肺癌淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的 探讨原发性肺癌淋巴结转移频率,分布范围及特点,为广泛廓清提供依据。方法 按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对３８６例肺癌病人施行了手术切除及广泛肺门、叶间及纵隔淋巴结廓清术。结果 清除淋巴结２６０３组,Ｎ１淋巴结转移率２０．１％,Ｎ２淋巴结转移率１６．２％。Ｔ１,Ｔ２,Ｔ３间淋巴结经差异非常显著。     

肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移及清除的必要性

１９８７年１月至１９９２年１２月为３１４例肺癌病人行根治性切除手术，术中对同侧肺门和纵隔淋巴结进行广泛清除。３１４例肺癌中，Ｎ２（纵隔淋巴结转移）１１９例。占３７．９％。作者总结了Ｎ２的范围和分布特点，以及Ｎ２和肺癌细胞类型，部位间的关系，认为从根治目的出发，肺癌手术有必要彻底清除胸腔内淋巴结。     

T1、T2肺鳞癌及腺癌淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

目的 研究Ｔ１、Ｔ２肺鳞及腺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布范围及特点,为广泛清扫提供依据。方法 按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对２５４例Ｔ１、Ｔ２肺鳞癌及腺癌施行了手术切除及广泛肺内、叶间及纵阴淋巴结清扫术并对其进行统计分析。结果 清除淋巴结１６８５组。Ｎ１淋巴结转移率２０．０％,Ｎ２淋巴结转移率为１０．２％。Ｔ１、Ｔ２间淋巴结转移率差异有非常显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｔ１鳞癌无Ｎ２转移,Ｎ２转移在鳞癌     

Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌的综合治疗

４１０例Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌，３００例综合治疗，其中手术前后结合化疗或放疗５７例，术后化疗２０２例、术后放疗１９例，术后放疗及化疗２２例；与单纯手术组１１０例比较。术后１、３、５年生存率分别为６３．００％、２２．８２％、２１．５２％和４０．００％、８．２５％、８．６２％，前者明显高于后者，其中以术后结合化疗、放疗组最佳，５年生存率分别为２２．７２％和３０．００％。Ｎ０组最优，Ｎ２、３组最差。术中主动清除肺门及纵隔淋巴结者明显优于未清除者。作者指出对Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌病人不应失掉综合治疗机会，强调术中应主动清扫肺门及纵隔淋巴结。     

肺癌淋巴结转移特点的研究

目的：探讨肺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布及特点，为淋巴结清除术提供依据。方法：按Naruke肺癌淋巴结分布图对348例肺癌病人施行根治性手术及系统性淋巴结清除，分析其淋巴结转移特点。结果：3689组淋巴结N1转移率23．4％，N2转移率16．5％。Tis期肺癌无淋巴结转移；T1期以后各期肺癌N1、N2均可见转移；T1期、T2期鳞癌和腺癌N2转移率相比差异有显著性；淋巴结转移频度与T分期直线相关。肺下叶癌较肺上叶癌更容易转移至纵隔。肺上叶癌较肺下叶癌更容易发生跳跃式纵隔转移。结论：淋巴结转移腺癌比鳞癌活跃，小细胞肺癌最活跃，且随着T分期增加而增加；肺癌可跨区域纵隔转移；除T1期鳞癌不进行系统性淋巴结清除亦有可能达到根治目的外，其余类型肺癌均应进行系统性淋巴结清除。     

增殖细胞核抗原在肾孟输尿管癌中的表达及临床意义

为了探讨ＰＣＮＡ表达与肾盂输尿管癌病理分期、细胞分级、复发及预后的关系，作者采用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对４７例肾盂输尿管癌ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数进行研究。结果表明：肾盂输尿管癌ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数随病理分期，细胞分级升高而增高，Ｔ３加Ｔ４ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数明显高于Ｔ１加Ｔ２（Ｐ＜０．０１）．ＧＰＣＮＡ增殖指数明显高于Ｇ１加Ｇ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数高者（Ⅲ加Ⅳ级）术后膀胱癌再发率为６０％（１２／２０）明显高于增殖指数低者（Ⅰ加Ⅱ级）２２．２％（６／２７）Ｐ＜０．０１。ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数Ⅲ加Ⅳ级同时伴发尿路上皮多器官癌占３５％（７／２０），Ⅰ加Ⅱ级同时伴发尿路上皮多器官癌占７．４％（２／２７）Ｐ＜０．０５。ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数Ⅰ加Ⅱ级术后局部复发转移率为７．４％〔２／２７），Ⅲ加Ⅳ级局部复发转移率为４０％（８／２０），Ｐ＜０．０５。ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数Ⅰ加Ⅱ级５年生存率为８６．７％（１３／１５），Ⅲ加Ⅳ级５年生存率为３５．７％（５／１４）Ｐ＜０．０５。提示ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数与肾盂输尿管癌的病理分期，细胞分级有关，是低分化、侵袭性以及同时或相继发生尿路上皮多器官癌的重要特征，可能是判断肾盂输尿管癌预后的重要指标。     

T1、T2肺鳞癌及腺癌淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

目的研究T1、T2肺鳞及腺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布范围及特点,为广泛清扫提供依据。方法按Naruke肺癌淋巴结分布图对254例T1、T2肺鳞癌及腺癌施行了手术切除及广泛肺内、叶间及纵隔淋巴结清扫术并对其进行统计分析。结果清除淋巴结1685组。N1淋巴结转移率20．0％,N2淋巴结转移率为10．2％。T1、T2间淋巴结转移率差异有非常显著性意义(P<0．01)。T1鳞癌无N2转移,N2转移在鳞癌、腺癌分别为22．0％和40．9％,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0．01)。64．3％的鳞癌为某1组N2转移,腺癌≥3组转移占46．2％,跳跃式转移占N2转移的57．5％。N2阳性上叶肺癌下纵隔转移占13．6％,N2阳性的下叶肺癌上纵隔转移占51．6％。结论随着瘤体增大,淋巴结转移频度增加,腺癌比鳞癌淋巴结转移更加活跃,任何部位的肺癌都可跨区域纵隔转移。除T1鳞癌外,只有广泛清扫同侧肺内及纵隔淋巴结才能达到根治。     

胰腺导管癌扩大和根治性全胰切除术的探讨

目的：探讨胰腺癌根治性全胰切除的疗效。方法：１９７０￣１９９４年对２１胰腺导管癌（按Ｋｌｏｅｐｐｅｌ分期：Ｔ１－２Ｎ０Ｍ０ １０例，Ｔ１－３Ｎ０－２Ｍ０ ８例及Ｔ１－３Ｎ１－２Ｍ０ ３例）施行根治性全胰切除术，包括胰周、区域性淋巴结及后腹膜间隙组织廓清／和有侵犯的门静脉切除。结果：区域性淋巴结阳性占５２．３％，胰后血管粘连或侵犯占２６．６％，胰腺多病灶癌占１９％。本组无手术死亡率。生存期平均５６个     

Ⅲ期肺癌外科治疗生存率及手术适应证探讨

１９７０年～１９８７年外科治疗２４８例Ⅲ期肺癌，术后５年生存率为２０．６％。影响生存率的主要因素如下：（１）Ｐ－ＴＮＭ分期：Ⅲａ和Ⅲｂ期预后差别明显，５年生存率分别为２４．６％和９．２％。Ⅲａ期中Ｔ_３Ｎ_０Ｍ_０预后最佳，Ⅲｂ期中仅Ｔ_４Ｎ_０Ｍ_０预后较好，Ｔ_４Ｎ_２Ｍ_０，Ｔ_（３～４）Ｎ_３Ｍ_０无术后生存３年者。（２）Ｎ_２转移的水平，有１组Ｎ_２转移的预后明显优于２组以上Ｎ_２转移者。（３）病理类型：Ⅲａ中非小细胞癌预后优于小细胞癌，Ⅲｂ中仅鳞癌预后较好。（４）切除术式：Ⅲａ根治性切除病例的预后优于姑息性切除者，但Ⅲｂ中两者生存率相近。（５）综合治疗对预后可能有益。作者建议对Ｔ_３Ｎ_（０～１）Ｍ_０，Ｔ_（１～２）Ｎ_２Ｍ_０和Ｔ_４Ｎ_（０～１）Ｍ_０（鳞癌）采取积极手术治疗。对Ｔ_３Ｎ_２Ｍ_０和Ⅲａ期中的小细胞癌手术治疗应慎重。对Ｔ_４Ｎ_２Ｍ_０和Ⅲｂ期中的腺癌不宜手术，仅在为避免单纯探查或其他疗法无效时，作为姑息性切除的最宽适应证。     

局限性肺切除在肺癌治疗中的作用

从１９７０年至１９９２年对肺癌病人共行局限性肺切除５６例，其中２７例为姑息性切除，２９例Ｔ_１Ｎ_０Ｍ_０周围型肺癌行根治性切除。后组病例术后５年生存率为７１．４％，与该院同期Ｔ_１Ｎ_０Ｍ_０肺癌行肺叶切除的５年生存率（７５．３％）无明显差别。因此，作者认为对过去曾行肺切除手术、心肺功能低下或高龄的Ｔ_１Ｎ_０Ｍ_０周围型肺癌病人行局限性肺切除是一较好的选择。     

肺鳞癌、腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的特点

目的 研究原发肺鳞癌及腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移特点,探讨临床意义.方法 对353例原发肺癌施行同侧纵隔淋巴结廓清术,病理检测淋巴结转移频度.结果 清除淋巴结2380组,平均每例6.74组.N2 淋巴结转移率16.2%.T1、T2、T3间淋巴结转移率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).N2转移率在鳞癌、腺癌分别为30.1%、44.1%.64.2% 鳞癌N2转移为某一组淋巴结,腺癌3组以上转移者46.2%.上叶肺癌跨区域N2转移占15.1%,下叶(包括中叶)肺癌跨区域转移占53.1%.跳跃式转移占N2转移的53.7%.结论 肺鳞癌及腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移具有多发性、跳跃性及跨区域性特点.     

直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移规律的初步研究

目的探讨直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结转移的情况,分析早期周围型NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的规律。方法 2000年1月1日～2008年12月31日治疗直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC161例,男89例,女72例,年龄(63.4±10.7)岁,行肺叶切除或肺局限性切除加系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术,分析其临床特征、病理特点及纵隔淋巴结转移规律。结果全组手术顺利,无死亡及严重并发症发生。肺叶切除153例,肺楔形切除7例,肺段切除1例。全组共清扫淋巴结2456枚,平均每例4.5±1.6组、13.1±7.3枚。术后病理:腺癌99例,鳞癌30例,肺泡细胞癌19例,其他类型肺癌13例。术后TNM分期:ⅠA期50例,ⅠB期62例,ⅡA期6例,ⅡB期10例,ⅢA期33例。N1组淋巴结转移率为23.6%(38/161),N2组转移率为20.5%(33/161),其中隆突下淋巴结转移率为8.1%(13/161),跳跃式纵隔转移率为6.8%(11/161),全组未发现下纵隔淋巴结转移。肺泡细胞癌及直径≤2cm的鳞癌、直径≤1cm的腺癌均无pN2转移。上肺癌发生pN2转移时上纵隔100%(19/19)受累,其中21.1%(4/19)同时伴有隆突下淋巴结转移;下肺癌则除主要转移至隆突下外(64.3%,9/14),还常直接单独转移至上纵隔(35.7%,5/14)。转移的纵隔淋巴结左肺癌主要分布在第5、6、7组,右肺癌主要分布在第3、4、7组。结论对于直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC,肿瘤直径越大,其纵隔淋巴结转移率越高,肺泡细胞癌、直径≤2cm的鳞癌和≤1cm的腺癌其纵隔淋巴结转移率相对较低;上肺癌主要转移在上纵隔,下肺癌则隆突下及上纵隔均可转移;第5、6、7组淋巴结是左肺癌主要转移的位置,第3、4、7组是右肺癌主要转移的位置,术中应重点清扫。     

非小细胞肺癌跳跃性纵隔淋巴结转移及其廓清的临床探讨

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）跳跃性纵隔淋巴结转移（跳跃性N2）的特点及转移方式，为制定合理的纵隔淋巴结廓清范围提供依据。方法：回顾性总结121例（广州军区总医院1996－1999年101例和北京大学深圳医院1999－2000年20例）经系统性淋巴结廓清后病理证实为N2的NSCLC患者的临床资料，将跳跃性N2与非跳跃性N2的数据进行比较。结果：发现跳跃性N2 23例（19．0％，其中腺癌18例（78．3％）。跳跃性N2患者中平均每例纵隔淋巴结转移组为1．1组，明显低于非跳跃性N2的3．1组。肺上叶肿瘤跳跃性N2多位于第4或第5组淋巴结，肺下叶肿瘤跳跃性N2多位于第7和第8组淋巴结。结论：跳跃性N2是NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的一个独特亚群。在行肺上叶癌根治术时，应常规清扫第4和第5组淋巴结；在行肺下叶癌根治术时，应常规清扫第7和第8组淋巴结。     

肺癌跳跃式纵隔淋巴结转移的临床病理探讨

目的　探索肺癌跳跃式纵隔淋巴结转移的病理特点 ,为合理施行淋巴结清除术提供可靠的理论依据。方法　 1992年 10月至 1998年 6月 ,为 398例肺癌病人施行了根治性肺切除、规范淋巴结清除术 ,对其中 4 7例 ( 2 9 4 % )跳跃式纵隔转移淋巴结病例进行病理学研究。结果　各型或各叶肺癌中 ,跳跃式转移淋巴结分布最密集的部位依次是第 7、4、3、5组淋巴结 ,分别占 2 9 8%、2 4 5 %、14 9%与10 6 % ;就鳞癌与腺癌而言 ,肿瘤长径在 1cm以内者均无跳跃式淋巴结转移 ,跳跃式淋巴结转移率随长径增加而增加 ;低分化腺癌淋巴结转移率明显高于高分化者 (P <0 0 1) ;发生跳跃式淋巴结转移的肿瘤平均长径鳞癌与腺癌分别为 15 3mm与 9 1mm。结论　对肺癌淋巴结的廓清 ,切勿仅凭手触摸或靠肉眼观察淋巴结大小而盲目判定其是否转移或清除。除T1 中肿瘤长径 <1cm的鳞癌外 ,淋巴结的规范清除应重视其跳跃性 ,原则上必须包括同侧胸腔的肺门及上、下纵隔各组淋巴结 ,尤其要重视跳跃式淋巴结转移分布较密集区域 ,即右侧的第 3、4、7组与左侧的第 4、5、7组淋巴结     

A clinical study of small advanced lung cancer with metastasis to mediastinal lymph node

From January 1981 through December 1989, 15 patients with small advanced lung cancer were treated surgically at the Tenri Hospital. In these cases, the diameter of peripheral lung cancer did not exceed 3.0 cm (T1) and mediastinal lymph nodes were proved to be N2 postoperatively by lymph node dissection or sampling. The histological types were as follows: 8 adenocarcinoma, 4 large cell carcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma, and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma. All but one patient were received postoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The survival rate was 44.5% at 3 years, and median survival time was 36 months. The mediastinal lymph node metastasis with small peripheral lung cancer (T1N2) was ominous, and it should be said that complete mediastinal lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy were indispensable to small advanced adenocarcinoma of lung.     

Rational lymph node dissection for lung cancer according to the occurrence lobe and histological type]

Between January 1989 and December 1998, 134 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 244 cases of adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection of the lung with systematic lymph node dissection in our hospital. The cN diagnosis by CT scan and pN diagnosis were compared. In squamous cell carcinoma pN 2-3 cases were only one patient (2%) out of 60 patients with cN 0, 5 patients (18%) out of 28 patients with cN 1, and 21 patients (46%) out of 46 patients with cN 2-3. On the other hand in adenocarcinoma pN 2-3 cases were 27 patients (14%) out of 193 patients with cN 0, 3 patients (25%) out of 12 patients with cN 1, and 24 patients (62%) out of 39 patients with cN 2-3. The pathways of the lymphatic metastases to the mediastinal nodes were analized in 27 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 54 patients with adenocarcinoma undergoing systematic lymph node dissection. All patients had histologically proven mediastinal metastasis. Histologically there was no difference in pathways of the lymphatic metastases to the mediastinal nodes. 1. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the right upper lobe flowed into the superior mediastinal nodes. The direct metastatic passages to the superior mediastinal nodes were observed (47%). Subcarinal and inferior mediastinal node involvement was rare (3%). 2. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the middle and the lower lobe flowed into the subcarinal nodes (85%). The involvement of the superior mediastinal nodes occurred in 53% of subcarinal node positive patients on the right side. 3. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the left upper lobe flowed into the subaortic or paraaortic nodes (69%). Subcarinal and inferior mediastinal node involvement was rare (6%). We conclude that subcarinal and inferior mediastinal lymph node dissection is not necessary for upper lobe lung cancers, and that superior mediastinal lymph node dissection can be omitted in middle and lower lobe lung cancers without hilar and subcarinal lymph node involvement, especially in the cases of cN 0.     

Bilateral approach for thoracoscopic esophagectomy with lymph node dissection in the dorsal area of the thoracic aorta in patients with esophageal cancer: A report of two cases

IntroductionThe incidence of lymph node metastasis in the dorsal area of the thoracic aorta (DTA) is relatively low in patients with esophageal cancer. It is difficult to approach the DTA using surgical procedures, such as an open thoracotomy and thoracoscopy in the left decubitus position.Case presentationCase 1: A 70-year-old man with esophageal cancer underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection via a right thoracoscopic approach, followed by lymphadenectomy in the DTA via left thoracoscopy in the prone position. Microscopic findings revealed two metastatic lymph nodes in the DTA. The definitive diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and the pathological stage was T2N3M0 (Union for International Cancer Control [UICC], 7th edition). The patient showed lung metastasis 8 months after the surgery. Case 2: A 72-year-old man with esophageal cancer underwent esophagectomy via a bilateral approach in the prone position, using a similar procedure as in case 1. The definitive diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and the pathological stage was T3N2M0. The patient showed a metastatic mediastinal lymph node 4 months after the surgery.ConclusionBilateral thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position can be safely performed, and it might be an alternative curative surgery for esophageal cancer. However, both our cases showed metastasis in the early postoperative period. The long-term outcome and significance of dissection of lymph nodes in the DTA in patients with esophageal cancer remains controversial. Further studies are required to establish the indications and efficacy of this therapeutic approach.