Systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term oncological outcomes of lateral lymph node dissection for metastatic nodes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer

BackgroundStandard Western management of rectal cancers with pre-treatment metastatic lateral lymph nodes (LLNs) is neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). In recent years, there is growing interest in performing an additional lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate long-term oncological outcomes of nCRT followed by TME with or without LLND in patients with pre-treatment metastatic LLNs.MethodsPubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched to identify comparative studies reporting long-term oncological outcomes in pre-treatment metastatic LLNs of nCRT followed by TME and LLND (LLND+) vs. nCRT followed by TME only (LLND-). Newcastle-Ottawa risk-of-bias scale was used. Outcomes of interest included local recurrence (LR), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Summary meta-analysis of aggregate outcomes was performed.ResultsSeven studies, including 946 patients, were analysed. One (1/7) study was of good-quality after risk-of-bias analysis. Five-year LR rates after LLND+ were reduced (range 3–15%) compared to LLND- (11–27%; RR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.25–0.62], p < 0.0001). Five-year DFS was not significantly different after LLND+ (range 61–78% vs. 46–79% for LLND-; RR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.51–1.02], p = 0.143), and neither was five-year OS (range 69–91% vs. 72–80%; RR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.45–1.14], p = 0.163).ConclusionIn rectal cancers with pre-treatment metastatic LLNs, nCRT followed by an additional LLND during TME reduces local recurrence risk, but does not impact disease-free or overall survival. Due to the low quality of current data, large prospective studies will be required to further determine the value of LLND.     

Local recurrences in western low rectal cancer patients treated with or without lateral lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy: An international multi-centre comparative study

BackgroundIn the West, low rectal cancer patients with abnormal lateral lymph nodes (LLNs) are commonly treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Additionally, some perform a lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). To date, no comparative data (nCRT vs. nCRT + LLND) are available in Western patients.MethodsAn international multi-centre cohort study was conducted at six centres from the Netherlands, US and Australia. Patients with low rectal cancers from the Netherlands and Australia with abnormal LLNs (≥5 mm short-axis in the obturator, internal iliac, external iliac and/or common iliac basin) who underwent nCRT and TME (LLND-group) were compared to similarly staged patients from the US who underwent a LLND in addition to nCRT and TME (LLND + group).ResultsLLND + patients (n = 44) were younger with higher ASA-classifications and ypN-stages compared to LLND-patients (n = 115). LLND + patients had larger median LLNs short-axes and received more adjuvant chemotherapy (100 vs. 30%; p < 0.0001). Between groups, the local recurrence rate (LRR) was 3% for LLND + vs. 11% for LLND- (p = 0.13). Disease-free survival (DFS, p = 0.94) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.42) were similar. On multivariable analysis, LLND was an independent significant factor for local recurrences (p = 0.01). Sub-analysis of patients who underwent long-course nCRT and had adjuvant chemotherapy (LLND-n = 30, LLND + n = 44) demonstrated a lower LRR for LLND + patients (3% vs. 16% for LLND-; p = 0.04). DFS (p = 0.10) and OS (p = 0.11) were similar between groups.ConclusionA LLND in addition to nCRT may improve loco-regional control in Western patients with low rectal cancer and abnormal LLNs. Larger studies in Western patients are required to evaluate its contribution.     

Predictive factors of pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients without clinical lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis (clinical stage II/III): The analysis of data from the clinical trial (JCOG0212)

BackgroundMesorectal excision (ME) is the standard surgical procedure for lower rectal cancer. However, in Japan, total or tumor-specific ME with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LLND) is the standard surgical procedure for patients with clinical stages II or III lower rectal cancer, because lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis occasionally occurs in these patients. The aim of study was to elucidate the predictive factors of pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients without clinical lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis.MethodsData form the clinical trial (JCOG0212) was analyzed. The JCOG0212 was a randomized controlled trial to confirm the non-inferiority of mesorectal excision alone to mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II/III patients who don't have clinical lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in terms of relapse free survival. This study was conducted at a multitude of institution33 major hospitals in Japan. Among the 351 patients who underwent lateral lymph node dissection in the JCOG0212 study, 328 patients were included in this study. Associations between pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis and preoperative and postoperative factors were investigated. The preoperative factors were age, sex, clinical stage, tumor location, distance from anal verge, tumor size, and short-axis diameter of lateral pelvic lymph node on computed tomography and the postoperative factors were pathological T, pathological N, and histological grade.ResultsAmong the 328 patients, 24 (7.3%) had pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis. In multivariable analysis of the preoperative factors, patient age (p = 0.067), tumor location (p = 0.025), and short-axis diameter of lateral pelvic lymph node (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis.ConclusionsPatient age, tumor location, and short-axis diameter of lateral pelvic lymph node were predictive factors of pathological lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis.     

102例直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移患者临床病理特点及生存预后分析

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node dissection (LPLND) in patients with lateral lymph node (LPLN) metastasis. Methods The clinicopathological data of rectal cancer patients who underwent total mesorectal excision (TME) combined with LPLND and pathologically confirmed as LPLN metastasis after operation were retrospectively analyzed. The clinicopathological characteristics and metastasis rules of patients with LPLN metastasis were discussed, and the survival prognosis after LPLND was analyzed. Results A total of 102 rectal cancer patients with pathologically confirmed LPLN metastasis were included. The common sites of LPLN metastasis were internal iliac vessels lymph nodes (n=68, 66.7%), followed by obturator lymph nodes (n=44, 43.1%), and common iliac vessels or external iliac vessels lymph nodes (n=12, 11.8%). There were 10 patients (9.8%) with bilateral LPLN metastases, and the mean number of LPLN metastases was 2.2±2.4, among which 16 patients (15.7%) had LPLN metastases number≥2. The 3-year OS (66.8% vs. 7.7%, P<0.001) and DFS (39.1% vs. 10.5%, P=0.012) of patients with LPLN metastases to the external iliac or common iliac lymph node were significantly lower than those with metastases to the internal iliac or obturator lymph node. The multivariate analysis showed that LPLN metastasis to external iliac or common iliac lymph node was an independent risk factor both for OS (HR=3.53; 95%CI: 1.50-8.31; P=0.004) and DFS (HR=2.40; 95%CI: 1.05-5.47; P=0.037). Conclusion LPLN mainly metastasizes to the internal iliac or obturator lymph node areas. The survival of patients with metastasis to the external iliac or common iliac lymph node cannot be improved by LPLND, and thus systemic comprehensive treatment is often the optimal treatment option. © 2023, CHINA RESEARCH ON PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. All rights reserved.     

Oncologic benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery with selective lateral pelvic lymph node dissection: An international retrospective cohort study

IntroductionIntensive local treatment comprising total mesorectal excision (TME) with selective lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has received attention among clinicians treating rectal cancer. It remains unclear whether adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after intensive local treatment is beneficial for these patients. We evaluated the oncologic benefit of ACT for patients with LARC who received intensive local treatment.Materials and methodsThis international multicentre retrospective cohort study included 737 patients treated in Japan and Korea between 2010 and 2017. The effectiveness of ACT on recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, with subgroup analyses to identify subpopulations potentially benefiting from ACT.ResultsThe median follow-up was 49 months; the 5-year RFS and local recurrence rates for the entire cohort were 72.1% and 4.9%, respectively; 514 patients (69.7%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, without an oncologic benefit (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79–1.68) demonstrated in the multivariable Cox regression analysis. In subgroup analyses, the distributions of the 95% CI in patients aged ≥70 years and those with ypStage 0 tended to place a disproportionate emphasis that favoured the non-ACT treatment strategy.ConclusionDespite achieving good local control with intensive local treatment strategy, the effectiveness of ACT for the LARC patients with CRT followed by TME with selective LPND was not proved. Elderly patients and those with ypStage0 may not receive benefit from ACT after CRT and TME ± LPND.     

Oncologic impact of lateral lymph node metastasis at the distal lateral compartment in locally advanced low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy

IntroductionThe frequency and oncologic outcomes of lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis at the most distal lateral compartment (DLC) among clinical stage II-III low rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT) are poorly understood. The aim was to investigate the oncologic impact of LLN metastasis in the DLC versus the proximal lateral compartment (PLC).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients with low rectal cancer treated with nCRT followed by total mesorectal excision and selective LLN dissection including the DLC were analyzed retrospectively. DLC was defined as the area distal to the infra–piriformis foramen on axial MRI images. Size and location of LLN metastasis on MRI, and survival were retrospectively assessed.ResultsOf the 718 patients, 72 (10.0%) had pathological LLN metastasis. Thirty-two (44.4%) had metastasis in the DLC (DLC group), while 40 (55.6%) had metastasis in the PLC without metastasis in the DLC (PLC group). The proportion of ypN2 category tended to be lower in the DLC group (15.6% vs 35.0%, P = 0.105). The median number of metastatic LLN was similar (1 vs. 1, P = 0.691). The median short-axis size of metastatic LLN was smaller in the DLC group than in the PLC group on pre-treatment (P < 0.001) and re-staging (P = 0.004) MRI. By multivariable analysis, LLN metastasis in the DLC was predictive of better disease-free survival (HR, 0.412; 95% CI, 0.159–0.958, P = 0.039).ConclusionLLN metastasis in the DLC is frequent and has favorable oncologic outcomes after surgical dissection with nCRT.     

低位直肠癌选择性侧方淋巴结清扫研究进展

盆腔侧方淋巴结(Lateral pelvic lymph node,LPLN)是低位直肠癌患者常见的局部转移部位,同时也是术后局部复发的主要部位,然而目前对于LPLN转移的治疗方案仍没有明确的定论.同时LPLN的转移应被看作是局部而不是全身,新辅助放化疗(Chemoradiotherapy,CRT)并不能替代手术清扫,...     

A case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after TME for submucosal rectal carcinoma successfully treated by lymph node dissection with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels

In Japan, lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is generally performed for the treatment of T3-4 lower rectal carcinoma, and not for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, because of a low positive rate in patients with T1 lesion. We experienced a rare case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after total mesorectal resection for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, successfully treated by LLND with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels. There is no guideline for the treatment of patients with isolated lateral lymph node recurrence; however, surgery should be considered for such patients.     

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in the management of locally advanced low rectal cancer: Summary of the current evidence

Lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLN) are a major site for local recurrence following curative resection for low locally advanced rectal cancer. Ongoing advances in imaging techniques have improved predicting LPLN metastasis (LPLNM) during pre-operative staging. However, there is ongoing debate on optimal management of this subgroup of patients with variation between guidance of different societies. In Japan, LPLNM is considered as local disease and addressed by lateral pelvic node dissection (LPLND) in addition to total mesorectal excision (TME). However, in the west, LPLNM is considered as metastatic disease and those patients are offered neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by TME surgery. The potential surgical risks and morbidity associated with LPLND as well as the uncertainty of the oncological outcome have raised the concern that patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer with LPLNM could be over or under-treated.A comprehensive review of literature was performed, summarizing the current evidence on available modalities for predicting LPLNM, the role of LPLND in the management of advanced low rectal cancer and the available surgical approaches with their impact on surgical and oncological outcomes.LPLND is associated with increased operative time, blood loss and post-operative morbidity. The potential benefits for local disease control and survival still awaits high quality studies. There has been increasing number of reports of the use minimally invasive approaches in LPLND in an attempt to reduce post-operative complications.There is need for high quality evidence to define the role of LPLND in management of patients with advanced low rectal cancer.     

扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的：探讨扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌术后恢复、局部复发率、生存率和生存质量的影响。方法：回顾性分析我院３２７例低位直肠癌行根治性切除的病例资料,其中１７１例行全直肠系膜切除（ＴＭＥ）,１５６例全直肠系膜切除＋Ｃ区（侧方）淋巴结清扫（ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ）。结果：无手术死亡病例,两组在性别、年龄、肿瘤临床分期、组织学类型等方面差异无显著意义。ＴＭＥ组围手术期住院时间为（１０.９±１.８）天,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（１４.０±２.０）天;住院费用ＴＥＭ组为（１.５２±０.１１）万元,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（２.０１±０.１５）万元（p＜０.０５）;两组在总体局部复发率上无统计学差异,但Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ、Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组局部复发率明显下降,两组差异有显著性（p＜０.０５）;总体５年生存率ＴＭＥ组为５３.２％,而ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组为５７.１％,两组无显著差异（p＞０.０５）,亚组分析显示Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组５年生存率高于ＴＭＥ组（p＜０.０５）;两组在生活质量方面无差异（p＞０.０５）。结论：Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ａ和Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期低位直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术增加患者手术创伤,住院时间延长,但不提高５年生存率;Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术虽然延长住院时间,但可改善患者５年生存率。     

Pulmonary metastasectomy with lymphadenectomy for colorectal pulmonary metastases: A systematic review

BackgroundRoutine lymphadenectomy during metastasectomy for pulmonary metastases of colorectal cancer has been recommended by several recent expert consensus meetings. However, evidence supporting lymphadenectomy is limited. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the impact of simultaneous lymph node metastases on patient survival during metastasectomy for colorectal pulmonary metastases (CRPM).MethodsA systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines of studies on lymphadenectomy during pulmonary metastasectomy for CRPM. Articles published between 2000 and 2020 were identified from Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library without language restriction. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of included studies. Survival rates were assessed and compared for the presence and level of nodal involvement.ResultsFollowing review of 8054 studies by paper and abstract, 27 studies comprising 3619 patients were included in the analysis. All patients included in these studies underwent lymphadenectomy during pulmonary metastasectomy for CRPM. A total of 690 patients (19.1%) had simultaneous lymph node metastases. Five-year overall survival for patients with and without lymph node metastases was 18.2% and 51.3%, respectively (p < .001). Median survival for patients with lymph node metastases was 27.9 months compared to 58.9 months in patients without lymph node metastases (p < .001). Five-year overall survival for patients with N1 and N2 lymph node metastases was 40.7% and 10.9%, respectively (p = .064).ConclusionSimultaneous lymph node metastases of CRPM have a detrimental impact on survival and this is most apparent for mediastinal lymph node metastases. Therefore, lymphadenectomy during pulmonary metastasectomy for CRPM can be advised to obtain important prognostic value.     

Level IIb neck dissection guided by fine-needle aspiration for N1b papillary thyroid carcinoma

BackgroundThe extent of neck dissection for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis in lateral cervical lymph nodes is still debated. Studies aiming to omit level IIb were generally based on postoperative histopathologic information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for level II lymph nodes in identifying candidates for neck dissection sparing level IIb before surgery.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 156 consecutive previously untreated PTC patients with lateral neck metastases who were subjected to 178 therapeutic lateral neck dissections (including level IIa, IIb, III, IV, and Vb) between June 2018 and August 2021. Ultrasound-guided FNA of suspicious lymph nodes at level II was preoperatively performed. The cytology of FNA and thyroglobulin (Tg) washout concentration with other clinical predictors was analyzed for lymph node metastases at level IIb.ResultsPreoperative ultrasonography revealed suspicious lymph nodes at level II in 118 cases, and fifty were positive on FNA results. Metastasis at level IIb was seen in 17 (9.6%) of the postoperative specimens. By univariate analysis, the rate of level IIb metastasis was significantly higher in patients with FNA-positive lymph nodes at level II (P<0.001, odds ratio = 16.899). The tumor sizes of the two FNA-negative level IIb metastatic lymph nodes were 0.4 mm and 3 mm.ConclusionsLevel IIb lymph node dissection may be omitted in the treatment of N1b PTC patients if FNA to level II lymph nodes is negative.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后同侧锁骨上淋巴结病理完全缓解列线图预测模型的构建

目的建立乳腺癌新辅助化疗后同侧锁骨上淋巴结病理完全缓解(ispCR)的预测模型, 以指导局部治疗。方法连续纳入2012年9月至2019年5月河南省肿瘤医院收治的首诊同侧锁骨上淋巴结转移且新辅助化疗后行同侧锁骨上淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌患者211例, 分为训练集142例, 验证集69例。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析确定乳腺癌新辅助化疗后ispCR的影响因素, 建立乳腺癌新辅助化疗后ispCR的列线图预测模型。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析和绘制校准曲线对列线图预测模型进行内部和外部验证评价。结果单因素logistic回归分析显示, Ki-67指数、腋窝淋巴结转移数目、乳腺pCR、腋窝pCR、新辅助化疗后同侧锁骨上淋巴结大小与乳腺癌新辅助化疗后ispCR有关(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示, 腋窝淋巴结转移数目(OR=5.035, 95%CI为1.722～14.721)、乳腺pCR (OR=4.662, 95%CI为1.456～14.922)和新辅助化疗后同侧锁骨上淋巴结大小(OR=4.231, 95%CI为1.194～14.985)是乳腺癌新辅助...     

Lateral lymph node dissection with radical surgery versus single radical surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Objectives: To assess the value of lateral lymph node dissection( LLND) in the radical surgery of rectal cancer. Methods: The published Chinese and English literature was retrieved. A total of 15 papers fitted the selection criteria, including 4,858 patients. Among them 2,401 were in the LLND group and 2,457 in the non-LLND (NLLND) group. Evaluation parameters included 5-year survival rate recurrence rate, peri-operative outcomes, postoperative urinary and sexual functions. Results: The operating time was significantly shorter in the NLLND group than that in the LLND group (weighted mean difference (WMD)=109 min, 95 confidence interval(CI):90-129, P <0.001). Intra-operative blood loss was greater in the LLND group, but the difference was not significant (WMD=429 mL, 95 CI:325-854, P = 0.05).The frequency of peri-operative morbidity(OR, 1.57 95 CI:1.06-2.33, P = 0.02) was also significantly higher in the LLND group. There were no significant differences in 5-year survival rateand recurrence rate between the two groups. Data from individual studies(three)showed that the frequency of male urinary dysfunction (OR=5.12, 95CI 2.15-12.19, P=0.0002) and sexual dysfunction (P < 0.05) were greatly lower in the NLLND group. Conclusion: Meta analysis showed that LLND did not have specific advantage in decreasing postoperative recurrence and prolonging survival time. Furthermore it was associated with prolonged operation time, increased blood loss and elevated incidence of peri-operative complications and urinary and sexual dysfunction.     

乳腺癌发生腋窝外三角组织转移特点与影响因素分析

目的 评估外三角组织转移的相关因素,筛选外三角组织转移率低的人群,探讨外三角组织保留的意义。方法 选取2020年9月—2021年6月于哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院行腋窝淋巴结清扫术(Axillary lymph node dissection, ALND)的患者150例进行回顾性研究,将患者以行或未行新辅助化疗(Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NAC)为标准分组,其中未接受NAC患者95例,接受NAC患者55例。分析临床资料和外三角组织转移的相关性,筛选外三角组织转移的影响因素,绘制ROC曲线评价联合诊断预测外三角组织转移的效果。结果 总样本中,22例患者有外三角组织转移。在未行NAC的95例患者中,外三角淋巴结中位数为3.0枚,外三角组织转移19例(20%),彩超腋窝淋巴结尺寸与外三角组织转移相关(P=0.011)。多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄≤55岁、淋巴结较大、PR阳性是外三角组织转移的独立影响因素。ROC曲线分析显示联合诊断的曲线下面积为0.820,特异性为77.8%,敏感性为78.7%。在55例行NAC患者中,外三角组织转移3例(5.5%)。结论 ...     

What is the burden of axillary disease after neoadjuvant therapy in women with locally advanced breast cancer?

Background

The burden of axillary disease in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (labc) after neoadjuvant therapy (nat) has not been extensively described in a large modern cohort. Here, we describe the extent of nodal metastases after nat in patients with labc.

Methods

All patients with labc treated at a single institution during 2002–2007 were identified. Demographic, radiologic, and pathologic variables were extracted. To assess the extent of lymph node metastases after nat, patients were separated into two groups: those with and without clinical or radiologic evidence of lymph node metastases before nat. Axillary lymph nodes retrieved at surgery that had no evidence of metastases after hematoxylin and eosin (h&e) staining underwent further pathology evaluation.

Results

Of the 116 patients identified, 115 were female (median age: 48.5). Before nat, 26 patients were clinically and radiologically node-negative; of those 26, 14 were histologically negative on final pathology. After serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry, 9 of 26 (35%) were node-negative. Of the 90 patients who had clinical or radiologic evidence of lymph node metastases before nat, 23 (26%) had no evidence of lymph node metastases on h&e staining. After serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry, 19 (21%) had no further axillary lymph node metastases. Overall, 76% of patients had pathology evidence of lymph node metastases after nat.

Conclusions

Most patients with labc have axillary metastases after nat. Our findings support axillary lymph node dissection and locoregional radiation in most patients with labc after nat.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的临床意义

目的探讨新辅助化疗后乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的可行性。方法对57例行^99Tc联合亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检术和腋窝淋巴结清扫术乳腺癌患者的资料进行分析,其中31例ⅡB、Ⅲ期患者先行2～3个疗程新辅助化疗后再行前哨淋巴结活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫术,另26例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者直接行前哨淋巴结活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫术。结果新辅助化疗组和非新辅助化疗组平均腋窝淋巴结数、前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）数、SLN检出率、SLN假阴性率均无显著差异（P均〉0．05）。新辅助化疗纽化疗前临床分期在N2以上者,SLN检出率均显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检能准确预测腋窝淋巴结的状况。化疗前的N分期是SLNB检出率的影响因素。     

Surgical management of extra-regional lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer

One of the major problems in rectal cancer surgery is local recurrence, found in an average of 21% to 46% cases in 1990. However, the advent of chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) improve local control and enhances survival rates in colorectal cancer (CRC). Regional lymph node involvement is determined to be an independent prognostic factor in local recurrence; however, extra-regional lymph node (ERLN) metastasis has a higher recurrence rate (up to 58.1%). Lack of supportive data in management of ERLN metastasis in CRC has added further strain and challenges to structure a unique treatment strategy. ERLN refers to extra-mesenteric involvement either in the para-aortic lymph node (PALN) or the lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN). Treatment of ERLN metastasis is challenging because of the shortage of the resources. Here, we will outline and summarize approaches and management of ERLN metastasis. We also aim to clarify the role of surgical intervention in CRC     

乳腺癌内乳区淋巴结转移研究进展

 内乳区淋巴结的转移状况是乳腺癌的独立预后指标,也是乳腺癌分期的重要依据之一。内乳区淋巴结转移的患者预后较差。内乳区淋巴结的总体转移率为18 %～33 %,仅有内乳区淋巴结转移而无腋窝淋巴结转移的发生率为2 %～11 %,其转移受腋窝淋巴结状况、患者年龄、原发肿瘤的位置和特点等多因素影响。随着前哨淋巴结活检技术的不断发展,内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术可能以最小的风险评估内乳区淋巴结状况,并进一步完善乳腺癌的淋巴结分期,有助于为患者制定更为准确的个体化治疗方案。     

早期乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结阳性患者腋窝非前哨淋巴结转移风险预测

目的 分析前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)1~2个阳性乳腺癌患者中非前哨淋巴结(NSLN)转移的影响因素并构建预测模型。方法 回顾分析2008-2014年中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院未行新辅助化疗前哨淋巴结 1~2个阳性并行腋窝淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌患者的临床病理因素。计数资料组间比较采用χ²检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归模型。以AUC值和校正曲线对Nomogram预测模型进行评估。结果 共 270例患者纳入研究,87例(32.2%)存在NSLN转移。中位年龄46(21~80)岁,中位SLN送检个数4(1~10)个,中位腋窝淋巴结清扫个数20(10~41)个。单因素分析结果显示病理分级、SLN宏转移、阳性SLN个数和阴性SLN个数是腋窝NSLN转移的影响因素(P=0.001~0.045)。多因素分析结果显示病理分级、阳性SLN个数和阴性SLN个数是NSLN转移的独立影响因素(P=0.000~0.041)。乳腺癌NSLN转移Nomogram预测模型AUC=0.70,当预测患者的NSLN转移率≤15%时,假阴性率仅为10.5%。结论 Nomogram预测模型可作为临床医师进行腋窝处理时的决策参考,对于NSLN转移概率低的患者可以避免行腋窝淋巴结清扫或腋窝放疗。