重的骨质疏松,隧道建立偏斜,过度复位等。     

Stabilization of acute, complete acromioclavicular joint dislocations with a new C hook implant

Although coracoclavicular fixation is currently popular for type III acromioclavicular (AC) dislocations, a surgical gold standard is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preliminary outcome of surgical treatment of complete AC dislocations with a new nitinol C hook implant. When the implant is cooled (<5 degrees C), it softens enough to be easily inserted under the coracoid process with a hole drilled in the clavicle. Cooling is induced with ice water. When the implant reaches body temperature, it hardens and anatomic reduction is achieved. Patients with acute type III AC dislocations were prospectively evaluated. The AC ligament was reinserted with the use of a bone anchor, and the position of the joint was restored by fixing it with a new C hook. Clinical and radiographic control checkups were carried out at 3, 8, and 12 weeks and 2 years postoperatively. Certain patient-related variables, functional status, symptom severity, and patient satisfaction were assessed. By 12 weeks, all patients had achieved full functional status. Radiographs showed accurate anatomic reduction. Overall subjective satisfaction was very good in all cases. No complications or implant failures occurred. On the basis of this pilot study, the new C hook implant provides secure anatomic reduction with very good functional recovery and patient satisfaction. The main benefit of the implant is the ease of insertion. It preserves the articular surfaces and allows slight movement of the AC joint during abduction of the arm. The C hook implant is a new surgical concept with potentially better patient recovery.     

Surgical reconstruction of the acromioclavicular joint: Can we identify the optimal approach?

Injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint are common, tending to occur secondary to traumatic injuries. Rockwood grade IV, V and VI injuries involve complete dislocation of the joint and require surgical reconstruction, with inconclusive literature on whether grade III injuries should be surgically or conservatively managed. There are over one hundred reported surgical techniques which reconstruct the AC joint, with little indication of which methods achieve the best results. Techniques can generally be considered as: anatomical reduction; CC ligament reconstruction; and anatomical reconstruction. Techniques which implant hardware to reduce the AC joint, such as the hook plate, are commonly implemented, but have been shown to alter the mechanics of the joint significantly, resulting in poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Methods which reconstruct both the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are comparatively new, and early reports suggest that they achieve biomechanical properties similar to the native joint. More focus should be placed on such techniques in the future to determine whether they offer a more suitable approach to improve patient outcomes following AC joint reconstruction.     

Minimally Invasive Coracoclavicular Ligament Augmentation With a Flip Button/Polydioxanone Repair for Treatment of Total Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

Treatment of complete acromioclavicular joint disruption remains controversial and ranges from rehabilitation to extensive surgical reconstruction. However, high-grade injuries (type IV, V, and VI) are typically treated surgically. Most reconstruction techniques addressing these injuries selectively focus on coracoclavicular ligament augmentation because it has been shown to be the primary stabilizer of the acromioclavicular joint. The conventional coracoclavicular polydioxanone (PDS) loop, which is widely performed, has been detected to have some pivotal disadvantages, including anterior subluxation of the clavicle, extensive preparation of the coracoid, and bony avulsion of the clavicle as a result of rotational clavicle movement. Therefore we present an augmentation technique that reduces these complications by replicating the orientation of the native coracoclavicular ligament complex and providing a minimally invasive subcoracoid and clavicular fixation of a double PDS loop by use of 2 flip buttons, typically used for extracortical anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. The key step of the procedure includes the anatomic, secure, and stable placement of the double PDS cerclage under the coracoid base transferring a flip button through a coracoid bone tunnel. Our clinical experience shows that the presented technique is easy to perform and has a comparable invasiveness to recently presented arthroscopic techniques.     

Acromioclavicular joint reconstruction by coracoid process transfer augmented with hook plate

Background

Various techniques have been reported for the treatment of chronic acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical construction of coracoclavicular ligament using coracoid process transfer augmented with a hook plate fixation.

Materials and methods

Twenty-one patients treated with coracoid process transfer augmented with a hook plate fixation for chronic type III and V AC injuries were retrospectively analysed in 2003–2009. The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 58 years with an average age of 41.6 years. The patients were followed up clinically and radiographically, with an average of 33.0 months. Functional status and the ability to return to work were recorded during follow-up. Constant score and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain were measured.

Results

The mean Constant score has increased from 70.9 points preoperatively to 90.7 points at follow-up. The mean VAS score has decreased from 4.7 preoperatively to 1.2 at follow-up. The average abduction was 172°, forward flexion was 170° and external rotation was 56°. There were 10 excellent results, 10 good results and one fair result. All patients had resumed their job or returned to original sport activity at mean 3.7 months postoperatively. No reduction loss was observed after plate removal and the final follow-up.

Conclusions

Despite retrospective nature of the study, the outcomes of surgical construction with process transfer augmented with hook plate fixation are promising for chronic type III and V AC injuries.

Level of evidence

Therapeutic level IV. Retrospective case series, treatment study.     

Minimalinvasive Akromioklavikulargelenk-Rekonstruktion (MINAR)

Several studies have shown that augmentation of the coraco-clavicular ligaments with a suture cerclage is a reliable technique for the treatment of AC joint dislocations. The disadvantage of this technique is its invasiveness for exposing the coracoid process. The aim of this study is to introduce a new minimally invasive technique (MINAR) for reposition and stabilization of the acromio-clavicular (AC) joint by using a button/suture cerclage (FlippTack, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen). Indications for this technique are acute AC joint dislocations Rockwood III–V. The coracoid process is exposed by a 3 cm skin incision and with the aid of a special aiming device a hole is drilled for passing the button through the coracoid. The two buttons are then fixed with a 1 mm Ethibond® suture. Thereafter, one of the buttons is pushed by a special application device through the coracoid and flips underneath the coracoid thereby fixing the suture. The remaining button is pulled through a hole in the clavicle. After repositioning the dislocated joint, the construct is fixed by a surgical knot above the clavicle button. In this study, we were able to evaluate 23 patients with a follow-up of 23 months (range 18–28 months). The mean duration of the surgical intervention was 28.6 min. Peri- or postoperative complications (e.g., vascular or nerve damage, thorax injuries, infections, thrombosis, embolism) were not encountered. Secondary reluxations did not occur. In two cases, we observed a reposition loss of half a shaft width, which did not interfere with the clinical result. The Constant Murley score was 94 points (range 89–97 points). By using our minimally invasive technique for AC joint reconstruction (MINAR), the clinical results are comparable to those achieved by commonly used suture cerclage techniques. Hardware removal like in techniques using a hook plate, Bosworth screw or a k-wire cerclage is not necessary.     

双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱解剖重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的可行性及近期疗效。方法对28例ACL损伤患者行关节镜下ACL重建术。采用股骨胫骨双隧道建立前内侧束（AMB）及后外侧束（PLB）。分别将股薄肌腱、半腱肌腱编织成3股肌腱,用于重建PLB与AMB。AMB与PLB股骨端均用Endobutton钢板固定,胫骨端AMB用Bio-Intrafix固定,PLB用Milagro可吸收界面螺钉固定。结果 28例均获随访,时间12-24（19.54±3.84）个月。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前为18-60（34.79±12.53）分,术后1年为90-98（95.54±2.06）分,差异有统计学意议（t=26.51,P〈0.01）。结论双束双隧道6股腘绳肌腱重建ACL,手术操作简便,固定牢固,效果可靠。     

带袢钢板重建喙锁韧带与锁骨钩钢板治疗 锁骨远端骨折的病例对照研究

目的：探讨带袢钢板加爱惜帮缝线双束重建喙锁韧带和锁骨钩钢板治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效差异。方法：2008年11月至2009年12月,采用带袢钢板加爱惜帮缝线双束重建喙锁韧带（A组8例）和锁骨钩钢板（B组10例）治疗18例锁骨远端骨折患者,其中男10例,女8例,年龄28～65岁,平均38岁。所有损伤均为新鲜损伤,X线表现为NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折,损伤至手术时间为2～5d,平均2.8d。所有患者受伤前肩关节活动均正常。术后第1、2、3个月对患肩功能用Constant Murley评分系统进行评分。结果：两组患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染发生,无臂丛神经损伤。X线提示,所有骨折在术后3个月时有连续骨小梁通过,证实骨折愈合。所有患者均获得随访,时间3～8个月,平均5.7个月。术后第1、2、3个月,A组Constant Murley评分分值分别为：（91.4±6.7）、（97.5±2.6）、（98.3±2.0）分;B组分别为：（70.1±5.1）、（89.0±7.6）、（94.2±4.6）分。在术后1、2、3个月,A组的肩关节评分均高于B组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：带袢钢板加爱惜帮缝线双束重建喙锁韧带治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折,由于不影响肩锁关节,患者可以获得更好的肩关节功能,虽然这一固定方式是非坚强固定,但是所有骨折均愈合。这一技术的应用有赖于完整和坚强的喙突,在小喙突和骨质疏松的患者中可能不适用。     

双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的早期随访研究

目的观察解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ及以上肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法选取22例肩锁关节脱位患者,其中男15例、女7例,新鲜脱位16例,陈旧性脱位6例,Rockwood Ⅲ型7例、Ⅳ型1例、V型14例。手术方式选择为双束Endobutton解剖重建技术。分别于术后3、6和12个月行疼痛视觉模拟评分及Constant肩关节功能评分,摄双侧肩关节正位X线片,测量患侧及健侧喙锁间距。 结果此研究平均随访时间为（17.7±4.0）个月。疼痛视觉模拟评分从术前的平均5.0分下降到术后12个月的0.2分,Constant肩关节功能评分从术前的平均44.3分提高到术后12个月的93.7分。患侧喙锁间距从术前的平均21.0 mm下降到术后12个月的8.5 mm。所有病例随访过程中均无肩锁关节再脱位、锁骨喙突骨折等严重并发症发生。 结论双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带是安全可靠的新术式,其应用于Rockwood Ⅲ-V型新鲜或者陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的手术治疗取得了良好的临床效果。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带

目的:报告关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带及分析影响其手术效果因素。方法:采用开口螺旋肌腱剥离器,保留肌腱远侧附着点,在近侧腱肌交界处切断半腱肌腱,对折两股编织转移镜下重建后交叉韧带。隧道内口侧可吸收挤压螺钉固定,股骨隧道外口加强固定。结果:手术28例,平均随访33个月,按照日本骨科协会制定的膝关节疗效评定标准,优良率为85.7％。结论:(1)关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带,较B-PT-B通过隧道时柔顺通畅;(2)隧道内口可吸收钉挤压固定,愈后内口消失,避免韧带撞击内口使之逐渐扩大引起重建韧带松驰。(3)隧道内外口的坚强固定,使重建后交叉韧带有足够刚强度。     

Clavicle and coracoid process drilling technique for truly anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction

Background

High-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations require surgical treatment, as conservative treatment may result in functional decline or persistent pain. Although many surgical techniques have been described in the literature, there is still no non-controversial gold standard procedure for AC joint dislocation. The different orientation of the two components of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments has been proven to account for different functions. However, the majority of the techniques reconstruct the CC ligaments with a single structure. The purposes of this study were to assess the feasibility of truly anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction (TACCR) and to determine the corresponding drilling parameter.

Methods

We constructed virtual three-dimensional (3D) models of 105 shoulders from computed tomography (CT) scan data by using SuperImage software. For each model, the attachment sites and footprint dimensions of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments were defined and adjusted according to previously defined anatomic parameters and individual measurement results. Virtual drilling and 3D measurement were carried out in each model separately. Guided by the drilling parameter, we performed TACCR on 24 shoulders from 12 whole cadavers after transecting the AC and CC ligaments.

Results

The collinear drilling technique was noted to breach the bone cortex of the clavicle and/or the coracoid process in 95 of 105 virtual models (90.5%). No cortical breach was observed using a non-collinear drilling technique. The anteversion angulation of the conoid–coracoid tunnel ranged from 10° to 15° (mean value 12.4°). The extraversion angulation of the conoid–coracoid tunnel varied from 5° to 10° (mean value 6.8°). The anteversion angulation of the trapezoid–coracoid tunnel ranged from 20° to 30° (mean value 25.2°). There were no failures when performing the non-collinear drilling technique on cadaver models.

Conclusions

The collinear drilling technique is not technically feasible for TACCR. For this reason, we recommend the non-collinear drilling technique, which provides the ability to prepare bony tunnels without any risk of cortical breach.

Clinical relevance

Based on this computer and cadaver model study, we have devised a novel drilling technique to restore the CC ligaments anatomically.     

关节镜下横杆式固定重建膝前十字韧带的中期疗效观察

目的 评价关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱移植、横杆式固定(transfix)重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的中期临床疗效.方法 自2002年8月至2003年12月对38例膝关节ACL断裂患者应用自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL、股骨端采用横杆式固定、胫骨端采用界面螺钉固定.男21例,女17例;年龄19～48岁,平均28.4岁;左膝24例,右膝14例.运动伤27例,交通伤2例,跌倒扭伤2例,余7例无明显外伤.急性损伤6例,陈旧性损伤32例.术前体检:前抽屉试验阳性35例,弱阳性1例,阴性2例;Lachman征阳性37例,弱阳性1例.以Lysholm评分评价中期临床疗效,以MRI及X线观察移植物以及骨隧道变化情况.结果 38例患者中36例获得随访(随访率94.7％),随访时间6.3～7.6年,平均6.8年.所有患者关节活动度正常,Lysholm评分由术前(64.4±4.52)分提高到(85.6±4.60)分,差异有统计学意义.X线及MRI发现3例股骨及胫骨隧道均扩大,5例股骨隧道扩大,3例胫骨隧道近端扩大.未见关节间隙变窄.1例患者在术后4年因外伤再次致ACL断裂,行关节镜下ACL翻修术,采用同种异体肌腱移植物,股骨端及胫骨端采用可吸收挤压钉固定.结论 应用腘绳肌腱、股骨侧横杆式、胫骨侧界面挤压螺钉固定重建膝关节ACL可以获得较为满意的关节活动度及关节稳定性,中期疗效佳.     

Surgical reconstruction of PIP joint collateral ligament in chronic instability in a high performance athlete: case report and description of technique

We present a case report describing the surgical technique for the reconstruction of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint collateral ligament using autograft palmaris longus tendon graft. We accomplished this successfully in a high performance professional athlete presenting with chronic instability of the PIP joint. Our surgical reconstructive technique recreated anatomic ligament position, while correcting multidirectional instability without disruption of the other dynamic anatomic structures of the PIP joint. Our results demonstrated excellent clinical and functional results, and we offer our technique as an alternative to tenodesis procedures for individuals with professions that demand PIP motion.     

改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建后十字韧带的实验研究

目的 探讨采用改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)手术方法的特点及优势.方法 设计专门的胫骨隧道形态及配套的胫骨钻头,设计移植物的形态和固定方法.在5具成人膝关节标本上模拟操作,年龄25～65岁;左膝2例,右膝3例.设计出全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建PCL的手术操作流程(包括建立胫骨隧道的方法,移植物的引入等).操作完成后切开实验标本,进行二次观察,观察胫骨隧道内口的形态和位置是否达到设计的要求.通过对30张正常MRI片进行测量,确定胫骨隧道的角度,明确术中PCL定位器的角度.结果 胫骨隧道内口设计成14 mm×7 mm×15 mm的圆锥状,外口为直径7 mm的圆柱状,配套的胫骨钻头设计成分体式,钻头在体外装配.胫骨平台后缘斜坡与水平成36°～47°,定位器角度设定为50°.移植物使用异体跟腱,移植物骨块设计成圆锥状,与胫骨隧道内口相匹配,移植物胫骨隧道外口使用纽扣钢板固定.5例标本手术均获得成功,切开行二次检查结果显示,其中4例移植物和胫骨隧道匹配,另1例隧道外口直径偏小,移植物无法完全嵌入.结论 改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节PCL手术具有操作简单、准确、快速、固定牢靠的特点.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. Methods The special arthroscopic device and related fixation technique were designed. Five cadaveric knees were used to simulate the process of arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. The knees were cut open to observe whether the outlet of the tibial tunnel shape and location met the design requirements. Thirty normal MRI films were measured to identify tunnel angle and localizer angle. Results The inner outlet of tunnel was conical shape(14 mm×7 mm×15 mm) and the outer outlet was cylinder-shaped (a diameter of 7 mm). The tibial drill was designed into a split structure and could be assembled in vitro. According to the data obtained from MRI films, the angle between the plane of posterior cruciate ligament and horizontal place was 36°-47°, and the localizer was fixed at 50°.The achilles tendon was used as implant and the allogft bones were designed into conical shape to fit the inner outlet of tunnel. The other end of implant to the proximal tibia was fixed with button plate. All reconstruction operations were performed under arthroscopy. The outcomes of procedure were satisfactory. There were no vascular or peripheral nerve injuries in the cadaveric knees The tunnel position was accurate and the shape of tunnel had met the design requirements. Conclusion Our results imply that improved arthroscopic of posterior cruciate ligament using tibial Inlay technique is simple, accurate, rapid and stable fixation.