右腋下小切口在先天性心脏病手术中的应用

目的介绍右腋下小切口在先天性心脏病手术中的应用体会。方法１９９５年３月～１９９７年５月，经右腋下小切口在常温体外循环心脏不停跳下修补心脏间隔缺损２０例。房间隔缺损１３例，室间隔缺损７例。结果体外循环时间２０．０９±６．４分钟，无死亡及并发症，术后住院时间８．０±２．２天。随访２～２０个月，均能参加正常活动。结论右腋下小切口常温心脏不停跳修补小儿心脏间隔缺损创伤小、恢复快、简便、安全、美容效果好。     

胸部小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术

目的介绍胸部小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术。方法自１９９５年３月至１９９７年６月,经腋下及腋前外小切口在常温体外循环、心脏不停跳下进行心内直视手术３４例,其中房间隔缺损１６例、室间隔缺损１４例、二尖瓣关闭不全２例、右冠状动脉右室瘘及三尖瓣下移畸形各１例。结果全组平均体外循环时间２２５４分钟,术后恢复良好,无栓塞、心律失常及脑部并发症。术后住院时间８０±２２天。随访２～２６个月,均能参加正常活动,无残余分流和杂音。结论胸部小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术创伤小、恢复快、简便、安全、美容效果好     

右外侧小切口剖胸小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术319例体会

目的介绍经右外侧小切口剖胸体外循环下小儿心脏直视手术的经验。方法１９９４年１０月至１９９７年４月，共完成经右外侧第４或第３肋间进胸，体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术３１９例。患儿年龄３．４４±１．５９岁（５个月～８岁），体重１３．６６±３．９８（６～２６）ｋｇ。修补房间隔缺损８７例（合并左上腔静脉１例，肺动脉瓣狭窄６例，部分肺静脉畸形引流５例），室间隔缺损２００例（合并动脉导管未闭７例，二尖瓣关闭不全７例，左上腔静脉３例，右室流出道狭窄１１例），法乐氏四联症１９例（合并左上腔静脉３例，单冠状动脉畸形１例），部分心内膜垫缺损２例及其他畸形１１例。体外循环时间平均５６．０７±２４．９０（２０～１７６）分，心肌循环阻断３２．９７±２０．３８（６～１４０）分。术后机械通气平均１８．７５±２４．５７（２～１４０．７２）小时，平均住院７．０８±０．６９（７～１７）天。结果全组患儿无手术死亡。结论这种切口可安全有效地替代正中剖胸矫治某些小儿常见的心脏畸形，它具有损伤小，瘢痕隐蔽，不破坏胸廓连续性，防止术后鸡胸等优点，其美观效果优于胸部正中或双乳腺下皮肤切口。     

右腋下小切口部分型心内膜垫缺损修补术——6例报告

目的　报道经右侧腋下小切口 ,修补部分型心内膜垫缺损的手术方法及结果。　方法　1997年 11月至 2 0 0 0年 1月 ,6例部分型心内膜垫缺损患者经右侧腋下小切口 ,完成了二尖瓣成形 (心脏跳动下观察二尖瓣返流情况及成形效果 )加Ⅰ孔房缺修补术。其中 1例解剖性单心房 ,1例过渡型心内膜垫缺损。 6例均有二尖瓣前叶裂 ,其中 3例合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全 ,1例重度关闭不全 ,1例三尖瓣中度关闭不全。　结果　切开长度 (8 3± 1 3)cm ,循环阻断时间 (32 8± 8 3)分钟 ,体外循环时间 (6 6 0± 9 0 )分钟。 1例术后二尖瓣仍有少 -中量返流 ,其余患者二尖瓣关闭良好 ,无房水平残余分流。 6例均顺利康复出院。术后随访 (1 1± 0 7)年 ,患者心功能良好 ,无死亡及并发症。　结论　经右侧腋下小切口行部分型心内膜垫缺损修补术 ,是一种安全、微创的手术方法。其中心脏跳动下观察二尖瓣返流情况 ,可为瓣膜成形提供可靠依据。     

右腋下直切口手术治疗先天性心脏病

目的 通过右腋下直切口治疗先天性心脏病可以达到创伤小、疼痛轻、美观的目的。方法 本组４０例患者中,进行单纯型继发孔房间隔缺损修复１８例,房间隔缺损并二尖瓣关闭不全修复３例,室间隔缺损修复１５例,法洛四联症心内台术２例,心内型完全性肺静脉异位引流和部分房室管畸形修复各１例,结果 全组无手术死亡。体外循环时间１８～６６分３０秒,主动脉阻断时间３～５２分,术后６～１２天出院。结论 微创伤切口先天性心脏病     

胸腔镜微创心脏手术453例早期临床疗效的单中心回顾性研究

目的 分析胸腔镜下微创心脏手术的单中心早期临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月—2022年2月在北部战区总医院心血管外科行胸腔镜微创心脏手术患者的临床资料。结果 共纳入患者453例，其中男150例、女303例，平均年龄（42.2±14.6）岁。主要病种包括继发孔型房间隔缺损314例，部分型房室间隔缺损26例，心脏肿瘤105例。全组患者无围术期死亡，平均手术时间（3.9±0.8）h，体外循环时间（101.2±34.0）min，主动脉阻断时间（42.1±25.1）min，术后呼吸机辅助时间（11.6±9.4）h，术后重症监护室停留时间（22.6±13.9）h，术后住院时间（6.0±1.7）d。全组18例（4.0%）患者发生并发症，包括中转开胸2例，术中扩大切口3例，术后胸腔镜下二次止血3例，再次手术1例，切口感染4例，呼吸功能不全及脑血管意外各2例，心室颤动1例。术后随访（22.6±15.4）个月，随访期间死亡1例，出现中度二尖瓣关闭不全4例，轻中度二尖瓣关闭不全及中度三尖瓣关闭不全各1例。结论 胸腔镜下微创心脏手术安全有效，手术创伤小及并发症少，近期疗效满意。     

成人右腋下小切口在心内直视手术中的应用体会

目的:介绍采取右腋下小切口行心内直视手术的体会。方法:回顾分析2 14例手术均顺利完成,术后恢复顺利。结论:右腋下小切口行心内直视手术治疗房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损,二尖瓣狭窄并关闭不全,手术安全、可靠,切口隐蔽、美观。     

右侧腋下小切口先天性心脏病直视手术的临床应用

目的总结右侧腋下小切口心脏直视手术临床应用的经验。方法回顾性分析2010年5月至2011年8月大坪医院采用右侧腋下小切口施行心脏直视手术83例先天性心脏病患者的临床资料,其中男27例,女56例;年龄7个月～59(8.0±9.1)岁;行房间隔缺损修补术21例(心脏不停跳18例、同期行三尖瓣成形术3例、二尖瓣成形术1例),行室间隔缺损修补术60例(同期行右心室流出道疏通术4例),完全性肺静脉异位引流矫治术1例,右心室双出口矫治术1例。结果全组患者均顺利完成手术,体外循环时间21～185(66.9±32.3)min,升主动脉阻断时间5～122(32.5±25.5)min。早期死亡1例(1.2%),死亡原因为低心排血量。门诊随访80例,失访3例。无残余漏、Ⅲ○房室传导阻滞等并发症发生。结论右侧腋下小切口选择性应用于先天性心脏病直视手术,安全可靠、创伤小,切口美观;但应强调适应证的合理选择、充分的术野显露、可靠的体外循环以及术中准确的手术操作。     

微创心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补术（附46例报告）

目的报告经右侧腋下小切口，在心脏不停跳下修补房间隔缺损的手术方法及结果。方法1997年1月至2000年3月，为46例房间隔缺损经右侧腋下小切口，在心脏不停跳下完成了缺损修补术，其中1例功能性单心房，2例部分型肺静脉(右侧)畸形引流，3例中度肺动脉高压。结果平均切口长度(7.2±1.1)cm。平均体外循环时间(30.3±7.8)分钟。术后所有患者无房水平分流及手术相关并发症，37例随访3月～2.4(1.3±0.6)年。所有患者心功能良好，无并发症。结论右侧腋下小切口心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补术，是一种安全、可靠、美观、微创的手术方法。     

右腋下小切口修补小儿心脏间隔缺损

自1995年3月至1996年9月,经右腋下小切口修补小儿心脏间隔缺损30例。男10例,女20例,年龄2岁～13岁。房间隔缺损8例,室间隔缺损22例。体外循环时间27.4±6.4分,主动脉阻断时间11.3±4.1分,均自动复跳,无死亡及并发症,术后住院时间8.5±2.2天。随访2月～20个月,均能参加正常活动。作者认为右腋下小切口修补小儿心脏间隔缺损创伤小,恢复快,简便、安全、美容效果好。     

右腋下小切口心内直视手术治疗婴幼儿先天性心脏病

目的探讨右腋下小切口手术应用于婴幼儿先天性心脏病（先心病）的可行性。方法2010年7月～2012年3月,采用右腋下小切口心内直视手术治疗68例年龄6—15个月婴幼儿先心病。体重6．5～12kg。房间隔缺损27例（其中合并部分型肺静脉异位引流3例,合并肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,合并永存左上腔1例）,室间隔缺损37例,（其中合并永存左上腔3例,右室流出道狭窄1例）,部分性房室管畸形4例。均在全麻体外循环下经右腋下4—6cm小切口手术修补。结果全组无围术期死亡。体外循环时间（21．6±10．7）min,主动脉阻断时间（16．8±7．5）min;术后渗出胸液量（21．9±9．3）m1,术后呼吸机辅助时间（8．5±2．5）h,术后住院时间（5．4±0．7）d。术后1个月复查无残余分流。结论小切口手术对婴幼儿简单先心病效果确切,术后出血少,美观,隐蔽,不影响胸骨发育,值得推广。     

右外侧小切口部胸小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术319体会

目的 介绍经右外侧小切口剖胸体外循环小儿心脏直视手术的经验。方法 １９９４年１０月至１９９７年４月,共完成经右外侧第４或第３肋间进胸,体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术３１９例。患儿年龄３．４４±１．５９岁（５个月￣８岁）,体重１３．６６±３．９８（６￣２６）ｋｇ。修补房间隔缺损８７例（合并左上腔静脉１例,肺动脉瓣狭窄６例,部分肺静脉畸形引流５例）,空间隔缺损２００例（合并动脉导管未闭７例,二尖瓣关闭     

Repair of atrial septal defect through a right posterolateral thoracotomy: a cosmetic approach for female patients

Background. Because the operation for atrial septal defect is considered a low-risk procedure, the cosmetic result has become an important issue. Principally for cosmetic reasons, anterolateral thoracotomy is frequently used for closure of atrial septal defect in young female patients. However, in anterolateral thoracotomy, the skin incision frequently crosses the future breast line, which may cause breast and pectoral muscle maldevelopment.

Methods. We review the long-term results of a consecutive series of 126 patients in whom the atrial septal defect was closed through a right posterolateral thoracotomy. The mean age at operation was 7.1 years (range, 1 to 15 years), and the mean body weight was 23.9 kg (range, 6.9 to 56 kg). Defects repaired included 121 ostium secundum (central type), 3 sinus venosus, and 2 ostium secundum without inferior margin.

Results. The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 65 minutes (range, 37 to 130 minutes), with an average fibrillation time of 41 minutes (range, 23 to 70 minutes). There was no operative or late mortality. A majority of patients were pleased with their cosmetic results. There were no other late complications.

Conclusions. Atrial septal defect can be safely repaired through a right posterolateral thoracotomy approach. This approach offers the benefit of a total absence of scarring and cosmetic disfigurement of the anterior chest wall.     

Development and clinical application of minimally invasive cardiac surgery using percutaneous cardiopulmonary support.

OBJECTIVES: Optimal cardiopulmonary support during minimally invasive cardiac surgery remains controversial. We developed cardiopulmonary bypass for minimally invasive cardiac surgery using percutaneous peripheral cannulation. METHODS: Subjects were 34 patients (age: 58 +/- 13 years; range: 17-73) undergoing minimally invasive cardiac surgery using percutaneous cardiopulmonary support between June 1997 and March 1999. Procedures included atrial septal defect closure (n = 14), partial atrioventricular septal defect closure (n = 1), mitral valve replacement (n = 8), mitral valve repair (n = 3), aortic valve replacement (n = 6), coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 1), and right atrial myxoma extirpation (n = 1). Bicaval venous drainage from the right internal jugular vein and the femoral vein and arterial return to the femoral artery were instituted by percutaneous cannulation. Venous drainage was implemented by negative pressure (-20 to -40 mmHg) and arterial return was by conventional roller pump. All procedures were conducted through a skin incision 8 +/- 1 cm, from 6 to 10 cm and partial sternotomy. Aortic cross clamping and cardioplegic solution were administered in the surgical field. RESULTS: The operation lasted 224 +/- 45 min., cardiopulmonary bypass 104 +/- 32 min., and aortic clamping 77 +/- 23 min.. No deaths occurred. One patient with residual atrial septal defect required reoperation through the same skin incision. Only 1 patient required homologous blood transfusion. The average postoperative hospital stay was 15 +/- 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery using percutaneous cardiopulmonary support is safe and an excellent option for selected patients affected by single valve lesion, simple cardiac anomalies, and coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Conscious cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass using thoracic epidural anesthesia without endotracheal general anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of thoracic epidural anesthesia as an alternative technique to general anesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral heart hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven patients underwent cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass under thoracic epidural anesthesia from February to April 2004. INTERVENTIONS: An epidural catheter was inserted at C7 to T2 intervertebral space on the day before the operation. Subsequently, cardiac surgery was performed using cardiopulmonary bypass. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The midsternotomy approach was used in all the patients. Anticoagulation was achieved with 300 units/kg of heparin. Under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, 6 patients underwent closure of atrial septal defect, 3 underwent valve replacements, and 2 underwent coronary artery bypass surgery combined with valve replacements. Soon after establishing cardiopulmonary bypass, all but 1 patient developed apnea, which was reversed after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 102 +/- 28 minutes, the aortic cross-clamp time was 58 +/- 28 minutes, and the total duration of surgery was 229 +/- 64 minutes. There was no mortality or morbidity in this series. CONCLUSION: Cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass may be performed under thoracic epidural anesthesia, without endotracheal general anesthesia.     

Anterolateral right thoracotomy for mitral valve procedure after previous coronary artery bypass grafting with functioning internal mammary artery grafts

AIM: Mitral valve procedure after previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with functioning internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts has high risk. Especially, internal mammary artery grafts injury may be fatal. The anterolateral right thoracotomy affords easy access to the right atrium with minimal dissection, and minimizes the risk of injury to the IMA grafts. We reviewed our operative technique and outcome after mitral valve procedure after previous CABG with functioning IMA grafts. METHODS: Thirteen patients (11 male and 2 female, mean age of 67.7+/-8.5 years, range 54 to 80 years) underwent mitral valve replacement after previous CABG with functioning IMA grafts from march 1993 to september 2002. The mean interval between the previous CABG and the mitral valve procedure was 3.8 years (range 9 months to 8 years). Four patients had simultaneous mitral valve procedures at initial CABG (2 repairs and 2 replacements). The operation has performed through the anterolateral right thoracotomy, under ventricular fibrillation with moderate hypothermia and without cardioplesia. RESULTS: Mitral valve repair was performed in 3 patients, mitral valve replacement in 10 patients. The mean coronary bypass time was 69.1+/-16.2 min (range 45 to 98 min). The operation time was 159.3+/-29.4 min (range 120 to 219 min). Intensive care unit stay days was 1.9+/-1.6 days (range 1 to 5 days). Peak CK/CK-MB values were 555.1+/-290.4 IU/16.6+/-10.7 IU (range 176 to 924 IU/7 to 44 IU). Peak troponin I value was 9.5+/-5.2 pg/mL (range 4 to 17.8 pg/mL). There was no IMA injury and no early death. Other complications were newly arrhythmia in 3 patients, renal insufficiency in 1 patient, reoperation for bleeding in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Anterolateral right thoracotomy approach, ventricular fibrillation with moderate hypothermia without cardioplesia were a safe and good method for mitral valve operation after previous CABG with functioning IMA graft.     

Correction of simple congenital heart defects in infants and children through a minithoracotomy.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgical techniques in pediatric cardiac surgery have evolved throughout the last 10 years. Advantages of minimally invasive procedures include excellent cosmetic results and superior postoperative outcome. However, safety of minimally invasive techniques has to be proven. METHODS: In 21 female infants and children, a right anterolateral thoracotomy was performed. Mean age was 7.1 years (0.5 to 16.6 years) and mean body weight was 20.8 kg (8.3 to 56 kg). The following defects were repaired: atrial septum defect type II (n = 14); partial atrioventricular septum defect (n = 3); partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (n = 2); ventricular septum defect (n = 2); mitral valve insufficiency (n = 1); and resection of an embolized atrial septum defect occluder (n = 1). In two cases, aortic cross-clamping was performed by using a transthoracic clamp. In 5 patients, femoral cannulation was performed. Skin incisions were limited to 4 to 7 cm. RESULTS: There was no operative or late mortality. Mean operation time, bypass time, and aortic cross-clamp time were 138 (95 to 275), 72 (32 to 179), and 35 (12 to 120) minutes, respectively. Mean postoperative mechanical ventilation time, mean intensive care unit stay, and mean hospital stay were 3.9 hours (1 to 12 hours), 1.4 days (1 to 3 days), and 12 days (8 to 18 days), respectively. Postoperative complications included hemorrhage in 1 patient requiring surgical intervention. Mean follow-up period was 13.3 months (1 to 36 months). All patients were in New York Heart Association class I postoperatively. Trivial mitral insufficiency was evident in 1 patient operated for partial atrioventricular septum defect. CONCLUSIONS: A small right anterolateral thoracotomy as a minimally invasive technique in pediatric cardiac surgery is a safe and suitable alternative in the operative management of simple congenital heart defects. Cosmetic results are superior, however, improved postoperative outcome has to be proven.     

Right axillary incision: a cosmetically superior approach to repair a wide range of congenital cardiac defects

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the safety of a right axillary incision, a cosmetically superior approach than anterolateral thoracotomy, to repair various congenital heart defects. METHODS: All the patients who were approached with this incision between March 2001 and October 2004 were included in the study. There were 80 patients (median age, 4 years) with atrial septal defect closure (38 patients), repair of partial abnormal pulmonary venous return (14 patients), partial atrioventricular canal (16 patients), and perimembranous ventricular septal defect (12 patients). The surgical technique involved peripheral and central cannulation for institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Electrically induced ventricular fibrillation was used for defects located in front of the atrioventricular valves, and cardioplegic arrest was used for those located at the level or behind these valves. RESULTS: The repair was possible without need for conversion to another approach. One patient sustained a transient neurologic deficit. The patients were all in excellent condition after a mean follow-up of 14 months. The cardiac defect was repaired with no residual defect in 75 patients and with trivial residual defect in 5 patients (3 with mitral valve regurgitation, 1 with atrial septal defect, and 1 with ventricular septal defect). The incision healed properly in all, and the thorax showed no deformity. CONCLUSION: The right axillary incision provides a quality of repair for various congenital defects similar to that obtained by using standard surgical approaches. Because it lies more laterally and is hidden by the resting arm, it provides superior cosmetic results compared with conventional incisions, including the anterolateral thoracotomy. Finally, the incision is unlikely to interfere with subsequent development of the breast.