重症心脏瓣膜替换术35例报告

重症心脏瓣膜替换术３５例，占同期心瓣膜直视手术的５０％。其中双瓣膜替换（ＤＶＲ）１６例，巨大心脏行ＷＶＲ１３例，ＡＶＲ２例，二尖瓣闭式分离术后再次换瓣３例，急症换瓣２例。死亡５例，死亡率１４．３％。本文就重症心瓣膜替换术围术期处理及如何加强心肌保护等问题进行了讨论。     

降低失功能心脏生物瓣再手术死亡率的经验

总结１９８１年１０月至１９９４年１２月６０例生物瓣膜失功能病人再次行瓣膜替换术的经验。病人年龄１６～６２岁（平均３６．１±７．３岁）。两次换瓣间隔时间为２６～１６８个月（平均１０２．９±２４．６个月）。手术死亡７例，手术死亡率１１．７％。前期（１９８１年１０月至１９８５年１２月）死亡率５７．１％（４／７）；后期（１９８６年１月至１９９４年１２月）死亡率５．７％（３／５３）（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。结论：对生物瓣失功能病人应及早行再换瓣术、术前应积极改善心功能、术中勿过多游离心包粘连、注意心肌保护、术后重症低心排者积极采用主动脉内球囊反搏术等。上述措施可有效降低手术死亡率。     

460例双瓣替换术远期随访

报告１９８５年４月至１９９３年１２月４６０例二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣替换术远期疗效，并对术后并发症发生因素进行分析。手术死亡３０例（６．５％）。４２０例随访６个月～８．４年（平均２．９７年），随访率９７．７％。术后１．５年实际生存率９０．３±１．２１％、８１．１±６．７６％。远期死亡３３例（２．６４％／病人－年），主要死亡原因为心衰、人工瓣感染、出血或栓塞。远期生存３８７例中心功能Ⅰ级１７２例，Ⅱ级１９０例，Ⅲ级１９例，Ⅳ级６例。远期出现人工瓣相关并发症４８例（３．８４％／病人－年），其中栓塞１９例，出血１６例，人工瓣感染１０例，瓣周漏２例，生物瓣坏损１例。本组资料显示术前左心室明显扩大、瓣膜明显关闭不全、心功能Ⅳ级是术后心衰的易发生因素。     

儿童瓣膜替换术

儿童心脏瓣膜疾病应尽量采用修复技术进行了治疗，但病变严重者，也应行瓣膜置换术。为此，作者总结１４岁以下儿童瓣膜替换术２７例的经验。其中二尖瓣替换１２例，三尖瓣替换１１例，主动脉瓣替换４例。有合并畸形者１６例（５９．３％），术前心功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级２３例（８５％）。１３例同期修复心脏畸形。早期死亡３例（１１．１％），晚期死亡４例（１６．６％），再次换瓣２例。作者认为：对儿童换瓣应选择较大型号的机械瓣，对瓣环小的病例要改进缝合技术，机械瓣替换术后应用低强度抗凝治疗是安全可靠的。     

原发性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗（附102例报告）

回顾性分析原发性感染性心内膜炎１０２例，其中主动脉瓣病变７１例，二尖瓣病变１６例，主动脉瓣与二尖瓣联合病变６例，三尖瓣病变５例，肺动脉瓣病变４例。按照病人术前心功能状态，分为：（１）急性心功能不全组（２５例）；（２）慢性心功能不全组（７７例）。施行主动脉瓣替换术７１例，二尖瓣替换术１６例，双瓣替换术６例，三尖瓣修复成形术５例，肺动脉瓣成形术４例。术后早期死亡９例（８．８％）。９３例生存者随访时间３个月～１６年，平均随访时间４．３年。晚期死亡６例，其中２例为人工瓣膜心内膜炎，复发率为２％。作者对手术时机与手术方式的选择作了讨论，并介绍了围术期处理的经验。     

对38例门静脉高压症食管曲张静脉破裂大出血治疗的回顾

讨论１９８２年１月至１９９１年１２月收治的门静脉高压症食管曲张静脉破裂大呕血３８例的治疗．急症手术２１例，术后死亡９例（４２．８％）；择期手术１７例，死亡１例（５．９％）．术式为脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术．全部病例均经病理诊断为肝炎后肝硬变．治疗体会：１．大呕血或内窥镜检查视野不清．可因血液误吸致窒息，主张先行三腔二囊管压迫止血．２．大出血期间及术后病人应常规吸氧．３．非手术治疗４８ｈ无效或止血后短期内再出血者应及早手术．４．护肝期间避免过量补给胶体或全血，以免再出血，择期手术前２ｄ根据情况适量用心得安或镇静剂．５．５０ａ以上病例手术死亡率明显增高（７０．１％）。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

自１９８５年６月～１９９５年１月共收治重症心脏瓣膜病３０８例。重症病例判断标准为：（１）心功能Ⅳ级；（２）急诊手术；（３）心胸比率≥０．８０；（４）合并冠心病需行搭桥术；（５）ＬＶＥＤＤ≥８０ｍｍ或ＬＶＥＳＤ≥６０ｍｍ；（６）心导管检查ＣＩ≤２．０Ｌ／ｍｉｎ·ｍ２并ｍＰＡＰ≥９．５ｋＰａ或ＰＶＲ≥２０００ｄｙｎｅ·ｓ·ｃｍ－５；（７）三瓣膜置换术；（８）瓣膜再次置换术。结果：手术死亡３１例，死亡率１０．１％；远期随访２～９４月（平均３４月），远期死亡率３％／人·年。远期心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ级２１５例，Ⅲ级１７例，Ⅳ级４例。讨论了手术指征，手术方法和围术期处理。     

人工心脏瓣膜替换术后瓣周漏18例

人工心脏瓣膜替换术后瓣周漏是一种严重并发症。我们报告２２９２例植入２５７５枚人工心脏瓣膜，发生瓣周漏者１３例，发生率为０．５１％（１３／２５７５）。外院术后瓣周漏转入我院者５例。１５例中再次手术，单纯修补５例，重新换瓣１０例。本组死亡５例。另３例瓣周漏因心功能尚好，暂未手术。     

再次二尖瓣替换手术有关问题的探讨

１９８６年４月至１９９４年５月施行再次二尖瓣替换手术４４例，其中生物瓣替换术后瓣膜衰败１２例，闭式二尖瓣扩张术后３２例，早期死亡３例，死亡率为６．８％，作者认为，无论是闭式扩张术后还是生物瓣替换术后，一但出现瓣膜毁损症状，应尽早行二次瓣膜替换术，术中及术后应加强心肌保护和并发症的防治。     

80例双瓣替换术的体会

自１９８６年９月至１９９３年７月，为风湿性心脏瓣膜病人施行主动脉瓣，二尖瓣双瓣替换术８０例，手术死亡率３．７５％（３／８０）。８０例中男３８例，女４２例，年龄平均３５．４３岁，心功能Ⅱ级２例，Ⅲ级４５例，ＩＶ级３３例。围术期行血流动力学监测７２例。本组术后发生多脏器功能不全６例。作者对双瓣替换术中常遇到的难点及处理，术后多脏器功能不全（ＭＯＤ）的防治以及如何降低手术死亡率等问题进行了讨论。     

Long-term results (6 to 17 years) of 372 mitral valve replacements using the Bj?rk-Shiley prosthesis

From November 1970 to December 1981, an isolated mitral valve replacement was performed in 372 patients (166 males - 206 females), ranging in age from 2 months to 76 years (mean age 49 years). Eighty-nine patients (24%) had previously undergone one or two cardiac operations. Only one of the 24 hospital deaths (6.4%) was related to the prosthesis (early thrombosis). Three hundred and fourty-eight patients were discharged from the hospital, 35 were lost to follow-up, and 313 were observed with a mean follow-up of 8 years 8 months (ranging from 5 years 2 months to 16 years 3 months). Ninety-two patients (29.4%) died from 2 months to 16 years post-operatively. Thirteen late deaths were from extra cardiac causes. Cardiac failure and thromboembolic or haemorrhagic complications represent the main causes of late mortality, respectively 10 and 6.7%. Twenty-one deaths were related to the prosthesis (10 thrombo-embolic accidents, 7 haemorrhagic complications and prosthesis could be discussed in 11 cases of sudden deaths and in 12 cases of death of undetermined causes. Among the 34 thrombo-embolic complications and the 13 perivalvular leakages (6 of them related to infection), 23 patients required reoperation, for valve thrombosis (14 cases with 2 deaths) or perivalvular leakage (9 cases with 2 deaths). Four other cases of valve thrombosis were treated with fibrinolytic agents with 1 death. The actuarial survival rate, hospital mortality excluded, is 69% at 10 years and 55% at 15 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Allograft aortic root replacement in complex prosthetic endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perioperative and long-term results of complex prosthetic valve endocarditis treated by allograft aortic root replacement. METHODS: From April 1988 through February 2006, 41 patients diagnosed as prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) complicated by root abscess and/or periprosthetic leak, underwent fresh allograft valve replacement by root replacement. There were 37 males (89.7%) and the mean age was 51.5+/-13.7 years. The NYHA functional class was 3.0+/-0.1. Thirty-seven patients (90%) had a mechanical prosthesis and in 10 (25.6%) the PVE was recent (< 3 months). Ten patients (24.4%) underwent emergency valve replacement and four (9.8%) presented with chronic renal failure. The patients were followed for a mean of 54.3 (2-166) months and the end-points were death of the patient or allograft failure. RESULTS: There were two hospital deaths (4.8%), both in patients with perioperative low cardiac output. Nine patients had transient acute renal failure (22.0%) but none required dialysis. Three patients (7.3%) needed pacemaker for complete A-V block. Eight patients (19.5%) died late; two died of cardiac reasons, four of non-cardiac reasons (stroke-one; acute colecystitis-two; traffic accident-two) and two of unknown cause. Two patients needed reoperation due to allograft failure at 61 and 82 months. In no case was there evidence of recurrence of endocarditis during the follow-up. The 10-year survival was 79%. CONCLUSIONS: Allograft aortic root replacement in prosthetic endocarditis complicated by abscess and/or periprosthetic leakage carries low morbidity and mortality and, in this series, no recurrence of infection. In our experience, these results are superior to those obtained with other valvular substitutes.     

Acute mechanical valve thrombosis of the St. Jude medical prosthesis

From 1986 to 1996, 2585 patients underwent valve replacement with the St. Jude medical prosthesis. Sixty experienced mechanical valve thrombosis. Seventeen of 60 patients (28.3%) had isolated aortic valve replacements, 33 had isolated mitral valve replacements (55%), and 10 had double valve replacements (16.7%) (aortic and mitral valve replacement). All patients who underwent reoperation for mechanical valve thrombosis were functional Class III or IV. Against medical advice, systemic anticoagulation with warfarin sodium had been discontinued or used only intermittently. Thus, anticoagulant activity was not adequate. The diagnosis of thrombosis was made by clinical examination, laboratory findings, and echocardiography and cineradiography. Of the 60 patients, 9 patients died early after surgery or before discharge. Most of the deaths were attributed to low cardiac output. The overall hospital mortality was 15%. The overall 10-year actuarial survival rate was 82.8+/-1.6%. In our study, reoperation for thrombosed mechanical prosthesis was not an independent parameter determining mortality. Age was the only statistically important hospital mortality predictor. Of this group, 90% suffered mechanical valve obstruction within the first 5 years after operation. These results suggest that valve re-replacement appears to be a suitable surgical treatment for thrombosis of mechanical prosthetic valves, especially in the young. In these patients subsequent anticoagulation management is necessary.     

The Carpentier-Edwards Supra-Annular Porcine Bioprosthesis: New Generation Low Pressure Glutaraldehyde Fixed Prosthesis

The Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular porcine bioprosthesis was implanted in 1,576 operations (1,536 patients with 1,704 valves) between 1981 and 1987. The mean age of the patients was 61.9 years (range 13 to 87 years). During the years 1981 and 1987, approximately 90% of the total valvular surgery population received the prosthesis. The early mortality was 7.0% (included patients with concomitant procedures including coronary artery bypass and ascending aortic aneurysm resection). Late mortality was 4.0% per patient-year. The total cumulative follow-up was 4,237 years. Thromboembolism (TE) was 2.4% per patient-year (fatal 0.4% per patient-year) (minor 1.2%; major 1.3%); antithromboembolic therapy-related hemorrhage (ATH) 0.5% (fatal 0.07%); prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) 0.5% (fatal 0.2%); periprosthetic leak (PPL) 0.3% (fatal 0%); clinical valve dysfunction (CVD) 0.3% (fatal 0.02%); and structural valve deterioration/primary tissue failure (SVD) 0.2%/patient-year (fatal 0%). Thromboembolism and structural valve deterioration were the significant complications, SVD occurring primarily between the fourth and fifth year of evaluation. The overall patient survival was 77.1% +/- 1.4% at five years. The patients were classified as 89.6% NYHA functional Class III and IV preoperatively and 96.1% Class I and II postoperatively. The freedom at five years from TE was 90.6% +/- 1.0%; SVD 98.9% +/- 0.5%; and reoperation 95.9% +/- 0.9%. Freedom from all valve-related complications at five years was 84.1% +/- 1.3%; valve-related mortality 96.8% +/- 0.7%; mortality and reoperation (valve failure) 92.9% +/- 1.1%; mortality and residual morbidity (treatment failure) 93.7% +/- 0.9%; and mortality, residual morbidity, and reoperation (valve failure and dysfunction) 90.0% +/- 1.2%. There were 28 valve-related deaths of a total 280 deaths (early 4, late 24) (TE 17; ATH 3; CVD 1; PVE 7; PPL 0; and SVD 0). Valve-related reoperations were performed in 32 patients (TE 2; CVD 4; PVE 7; PPL 11; and SVD 8). The supra-annular Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprosthesis has provided very satisfactory clinical performance and afforded patients an excellent quality of life. The long-term durability of this low pressure glutaraldehyde fixed prosthesis will be determined by observation over the next five to seven years.     

Mitral valve replacement in the first 5 years of life

Between 1976 and 1986, 19 children aged 1 month to 5 years underwent replacement of the mitral (systemic atrioventricular) valve. Indications for valve replacement included isolated congenital mitral stenosis (n = 2), valve dysfunction associated with a more complex procedure (n = 15), and failed valvuloplasty (n = 2). Seven different valve types were used; nine were mechanical valves and ten were bioprosthetic valves. There were 6 hospital deaths (32%; 70% confidence limits, 20% to 47%). Among the 13 survivors there were 3 late deaths at a mean of 14 months after operation. The late deaths were unrelated to valve malfunction. Thromboembolic events occurred in 2 patients, both with mechanical valves. One minor bleeding complication occurred among 10 patients on a regimen of Coumadin (crystalline warfarin sodium). Five patients, all with bioprostheses, required a second valve replacement. Indications for reoperation included prosthetic valve regurgitation (n = 1) and calcific stenosis (n = 4). No early or late deaths occurred after second valve replacement. Survival was 51% +/- 12% (standard error) at 112 months after valve replacement. Analysis failed to identify age, weight, sex, previous operation, underlying cardiac lesion, or prosthesis size and type as significant risk factors for mortality. Mechanical valves had a lower reoperation rate compared with bioprostheses. These data suggest that although mitral valve replacement within the first 5 years of life is associated with a high operative and late mortality, satisfactory long-term palliation for many patients can be achieved. Mechanical valves are superior to bioprosthetic valves, and offer the best long-term results.     

Reoperations for valve surgery: perioperative mortality and determinants of risk for 1,000 patients, 1958-1984

One thousand consecutive cardiac reoperations for valve surgery in 897 patients were reviewed to determine in-hospital mortality and indicators of risk. Subgroups based on the number of previous cardiac procedures and the valve or valves replaced or repaired at reoperation (aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, or multiple valves and mortality [deaths/number of procedures (% mortality)]) for those subgroups are as follows: (Table: see text) Predictors of increased risk for a first aortic valve reoperation were advanced age (p = .0002), endocarditis (p = .0018), female sex (p = .014), impaired left ventricular function (p = .039), and number of coronary vessels obstructed by 70% or more (p = .055). For a first mitral valve reoperation, the predictors were advanced age (p less than .0001), preoperative shock or cardiac arrest (p = .01), previous aortic or tricuspid valve operations (p = .02), type of mitral valve procedure (risk for repair of periprosthetic leak was greater than mitral valve replacement which was greater than mitral valve-conserving operation [p = .05]), and impaired left ventricular function (p = .059). For a first multiple valve reoperation, the predictors were diabetes (p = .04) and ascites (p = .02), whereas patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve operations were at decreased risk (p = .01). Comparison of second reoperations with first reoperations indicates risk increases for multiple operations (p = .01) but not for aortic or mitral valve procedures. Rereplacement of a prosthesis (p = .007), coronary bypass grafting at reoperation (p = .006), and advanced age (p = .06) increased the risk for second reoperations. Age is the most consistent predictor of risk for patients undergoing valve reoperations.     

The Carpentier-Edwards supraannular porcine bioprosthesis. A new generation tissue valve with excellent intermediate clinical performance

The Carpentier-Edwards supraannular porcine bioprosthesis, an investigational valve, was implanted in 1167 patients (1174 operations, 1274 valves) between November 1981 and December 1985 (age range 13 to 85 years, mean 61 years). The early mortality rate was 7.2% (with concomitant procedures 10.9%, without 4.8%; with previous operation 10.5%, without 6.6%). The late mortality rate was 4.5% per patient-year (aortic valve replacement, 4.0%; mitral valve replacement, 4.8%; multiple valve replacement, 5.6%). Total cumulative follow-up was 2272.3 years. The prevalence of thromboembolism was 2.6% per patient-year (fatal 0.4% per patient-year, major 1.4%, minor 1.2%); hemorrhage related to antithromboembolic therapy, 0.7% (fatal 0.1%); prosthetic valve endocarditis, 0.4% (fatal 0.2%); periprosthetic leak, 0.4% (fatal 0%); structural valve deterioration (primary tissue failure/structural failure), 0.1% per patient-year; and clinical valve dysfunction, 0.4%. The reoperation rate was 0.8% per patient-year (thromboembolism, 0.1%; clinical valve dysfunction, 0.1%; prosthetic valve endocarditis, 0.1%; periprosthetic leak, 0.4%; structural valve deterioration, 0.1%). Thromboembolism occurred throughout the observation period but with decreasing frequency, hemorrhage throughout the period in no predictable fashion, prosthetic valve endocarditis within 2 years, periprosthetic leak within 2 years, and structural valve deterioration occurred during the fourth year of assessment. The overall survival rate was 79.8% +/- 1.7% (4 years). Freedom (at 4 years) from thromboembolism was 92.2% +/- 1.2%; from structural valve deterioration, 98.8% +/- 0.8%; and from reoperation, 95.8% +/- 1.3%. Freedom from all complications (4 years) was 85.9% +/- 1.7%; from complication mortality, 98.4% +/- 0.4%; and from valve failure (mortality and reoperation), 94.3% +/- 1.3%. This investigational Carpentier-Edwards supraannular porcine bioprosthetic valve has provided excellent clinical performance and remains our overall prosthesis of choice.     

The Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve prosthesis. Long-term results in 273 patients with 1253 patient-years of follow-up

The Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve prosthesis was inserted in 313 patients between August 1975 and December 1984. Aortic valve replacement alone was done in 193 patients. Additional procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting in 62 patients, mitral valve replacement in 22, mitral valvuloplasty in 8, and miscellaneous procedures in 28. The 273 patients discharged from the hospital are the basis of this report. They have been followed up for 1253 patient-years. The range of follow-up is 1 to 11 years, and the mean is 4.6 years. The 5-year survival rate for all patients was 68%, whereas for aortic valve replacement alone it was 76%. The incidences of embolism, thrombosis, bleeding, periprosthetic leak, valve infection, and reoperation per 100 patient-years were 1.5, 0.2, 2.0, 0.8, 0.7, and 1.3, respectively. The 5-year rates of freedom from embolism, thrombosis, bleeding, periprosthetic leak, valve infection, reoperation, and any valve-related complication were 94%, 99%, 91%, 96%, 97%, 94%, and 76%, respectively. Four of 16 patients who required reoperation had a properly functioning valve whose effective orifice area was too small for the cardiac output. Each of these valves was of the smaller size. There were no instances of mechanical valve failure. The Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve prosthesis is an excellent aortic valve substitute in the larger sizes. It has an extraordinary record for mechanical durability and an excellent resistance to thromboembolism in patients receiving proper anticoagulation. The incidence of perivalvular leak and infection is similar to that of other prosthetic valves. However, it is not to be recommended in the smaller sizes because of an unfavorable ratio of effective orifice area to tissue diameter.     

Sorin Bicarbon bileaflet valve: a 10-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To present a large 10 year experience of a collaborative evaluation of the Sorin Bicarbon (SB) mechanical prosthesis carried out in 14 centers in eight Western European countries. METHODS: Between 4/90 and 12/96, 2078 SB valves were implanted in 1875 patients aged 4-84 years (mean 58), 1108 males and 767 females. The valves inserted were 1026 aortic valve replacement (AVR), 656 mitral valve replacement (MVR) and 203 double valve replacement (DVR), additional procedures performed in 467 patients (282 coronary artery bypass grafting). RESULTS: Early mortality was 97 (5%), overall survival at 8 years was 71.8% AVR, 69.4% MVR, 81.4% DVR. Total late valve-related deaths were 55; overall freedom from valve-related death at 8 years was 95%. New York Heart Association (NYHA) status after surgery: 78% improved and 17% unchanged. Twenty-two valve thrombosis were observed, one fatal; overall freedom from thrombosis at 8 years was 98.5%. Embolism occurred in 95 patients, 77 cerebral events (16 deaths), overall freedom from embolism was 90.7% at 8 years. Six hemolytic events and 26 non-structural dysfunction (all periprosthetic leaks) were reported. Major bleeding occurred in 66, with mortality rate of 32% mainly when intracerebral. Overall freedom from bleeding was 90.8% at 8 years. Endocarditis occurred in 31 patients, 29% were fatal; overall freedom from endocarditis was 97.8% at 8 years. Reoperation was performed in 49 cases--periprosthetic leak 20, infective endocarditis 14, thrombosed valve 13 (and non-valve related-2). Mortality (early and late) occurred in three reoperated patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is a durable and effective mechanical valve substitute with low morbidity and mortality and good functional results.     

Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular porcine bioprosthesis. Clinical experience and implantation characteristics

The investigational Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular valve was implanted in 592 patients from November, 1981, to February, 1984 (aortic valve replacement in 286, mitral valve replacement in 259, and multiple valve replacement in 47, for a total of 638 prostheses). A previous cardiac operation had been performed in 77 patients (13%). Concomitant procedures were performed in 202 patients (34.1%), including coronary artery bypass in 163 patients. The patient evaluation was 98.6% complete. The early mortality was 7.4% (44 patients) and the late mortality was 6.2% per patient-year (41 patients). The valve-related causes of late mortality were thromboembolism (five), anticoagulant-related hemorrhage (one), and prosthetic valve endocarditis (one). The overall patient survival, including operative death, was 85% at 2 years. The linearized occurrence rate for valve-related complications was 5.6% per patient-year (37 events)--thromboembolism 2.7% per patient-year (18) anticoagulant-related hemorrhage 1.2% (eight), prosthetic valve endocarditis 0.8% (five), and periprosthetic leak 0.9% per patient-year (six). There were no cases of primary tissue failure or structural failure. At 2 years, the freedom from valve-related complications was 86.9%, from valve-related mortality, 98.7%, and from valve-related mortality and reoperation, 97.7%. This valve is fixed in glutaraldehyde at low pressure and is designed to improve durability. It has provided a low incidence of valve-related complications without structural failure. The structural design of the prosthesis does not always conform to the anatomy of bicuspid aortic valves.