冠状动脉侧支循环与心肌缺血时间的相关性

目的:研究冠状动脉侧支循环形成与心肌缺血、心肌梗死发生的时间关系。方法:回顾分析412例经冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉完全或次全闭塞患者,先将有心肌梗死病史的患者分为3组:A组(心肌梗死后1个月内)、B组(1个月～1年)、C组(1年以上)。仅有心肌缺血者同样根据缺血时间(上述3个时间段)分为A、B、C组。分别观察侧支循环形成良好率,进行对比分析。再根据闭塞血管将所有患者分为前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉3组观察其侧支循环形成情况。结果:有心肌梗死及心肌缺血病史者A、B、C组患者侧支循环形成的良好率两两比较均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。右冠状动脉完全或次全闭塞时侧支循环形成良好率明显高于左冠状动脉;前降支与右冠状动脉比较、回旋支与右冠状动脉比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:心肌梗死和心肌缺血随着时间的延长侧支循环良好情况无显著改变。     

冠状动脉侧支循环及其临床意义

目的研究冠状动脉侧支循环开放的条件、影响因素及其对心肌缺血、心功能的保护作用。方法回顾性分析１６３例经冠状动脉造影证实管腔直径狭窄≥７５％的２１４支血管的侧支循环开放情况。结果７９支见侧支循环开放,６３例７２支完全闭塞血管中,３１例３８支侧支循环发展良好（Ａ组）,３２例３４支侧支循环发展不良（Ｂ组）。心肌缺血病程长、无高血压病或糖尿病史及右冠状动脉闭塞者,侧支循环发展良好率高。心功能指标Ａ组明显优于Ｂ组,运动负荷试验阴性率两组间无差异。结论侧支循环开放依赖冠状血管完全闭塞或次全闭塞,发展受多种因素影响,良好的侧支循环对缺血心肌和心功能有保护作用,但多数不能消除负荷所致心肌缺血。     

心肌梗死后并发室壁瘤的血管病变特点

目的:分析心肌梗死后室壁瘤形成的冠状动脉病变特点。方法:行冠状动脉及左心室造影的心肌梗死证实为室壁瘤的有108例,将患者的冠状动脉造影血管病变特点进行分析。结果:冠状动脉造影检查示前降支病变在室壁瘤组及非室壁瘤组有显著不同(42.8%∶34.9%)。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示:前降支病变、3支病变、侧支循环存在与否、是否有完全闭塞或次全闭塞的主要血管与室壁瘤的形成有相关性。多因素logistic回归分析显示:前降支病变、是否有完全闭塞或次全闭塞的主要血管是室壁瘤形成独立的相关因素。结论:前降支病变、主要血管完全闭塞或次全闭塞的是急性心肌梗死后室壁瘤形成独立的相关关系。     

冠状动脉侧支循环与冠心病预后的关系

目的 :研究冠状动脉侧支循环与冠心病 (CHD)预后的关系。方法 :依据选择性冠状动脉造影(SCA)结果将 98例SCA患者分为正常对照组 (非CHD组 )、CHD无侧支循环组、CHD有侧支循环组 ,分析各组患者的临床资料。结果 :CHD组与非CHD组相比 ,除糖尿病发病率 (无论有无侧支循环 )较高外 (P <0 .0 1) ,其他CHD易患因素差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;有侧支循环患者与无侧支循环患者相比 ,主要CHD易患因素、不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)的发生差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;但无侧支循环患者心功能不全、心肌梗死、室壁瘤的发生率显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ;次全闭塞、完全闭塞主要见于有侧支循环者 ;有侧支循环患者以左前降支病变为主 ,无侧支循环患者以右冠状动脉病变为主。结论 :侧支循环存在与否与CHD患者预后密切相关     

心肌梗死后合并室壁瘤形成的相关因素分析

目的:分析心肌梗死(MyocardialInfarction,MI)后室壁瘤形成的相关危险因素。方法:收集513例患者的临床资料,经左心室造影证实有室壁瘤者为室壁瘤组,其余为非室壁瘤组。用单因素和多因素分析比较两组患者间的病史特点、症状和冠脉造影结果。结果:513例MI患者合并室壁瘤形成62例,发生率为12.1%。单因素分析结果显示在年龄、心绞痛病史、心肌梗死病史、前壁心肌梗死、非有效的溶栓或介入治疗、三支病变、无侧支循环、主要血管的完全闭塞或次全闭塞性病变方面,两组比较有显著性差异,P均<0.05。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:前壁心肌梗死、侧支循环、非有效的溶栓或介入治疗、主要血管的完全闭塞或次全闭塞性病变等因素有显著性差异,P均<0.05。结论:前壁心肌梗死、非有效的溶栓或介入治疗、主要血管的完全闭塞或次全闭塞性病变是急性心肌梗死后室壁瘤形成的独立相关因素。     

侧支循环对完全闭塞的冠状动脉病变择期经皮冠状动脉腔内介入术的心功能预测

目的:探讨侧支循环对完全闭塞的冠状动脉病变,择期行经皮冠状动脉腔内介入术(PCI)的预测价值。方法:选择错过时间窗至少有1支或以上冠状动脉完全闭塞的患者102例,根据冠状动脉造影结果,按照Rentrop分级法将102例患者分为两组,侧支循环形成良好组(A组,Rentrop=2~3级,57例)和侧支循环形成不良组(B组,Rentrop=1~2级,45例),比较两组患者PCI前后左心室舒张末容积内径(LVEDD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)等的改善情况。结果:PCI术后侧支循环形成良好组的左心室射血分数(LVEF)较PCI前明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PCI术后侧支循环形成不良组的左心室舒张末容积内径(LVEDD)较PCI前明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PCI术前:两组间LVEF差异有统计学意义(P0.01),PCI术后3个月:两组LVEDD、LVEF差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:良好的侧支循环对左心功能有显著的保护作用,择期行PCI术则可以明显改善具有良好侧支循环的冠状动脉闭塞患者的预后。     

冠状动脉左前降支慢性完全闭塞病变中侧支循环与心肌存活的心肌放射性核素显像研究

目的:评价冠状动脉侧支循环与心肌存活在冠状动脉左前降支慢性完全闭塞病变中的作用。方法:研究纳入101例于我院临床确诊为冠状动脉左前降支慢性完全闭塞病变患者,其中男性86例,女性15例,平均年龄(59.92±11.43)岁。所有患者均行~(99m)Tc-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)心肌灌注显像和门控~(18)F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)心肌代谢显像,且在前后3个月内接受过冠状动脉造影。将心肌灌注图像与心肌代谢显像进行同机重建,使用QPS软件分别得到静息灌注总积分(SRS)、总灌注缺损面积(TPD)、心肌灌注/代谢不匹配(存活心肌)面积、心肌灌注/代谢匹配(无存活心肌)面积,利用QGS软件对心肌代谢图像进行分析,得到左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)。根据冠状动脉造影结果分为有侧支循环组(n=39)、无侧支循环组(n=62),比较两组之间SRS、TPD、心肌灌注/代谢不匹配面积、心肌灌注/代谢匹配面积、门控心功能参数(LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF)之间的差异;进一步根据患者有无陈旧性心肌梗死、左前降支慢性完全闭塞部位各分为4个亚组,比较上述各项参数的差异,从而探讨侧支循环在其中的作用。结果:患者中有侧支循环组39例(38.61%),无侧支循环组62例(61.39%);两组静息灌注总积分[(21.23±9.68)vs(28.56±8.76)]、灌注异常面积(30.03±13.69)%vs(40.37±12.50)%相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。有侧支循环组心肌灌注/代谢不匹配面积(21.77±13.12)%、心肌灌注/代谢匹配面积(8.28±8.58)%,与无侧支循环组灌注/代谢不匹配面积(13.66±9.23)%、灌注/代谢匹配面积(27.40±12.97)%相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。两组LVEDV[(109.82±30.01)mlvs(173.71±57.69)ml]、LVESV[(62.82±22.39)mlvs(122.53±51.66)ml]、LVEF[(43.85±8.46)%vs(31.03±8.30)%]相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:本研究初步发现,对于冠状动脉左前降支慢性完全闭塞病变的患者,冠状动脉侧支循环可以维持左心室静息心肌血流灌注、维持心肌存活、保护左心室心功能。     

急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉侧支循环的临床特征

目的:探讨首次急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者冠状动脉侧支循环(CC)的临床特征。方法:AMI患者103例,24 h内行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗,按有无CC分为2组,对比分析临床资料及冠状动脉造影、左室造影的特点。结果:有CC组中糖尿病发生率和有吸烟、饮酒史者的比率显著低于无CC组,高血压、梗死前心绞痛、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)发生率明显高于无CC组,心功能不全发生率、CK和CK-MB峰值浓度显著低于无CC组。有CC组中多支血管病变发生率显著高于无CC组,单支血管发生率显著低于无CC组;室壁运动积分、室壁瘤发生率也明显低于无CC组。结论:糖尿病不利于CC形成,存在CC患者冠状动脉3支病变比例高,CC有利于保护心肌梗死面积。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的影响因素

为探讨冠状动脉侧支循环形成的影响因素 ,分析了 1 2 2例选择性冠状动脉造影 (冠状动脉造影 )证实有冠状动脉侧支循环形成的冠心病患者 (有侧支循环组 )及 1 31例至少有一支冠状动脉闭塞而无侧支循环形成的冠心病患者 (无侧支循环组 )的冠状动脉造影及临床资料。结果发现 :有侧支循环组 98.36 %的患者有一支冠状动脉完全闭塞或次全闭塞 ;与无侧支循环组相比 ,有侧支循环组患者中多支冠状动脉闭塞率及完全闭塞率明显增高 (分别为 30 .0 0 %比 1 1 .4 5 % ,P <0 .0 0 1 ;75 .77%比 6 0 .2 7% ,P <0 .0 5 )。Logistic多元逐步回归分析也证实 :闭塞血管数及闭塞程度与侧支循环形成间存在有意义的回归关系。此外 ,无侧支循环组患者血清总胆固醇水平及甘油三酯异常率较有侧支循环组明显增高 (5 .0 3± 1 .38mmol L比 4 .6 8± 1 .0 6mmol L ,P <0 .0 5 ;4 5 .80 %比 32 .78% ,P <0 .0 5 )。提示冠状动脉病变严重程度是冠状动脉侧支循环形成的决定性因素 ,高脂血症不利于冠状动脉侧支循环的形成     

急性心肌梗死患者侧支循环形成的相关因素分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者侧支循环形成的相关因素,以期为临床提供科学依据及治疗指导。方法选取南方医科大学附属珠江医院2015年1月至2017年9月156例急性心肌梗死患者为研究对象,所有患者均行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,按Rentrop分级分为侧支循环良好组(n=53)和侧支循环不良组(n=103),比较两组患者的临床资料及冠状动脉病变特点等与侧支循环形成的相关性。结果两组年龄、性别、心肌梗死类型、原发性高血压史、吸烟史、糖尿病史、肾功能不全史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度、糖化血红蛋白等比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。侧支循环良好组的心率稍低于侧支循环不良组,而舒张压稍高于侧支循环不良组,差异有统计学意义。右冠状动脉、完全闭塞、近端病变、弥漫性病变及血管病变数对良好侧支循环形成有统计学意义。多因素回归分析提示,心率、舒张压水平及梗死后心肌缺血可能是心肌梗死后冠状动脉侧支循环形成的独立危险因素。结论梗死后心肌缺血控制心率可能有利于心肌梗死后冠状动脉侧支循环形成,为提前干预心肌梗死高危患者提供理论依据。     

Prevalence and significance of coronary collateral circulation in patients with acute myocardial infarct

Angiograms from consecutive and unselected patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied with respect to the prevalence as well as the significance of coronary collateral circulation to myocardium distal to the acute coronary occlusion. METHODS: Coronary angiograms were obtained from 700 consecutive and unselected patients with an acute transmural infarction within 3.7 +/- 3 hours (0.5-12) of symptom onset. No patient had undergone i.v. thrombolysis prior to angiography. Complete and acute vessel occlusion was found in 626/700 patients (89%). Coronary collaterals were detected and graded using Rentrop's classification. The grade of collateral circulation was related to the clinical course after 30 days and to the global and regional left ventricular wall motion. RESULTS: Collaterals were found in 334 patients (69%); 242 patients (38%) had collateral flow grade 2 or 3. Collaterals were demonstrated more frequently in women vs men and in patients with multivessel disease. The prevalence of collaterals was unrelated to age and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Patients who had angiography within 3 hours of symptom onset had collaterals detected less frequently than patients who had angiography beyond 6 hours (66% vs 75%, p < 0.05). No collaterals were found in 17/37 patients (47%) in cardiogenic shock and inferior MI but in only 30/164 patients (18%, p < 0.01) without shock. Global and regional left ventricular wall motion after 2 weeks was unrelated to the degree of coronary collateral circulation during acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Collateral circulation to myocardium distal to an acutely occluded coronary artery is detected in 2/3 patients during the acute infarct phase. The absence of collaterals is related to the early occurrence of cardiogenic shock in patients with inferior MI but not to the presence of diabetes mellitus. After direct angioplasty of the infarct vessel, the protective effects of coronary collaterals on chronic LV function remain uncertain.     

急性心肌梗死后侧支循环的形成及糖尿病对其影响

目的 了解急性心肌梗死（AMI）后侧支循环形成的情况及糖尿病对其影响。方法 采用1996年12月－1999年12月阜外医院介入治疗中心收治的AMI后3个月内冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关病变仍完全闭塞者共210例作为研究对象。回顾性分析每例患者有无侧支循环形成、侧支循环形成的时间以及侧支循环与梗死相关病变部位、梗死前心绞痛和室壁瘤形成之间的关系，并比较合并（48例）与不合并糖尿病（162例）患者侧支循环形成的不同。侧支循环的评价采用计分法。结果 AMI后2周内42．8％的患者可见侧支循环，第3周达60．0％，1个月时高达75．3％，说明AMI后2周即有侧支循环的形成，多数形成于3－4周。梗死后1－3个月左室造影显示有室壁瘤形成的11例非糖尿病AMI患者中只有2例可侧支循环（18．2％），而无室壁瘤形成的87例非糖尿病AMI患者中83例可侧支循环（95．4％）。与非糖尿病患者相比，合并糖尿病的AMI患者梗死后第4周方可见侧支循环。48例糖尿病患者侧支循环计分平均0．35，只有9例可侧支循环（18．8％）；而162例非糖尿病患者侧支循环计分平均2．42，140例有侧支循环形成（86．4％）。结论 AMI后如梗死相关病变仍完全闭塞，绝大多数于3－4周形成侧支循环。室壁瘤患者很少形成侧支循环，糖尿病影响侧支循环的建立。     

闭塞性冠状动脉病变PTCA成功率及影响因素

目的探讨完全闭塞性和几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率及其影响因素。方法对３５例发生过心肌梗塞和２１例未发生心肌梗塞的完全或几乎完全闭塞性病变施行了ＰＴＣＡ。结果完全闭塞性病变心梗发生后１周内ＰＴＣＡ成功率为１００％,２周～３个月为６６．７％,３个月以后为４２．９％;无桥侧支的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率为１００％,桥侧支丰富的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率为６２．５％。结论心肌梗塞早期ＰＴＣＡ成功率明显高于心肌梗塞晚期ＰＴＣＡ成功率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,无桥侧支的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率明显高于桥侧支丰富的几乎完全闭塞性病变的成功率（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

Functional significance of coronary collateral perfusion in preserving myocardial integrity

Coronary collateral perfusion to the completely obstructed coronary artery was evaluated by coronary cineangiography in 32 patients. In 13 patients, there was neither history of severe chest pain of longer than 30-min duration nor electrocardiographic evidence of a transmural myocardial infarction (Group I). Among patients undergoing intracoronary thrombolytic therapy for the completely occluded infarct-related coronary artery within 6 h after the onset of symptoms of the first acute myocardial infarction, 19 patients had a history of preinfarction angina (Group II). Collateral visualization (collateral index) was found to be significantly greater in Group I (2.5 +/- 0.5, SD) than in Group II (0.9 +/- 1.0) (p less than 0.01). Group I patients had a longer history of angina (25 +/- 25 months) than did Group II patients (17 +/- 18 months) (p = NS). These findings indicate that well-developed coronary collateral vessels preserve myocardial integrity upon acute coronary occlusion and that a long-standing angina indicative of myocardial ischemia may play an important role in developing collateral channels.     

Relations of the duration of pre-existing angina pectoris, collateral circulation and left ventricular function after isolated coronary occlusion with or without myocardial infarction

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the relationship between the duration of preceding angina pectoris, collateral circulation and left ventricular function after isolated coronary occlusion with or without myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography of 138 consecutive patients showed isolated and complete occlusions of the left anterior descending (58 patients) or right coronary artery (80 patients). One hundred and four patients had myocardial infarction with (Group A, n = 21) or without (Group B, n = 83) preceding angina pectoris and 34 had angina without myocardial infarction (Group C). The left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by ventriculography in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. The collateral circulation was assessed by coronary angiography and evaluated as follows: no flow or flow limited to collateral branches (subgroup 1) and partial or complete filling of the epicardial arterial segment (subgroup 2). In the global population the left ventricular ejection fraction was higher and the duration of preceding angina pectoris was longer in the subgroups with a well developed collateral circulation. There was no difference in ejection fraction between Groups A and B (presence of myocardial infarction), on the other hand, within each of the groups, a good collateral circulation (subgroup 2) was associated with a significantly higher ejection fraction. Group C (without infarction) patients had better ejection fractions than Groups A or B, especially when the collateral circulation was poorly developed. Within Group C, the quality of the collateral circulation did not seem to affect the ejection fraction. The left ventricular ejection fraction is lower in patients with isolated coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The power of collateral circulation: a case of asymptomatic chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery

Total occlusion of the left main coronary artery predominantly presents with recurrent angina or myocardial infarction. Long-term survival and myocardial function depends on the well-developed right to left collaterals. We report a case of a 46-year-old man who was referred because of incidental finding of low ejection fraction during work-up for syncope 5 months prior. The patient denied any recurrence or any other symptom after that episode and claimed an unchanged exercise capacity. He had hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and history of 15-pack/year smoking. Except for class II morbid obesity, he had completely normal vital signs, physical examination, and lab tests on admission. The echocardiogram was suggestive of previous anterior wall myocardial infarction and demonstrated a low left ventricle ejection fraction with diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle. The patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which revealed total occlusion of the left main coronary artery, dominant right coronary artery with a 95% stenosis in the proximal segment, and collaterals from the right to the left coronary arteries. The patient was immediately referred for coronary artery bypass surgery. This case demonstrates the power of collateral circulation in protecting the patient from symptoms and death despite total occlusion of the left main coronary artery and severe stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery.     

Determinants of collateral development in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The presence or absence of collateral circulation to the infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) significantly impacts on infarct size and resulting left ventricular function. However, the determinants of collateral development have not been clarified. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the determinants of collateral development in humans. METHODS: The study group consisted of 248 patients (178 men, 70 women; mean age 63 years) undergoing coronary angiography within 12 h after the onset of a first AMI. All patients exhibited complete occlusion of the infarct-related artery. The extent of collateral circulation to the area perfused by the infarct-related artery was graded as none, or poorly or well developed, depending on the degree of opacification of the occluded coronary artery on the contralateral injection of contrast. RESULTS: Well-developed collateral circulation was observed in 92 of the 248 patients (37.1%). The prevalence of well-developed collaterals was 57% in patients with a history of angina pectoris prior to AMI, which was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than the 26% in those without a history of angina. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was then applied to identify predictors of collateral development. Possible determinants of collateral development were long-standing preinfarction angina, severity of coronary artery disease, age, gender, and coronary risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking). This analysis revealed that only the presence of a history of angina pectoris prior to AMI was a significant predictor of collateral development (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A history of angina pectoris prior to AMI is a clinical marker for coronary stenoses. Since severe coronary stenoses can provide stimuli that lead to collateral development, it is reasonable that a history of angina would also be a clinical marker for collateral vessels.     

闭塞性冠状动脉病变侧支循环形成对急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨闭塞性冠状动脉病变侧支循环形成对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者近期预后的影响。方法入选1996年以来行冠状动脉造影的AMI患者126例,根据有无侧支循环形成分为A组(无侧支循环组)n=69例、B组(有侧支循环组)n=57例。比较两组间院内病死率、死亡原因及存活患者心功能的差异。结果(1)B组院内病死率明显低于A组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)B组患者因心源性休克或心力衰竭而死亡的比例略低于A组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);因心脏破裂而死亡的比例明显低于A组,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(3)存活患者出院时,B组左心室射血分数均明显高于A组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论闭塞性冠状动脉病变侧支循环形成对AMI患者近期预后相对较好。     

Collateral vessel development after right ventricular infarction in the pig

Although the right coronary artery supplies both ventricles in the pig, a gradual proximal right coronary occlusion produces infarction in the left ventricle, whereas the right ventricle is usually spared. This study evaluates the influence of right ventricular hypertension and hypertrophy (RVHH) on the occurrence of right ventricular infarction and the difference in the rate and extent of collateral vessel development after gradual right coronary occlusion in pigs with (RVHH group) and without (control group) increased right ventricular pressure and mass. Right ventricular hypertension and hypertrophy were induced by pulmonary arterial banding which raised right ventricular systolic pressure from 24 to 74 mm Hg and doubled right ventricular mass in 4 weeks. Right coronary occlusion was produced with an ameroid constrictor in 24 control group pigs and 15 RVHH pigs. Serial selective coronary cineangiograms on days 4, 8, 14, 21 and 28 after ameroid constrictor placement showed no difference in first appearance of collateralization to the occluded right coronary artery. Total collateralization, which was present in all pigs studied in the control group by days 21 and 28, was present in only 57 percent of the RVHH group at the same time. Although left ventricular infarction occurred in all animals in both groups, right ventricular infarction was not found in the control group but was seen in 80 percent of the RVHH group. There was no correlation between the degree of collateralization seen and the size of the right ventricular infarction found. Experimentally induced right ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension make the right ventricle susceptible to infarction and impeded total collateral filling of the occluded right coronary artery in some of the animals studied.