射频消融迷宫术治疗心房纤颤

作者采用射频消融迷宫术治疗心房纤颤２０例，其中１９例合并风湿性二尖瓣病的患者，同时行瓣膜替换术，１例合并房间隔缺损患者进行修复。射频消融的路线采用小板井嘉夫的手术径路。术后１６例恢复窦性心律，占８０％，未恢复窦性心律的４例，２例为房颤，１例为房扑，另１例为结性心律。射频消融迷宫术耗时短，仅增加钳闭主动脉时间平均２０．５分钟，无术后出血的潜在危险。但术后７～１０天之内，有１８例出现过房颤、房扑、房速等室上性心律失常，可能由于射频消融不均匀，干扰心房的心电活动所致。     

双心房或单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动的对比研究

目的分析双心房射频消融术与单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动（房颤）的效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2012年12月47例房间隔缺损合并心房颤动接受房间隔缺损修补联合射频消融术治疗患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女27例;年龄35～76岁;房颤病程3个月至15年;持续性房颤18例,长程持续性房颤29例。合并二尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全10例,三尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全28例。根据手术方式不同将47例患者分为两组,单纯右心房消融组（n=19）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋单纯右心房射频消融术;双心房消融组（n=28）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋双心房射频消融术。对于二尖瓣、三尖瓣存在轻一中度以上反流者,术中同期行二尖瓣、三尖瓣成形术。所有患者术后3个月、6个月、12个月均接受24h动态心电图检查,1年后间断门诊随访。结果双心房消融组的体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间及术后住院时间较单纯右心房消融组略长,但两组术后早期并发症及恢复情况无明显差异。心脏复跳时,双心房消融组25例（89．3％）直接恢复窦性心律,3例为交界心律,无房颤心律。单纯右心房消融组14例（73．7％）直接恢复窦性心律,2例为交界心律,3例为房颤心律。出院时,双心房消融组28例（100％）均维持窦性心律;单纯右心房消融组15例（78．9％）维持窦性心律,4例房颤复发（P=0．045）。所有患者均得到随访,随访时间3～75个月,全组无死亡病例;房间隔无残余分流;2例出现二尖瓣轻一中度以上关闭不全,4例出现三尖瓣轻．中度以上关闭不全;双心房消融组术后2年累积窦性心律维持率为87．7％±6．7％,明显高于单纯右心房消融组的47．4％±11．5％（P=0．003）。结论对于成人房间隔缺损合并房颤,双心房射频消融术较单纯右心房射频消融术有更好的治疗效果,而且不会增加手术的风险。     

二尖瓣置换同期行改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗房颤效果观察

目的观察16例二尖瓣置换同期行改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗房颤的临床疗效。方法选择2010-03—2015-05间收治16例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变合并房颤者,在瓣膜置换同时采用双极射频消融系统,用改良迷宫手术路线治疗房颤。观察和记录术前、术后当日、出院后1、3、6个月常规心电图等指标变化。结果全组无手术死亡,术后即刻恢复窦性心律16例,转窦率100%。术后当日恢复窦性心律15例(93.8%),房颤1例。术后1个月窦性心律14例(87.5%),房颤2例。术后3、6个月窦性心律均为12例(75.0%),房颤4例。结论改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗瓣膜病合并房颤,安全、简便、有效。     

心瓣膜置换术同期双极射频消融治疗心房颤动

目的总结心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动(AF)的临床经验,探讨该手术方法的效果。方法2007年12月至2008年2月在心内直视手术下同期采用射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗AF患者11例,男3例,女8例;年龄22～65岁,平均年龄40.36岁。术前诊断为风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄11例,合并关闭不全5例,左心房血栓3例。采用Atricure双极射频消融系统,按照迷宫手术线路分别经房间沟路径行心内膜射频消融术,同期完成相应的心脏手术。结果手术均顺利完成,射频消融手术时间22～50min,平均30.55min。术后无死亡患者,术后当天有7例(63.64%)转为窦性心律。11例患者均顺利出院。出院后随访1个月以上,10例(90.91%)转为窦性心律。结论心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗AF简单、有效,短期临床效果明显。     

心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫术治疗心房颤动

目的总结心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的临床经验。方法2005年5月~2006年8月在心内直视手术同期采用射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动30例,术前诊断风湿性心脏病26例,二尖瓣关闭不全3例,冠心病1例。手术采用CardioblateTM冲洗式射频消融系统,每例患者分别应用单极系统和双极系统,按照迷宫手术线路分别于左、右心房行心内膜射频消融手术,并切除左、右心耳,同期完成相应的心脏手术。结果手术均顺利完成,射频消融手术时间30.5±12.6min。术后死亡1例,其余29例顺利出院。术后当天21例患者(70.0%)转为窦性心律。29例患者出院后随访7.6±4.8个月,24例(82.8%)为窦性心律,5例(17.2%)为心房颤动或房室结性心律。结论心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动简单、有效,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

改良线路心房直视迷宫式射频消融治疗心房颤动

目的：探讨风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动（房颤）病人,在瓣膜置换同时采用改良线路经心房直视迷品式射频消融治疗房颤的可行性及疗效。方法：66例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变合并房颤病人,在体外循环心内直视下经心房行迷宫式射频消融,同时行二尖瓣置换术,结果：无手术死亡,57例房颤消失,其中术后窦性心律54例（81．8％）,结性心律1例（1．5％）,心房扑动2例（3％）,9例（13．6％）仍为房颤,随访2－60个月,总随访率89．6％,窦性心律稳定,无远期死亡,结论：经心房内视改良线路迷宫式射频消融治疗房颤,方法简捷,安全有效,远期疗效稳定,值得进一步研究,推广。     

外科射频消融术与经导管消融术治疗瓣膜病性房颤的疗效对比

目的 比较心内直视下射频迷宫术与介入导管消融术治疗合并心脏瓣膜病的心房颤动临床结果.方法 2004年1月到2006年3月因心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动行瓣膜置换时加射频迷宫术60例,其中男34例,女26例;平均(57±11)岁.瓣膜置换术后在三维电解剖标测系统(CABTO)指导下进行经皮经导管环肺静脉消融治疗66例,其中男40例,女26例;平均(55±10)岁.结果 导管消融组随访(14±10)个月,窦性心律维持率64%.外科射频迷宫组随访(13±9)个月,窦性心律维持率75%,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).对于病史小于1年、左房直径<50mm的阵发性房颤,导管消融组亦有较高的窦性心律维持率(分别为90%、82%).两组术后并发症无显著性差异.结论 射频迷宫术对瓣膜病合并心房颤动病人是简单、有效的治疗方法.若未行迷宫术,对于病史小于1年,左房直径小于50mm的阵发性心房颤动,瓣膜置换术后行经皮经导管消融术亦为一种有效的治疗方法.     

双极射频消融术治疗风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动的对照研究

目的评价风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动(房颤)患者瓣膜手术同期行双极射频消融的临床疗效和患者术后生活质量。方法纳入2014年7月至2015年5月我院心脏大血管外科风湿性心脏病患者96例,合并房颤74例,22例为窦性心律。根据手术方式将96例患者分为3组:试验组(瓣膜置换+射频消融)40例、对照组(瓣膜置换)34例、空白组(窦性心律者行瓣膜置换)22例。分析患者临床效果及生活质量。结果试验组患者出院时窦性心律转复率、随访期间窦性心律维持率、随访末期左房前后径(LAD)的缩小幅度及肺动脉收缩压(PASP)的降低幅度高于对照组,患者死亡率、不良事件发生率未增加。在术后3个月、6个月时,试验组在SF-36量表6个维度及躯体健康评分(PCS)、精神健康评分(MCS)、总分得分高于对照组,术后12个月时在生理功能(PF)、生理职能(RP)、总体健康(GH)3个维度及躯体健康评分(PCS)、总分得分高于对照组。结论房颤会加重风湿性心脏病患者心脏结构的异常改变,双极射频消融有利于房颤患者术后窦性心律的恢复与维持、明显缩小LAD,降低PASP。对风湿性心脏病合并房颤患者,瓣膜手术同期行双极射频消融术能提高患者生活质量。     

改良冲洗式双极射频消融手术治疗心房颤动

目的分析心瓣膜置换术中同期行改良冲洗式双极射频消融治疗心房颤动的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2009年4月至2011年6月安徽医科大学第二附属医院心瓣膜病合并心房颤动34例患者在体外循环下行心瓣膜置换术+改良冲洗式双极射频消融手术的临床资料,其中男21例,女13例;年龄41～76(50.5±11.3)岁。风湿性心脏瓣膜病31例,心瓣膜退行性病变3例;合并慢性持续性/永久性心房颤动27例,阵发性心房颤动7例。均采用Medtronic Cardioblate 68000冲洗式双极射频消融系统进行消融操作。消融手术包括双侧肺静脉的环形隔离、左心耳切除、左右心房消融(改良Cox-mazeⅢ手术路径)和Marshall韧带切除。术后常规予胺碘酮治疗。结果全组无死亡,除2例术后并发Ⅲ○房室传导阻滞、安装永久性心脏起搏器外,其余患者未发生与消融相关的并发症。术后31例转为非心房颤动心律(窦性心律25例,结性心律4例,起搏心律2例),3例维持心房颤动心律。随访3～20个月,29例维持窦性心律(85.3%),3例心房颤动心律,2例起搏心律。结论改良冲洗式双极射频消融治疗心房颤动安全、有效。     

心内直视手术同期行单极或双极射频消融治疗心房颤动的效果比较

目的探讨心内直视下同期行单极或双极射频消融治疗器质性心脏病合并心房颤动(房颤)的经验及疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年12月至2013年12月我院及上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心血管外科采用单极射频消融笔或双极射频消融笔为305例器质性心脏病合并房颤患者施行消融术的临床资料。其中男188例、女117例,年龄38~81岁。将患者分为3组:单极组,128例,行单极笔消融;双极组,165例,行双极笔消融;联合组,12例,行单极加双极笔联合消融。结果全组术后死亡2例。术后有249例患者转为窦性心律,总转复率为81.6%。其中单极组转复率为78.9%,双极组转复率为83.6%(P0.05)。术后随访3~85(38.2±15.4)个月。单极组、双极组术后半年(80.5%vs.83.9%,P0.05),1年(78.4%vs.83.3%,P0.05),2年(76.5%vs.81.1%,P0.05),5年(73.8%vs.77.1%,P0.05)窦性心律维持率差异均无统计学意义。结论心脏直视手术同期行单极或双极射频消融治疗房颤简易、安全、有效,其中长期效果值得肯定。单极和双极消融对于术后窦性心律的转复率无明显差异,但应用双极消融笔可以明显缩短消融手术时间。     

Concomitant irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease

Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent form of atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Some serious complications are related with the presence of atrial fibrillation after surgery. Because of the complexity and the risk of bleeding, the Maze III procedure has been largely replaced by alternative energy sources. Our experience in using irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation to treat atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease is reported. Seven patients with congenital heart disease and atrial fibrillation underwent irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation. All patients were confirmed in permanent fibrillation preoperatively. Six were adult atrial septal defect patients and one was an adult patent ductus arteriosus patient. All patients survived the procedure and discharged in sinus rhythm. There were no complications related to radiofrequency ablation. The time of ablation ranged from 17 to 22 min (average 19.5 min). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 48 months. One patient with mitral valve replacement (MVR) died of cerebral hemorrhage 13 months after surgery. The last electrocardiogram showed that six patients were in sinus rhythm and one patient in junctional rhythm. Irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation is an easy, effective, safe and economic concomitant operation to eliminate atrial fibrillation in adult patients with congenital heart defect and atrial fibrillation.     

瓣膜置换术同时行射频消融迷宫手术治疗风心瓣膜病合并房颤的临床经验

目的 总结瓣膜置换术同时行射频消融迷宫手术的临床治疗经验.方法 对我科70例风心瓣膜病患者行直视下瓣膜置换术和射频消融迷宫手术,术中切除左右心耳,经改良的Cox MazeⅢ线路行射频消融治疗,术后随访其疗效.运用单因素和多因素回归分析确定影响房颤射频消融迷宫手术后复发的危险因素.结果 术后2例死亡,死因为低心排.心脏复...     

A simple way to treat chronic atrial fibrillation during mitral valve surgery: the epicardial radiofrequency approach.

OBJECTIVE: We describe an original radiofrequency ablation technique to treat chronic atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Most of the procedure is carried out epicardially, in order to avoid an undue increase of surgical time and trauma. METHODS: The ablations are performed using a temperature-controlled multipolar radiofrequency catheter. Two encircling lesions around the ostia of the right and of the left pulmonary veins are carried out epicardially, usually before cardiopulmonary bypass. Through a conventional left atriotomy the ablation procedure is completed with two endocardial lesions connecting the two encirclings between them and to the mitral valve annulus. After the mitral valve procedure is performed, the left appendage is sutured. RESULTS: From February 1998 to May 1999, 40 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (43. 1+/-51.9 months) underwent combined radiofrequency ablation and mitral valve surgery. Mean left atrial diameter was 56.8+/-10.7 mm. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp time were, respectively, 119.1+/-26.3 and 76.7+/-21.0 min. Mean postoperative blood loss was 287.2+/-186.6 ml. No reexploration for bleeding occurred. One patient died of pneumonia 12 days after operation. No patient needed permanent pacemaker implantation. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.3+/-5.6 days. At follow-up (mean 11.6+/-4.7 months), 30/39 (76.9%) of the patients were in stable sinus rhythm. All patients in sinus rhythm 3 months after operation recovered both left and right atrial contractility at echocardiographic control (mean 7.3+/-3.4 months). The left atrial diameter decreased significantly in patients recovering sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Epicardial radiofrequency ablation is a safe means to achieve surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with a high success rate. The simplicity of the technique and the low procedure-related risk should dictate combined treatment virtually in all patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing open heart operations.     

Epicardial radiofrequency ablation of both atria in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: experience in patients

BACKGROUND: Despite success with the Maze procedure and its modifications in treating atrial fibrillation, longer procedure times and increased morbidity have precluded widespread use. The operative treatment for atrial fibrillation associated with aortic valve disease and ischemic heart diseases have not been established. We report the early results of epicardial radiofrequency coagulation on both atria and discuss the availability of this procedure. METHODS: The Australasian database of radiofrequency ablation lists 130 patients with established or frequent intermittent atrial fibrillation that underwent various cardiac surgical procedures between March 2000 and March 2002. Forty patients without mitral valve disease underwent epicardial radiofrequency coagulation on both atria. Twenty-eight patients were in established chronic atrial fibrillation, 9 in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and 3 patients had atrial flutter. The primary surgical procedures were coronary artery bypass grafting in 19 patients, aortic valve replacement in 9, coronary artery bypass grafting plus aortic valve replacement in 8, and other procedures in 4 patients. RESULTS: The procedure increased the cross-clamp time by a mean of 10 minutes. Three patients required defibrillation postoperatively, within the first 3 months and have since stayed in sinus rhythm. One patient had late atrial flutter that was cardioverted to sinus rhythm. Sinus recovery rate was 93.7% (15 of 16 patients) at 6 months and 100% in 8 patients reviewed at 12 months. Atrial contractility was maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Epicardial radiofrequency coagulation may be a very effective way of converting patients with atrial fibrillation into sinus rhythm.     

Pulmonary vein isolation for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease: the midterm results.

OBJECTIVE: The Cox Maze procedure is widely performed for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. However it requires numerous incision lines and therefore is a time-consuming operation. We report a simplified operation for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease. METHODS: Pulmonary vein isolation procedure was performed on atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease in thirteen patients. This simple procedure consisted of isolation of the four pulmonary veins only. Combined mitral valve surgery involved mitral valve plasty, mitral valve replacement with or without aortic valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty. RESULTS: Eleven patients returned to sinus rhythm (84.6%). Mean follow-up time is 32.7 +/- 11.7 months. Three patients required a DDD pacemaker implant for sick sinus syndrome but two out of these three resumed sinus rhythm most of the time recently. Left atrial contraction was detected in eight cases by trans-esophageal echo. One patient died of liver failure two months postoperatively. Eight patients had no blood transfusion. Twelve patients are classified as New York Heart Association class I. CONCLUSION: Compared with the Maze procedure, this operation was less invasive and preserved the atrial appendage and was thought to have a normal level of secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. This study suggests that the pulmonary vein isolation procedure may be an effective and simple maneuver for atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valvular disease.     

Cox/Maze III operation versus radiofrequency ablation for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, by comparatively analyzing the outcomes of the patients who underwent RF ablation with those of patients who underwent Cox/Maze III surgery. METHODS: Between April 1995 and June 2002, 70 patients underwent surgery for atrial fibrillation and open-heart surgery at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the University of Bologna: 30 patients underwent the surgical Cox/Maze III procedure (group 1), and 40 patients underwent the RF ablation according to the Maze III configuration at least on the left atrium (group 2). There were 14 males and 56 females, with a mean age of 61.5 +/- 12.5 years (range 22 to 80 years old). RESULTS: Groups 1 and 2 did not differ in terms of baseline characteristics. The perioperative mortality rate was not significantly different between the two groups (6.6% in group 1 vs 7.5% in group 2). The overall cumulative rates of sinus rhythm were 68.9% in group 1 and 88.5% in group 2 (not statistically significant). Biatrial contraction was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in 70.4% of the patients in group 1 and 76.5% of the patients in group 2 (p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: The RF ablation procedure offers as good results as the Cox/Maze III operation, allowing recovery of the sinus rhythm and atrial function in the great majority of patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent open heart surgery; it is a safe and effective means of curing atrial fibrillation with negligible technical and time requirements.     

心脏瓣膜置换术同期冲洗式射频消融术效果观察

目的观察瓣膜置换手术同期冲洗式射频消融术对慢性房颤的临床治疗效果。方法对31例心脏瓣膜病患者行瓣膜置换手术同期冲洗式射频消融术，观察手术前后左房变化、术后心电图变化、术后引流量、术后血制品用量等。结果本组患者平均转机时间（105．86±20．88）min，平均阻断时间（60．71±16．57）min，与我院同期心脏瓣膜置换手术比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；术后13例（41．9％）需临时起搏器维持心率，均于术后12h～12d恢复自主心律（房颤或窦性心律）；术后随访6～21个月，平均（15．6±3．7）个月，术后1个月，14例（14／31）恢复窦性心律，术后1年，20例（20／27）恢复窦性心律。术后1个月随访恢复窦性心律的14例（转复组）与未复律的17例（房颤组）比较，两组术前左房内径、术后左房内径／术前左房内径差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论心脏瓣膜置换术同期冲洗式射频消融术是治疗心脏瓣膜病患者慢性房颤的有效、安全手段。     

The radiofrequency modified maze procedure. A less invasive surgical approach to atrial fibrillation during open-heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with mitral valve disease and suffering of atrial fibrillation of more than 1 year's duration have a low probability of remaining in sinus rhythm after valve surgery alone. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation was used as an alternative to simplify the surgical maze procedure. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with mitral valve disease, aged 63+/-11 years ranging from 31 to 80 years, underwent valve surgery and radiofrequency energy applied endocardially, based on the maze III procedure to eliminate the arrhythmia. The right-sided maze was performed on the beating heart and the left-sided maze during aorta cross-clamping. RESULTS: Surgical procedures included mitral valve repair (n=38) or replacement (n=34) and in addition tricuspid valve repair (n=42), closure of an atrial septal defect (n=2) and correction of cor triatriatum (n=1). The left-sided maze needed 14+/-3 min extra ischemic time. There were two in-hospital deaths (2.7%) and three patients (4.2%) died during follow-up of 20+/-15 months. Among 67 surviving patients, 51 patients (76%) were in sinus rhythm, two patients (3%) had an atrial rhythm and eight patients (12%) had persistent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Four patients had a pacemaker implanted, in one patient because of sinus node dysfunction. Doppler echocardiography in 64 patients demonstrated right atrial contractility in 89% and left atrial transport in 91% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation is an effective and less invasive alternative for the original maze procedure to eliminate atrial fibrillation.     

A case of constrictive pericarditis with atrial fibrillation after mitral valve repair and Maze III procedure]

We report a case of constrictive pericarditis with atrial fibrillation after mitral valve repair and the Maze III procedure. A 66-year-old male underwent mitral valve repair and the Maze procedure for mitral valve regurgitation and chronic atrial fibrillation. About 4 months after discharge, he suffered from shortness of breath. Physical examination revealed a heart rate of 80 beats/min with irregular rhythm, external jugular venous dilatation and abdominal ascites. Electrocardiography revealed atrial fibrillation, and chest X-ray revealed moderate left pleural effusion. Computed tomographic images of the chest showed a that thickened pericardium. A distinct diastolic dip and plateau pattern were recognized on cardiac catheterization. The right atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, and pulmonary wedge pressures were elevated. Idiopathic pericarditis and recurrent atrial fibrillation were diagnosed and pericardiectomy was performed through a median sternotomy incision. Intraoperatively, the atrial fibrillation converted spontaneously to sinus rhythm. The postoperative hemodynamics improved after pericardiectomy. Total pericardiectomy alone may not convert the rhythm to sinus rhythm in patients with constrictive pericarditis and chronic atrial fibrillation. In this case, atrial fibrillation converted to sinus rhythm during the procedure. This case report suggests that adequate unloading of atrial pressures is necessary for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients who have undergone the Maze procedure.