针刺配合抗痨治疗结核性脑膜炎后遗症15例疗效观察

<正>结核性脑膜炎是肺外结核重症结核病,是神经系统结核病最常见的类型,在早期诊断及有效抗痨治疗均可获得较好的疗效,但仍有部分患者遗留偏瘫后遗症,单纯抗痨治疗偏瘫症状难以改善。笔者     

经支气管镜针吸活检术在肺门纵隔淋巴结核诊断中的作用

目的肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大而无肺部病灶的患者明确诊断常极为困难,该研究总结经气管镜针吸活检术(TBNA)在结核引起的孤立性肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大病变诊断中的作用。方法对行TBNA检查患者并最终诊断为结核性肺门纵隔淋巴结炎(TBLA)的患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均进行临床评估和增强CT扫描,记录患者一般资料、病理结果和病原微生物学结果。结果纳入44例患者,其中TBNA诊断为TBLA者42例(95.4%),2例通过其他方法确诊,仅根据细胞病理学结果有32例(72.7%)诊断为结核,其中1例(2.2%)痰涂片阳性,而结核菌培养显示22例(50.0%)培养阳性,经细胞病理学评价不能确诊的12例患者中10例结核培养阳性。细胞病理学检查联合结核分枝杆菌培养诊断率从72.7%提高到95.4%。结论 TBNA是一种诊断TBLA安全高效的一线方法。细胞病理学检查联合结核分枝杆菌培养提高了TBNA的阳性率。     

老年男性系统性红斑狼疮长期误诊分析

目的探讨临床表现不典型的系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)的临床特点。方法对我院收治的1例误诊为淋巴结结核的SLE患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者为78岁男性,因泡沫尿、夜尿增多伴反复口腔溃疡1年入我院。3年前因多发纵隔淋巴结增大,行淋巴结活检诊断为淋巴结结核,转结核病专科医院予抗结核治疗效果不佳。入我院后查抗核抗体和抗双链DNA抗体阳性,外周血三系降低,并结合关节痛、反复口腔溃疡等多系统受累表现,确诊为SLE。予糖皮质激素治疗,病情明显改善。结论部分SLE患者症状不典型,尤以男性为主。对于不明原因的外周血三系下降伴口腔溃疡、关节痛、淋巴结增大的老年患者,应警惕SLE可能,及时行免疫学检查,避免临床漏误诊。     

γ-干扰素体外释放试验在结核病诊断中的价值

目的探讨γ-干扰素(γ-IFN)体外释放试验(IGRA)对诊断结核病的临床价值。方法 479例结核病患者纳入结核病组,42例体检健康者纳入对照组。两组被试均行IGRA、蛋白芯片法检测,采用抗酸染色(AFB)检测结核病患者痰液中的抗酸杆菌。比较IGRA与蛋白芯片法对结核病的诊断效能及在肺结核与肺外结核中的检测效果,并比较IGRA对AFB阳性和阴性的肺结核和肺外结核患者的检测效果。结果IGRA和结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片法敏感度分别为89.56%(429/479)和76.20%(365/479),特异度分别为100.00%(42/42)和88.10(37/42),准确率分别为90.40%(471/521)和77.16%(402/521)。418例肺结核患者中AFB阳性127例,AFB阴性者291例,其中AFB阳性肺结核患者中IGRA阳性率为93.70%(119/127),AFB阴性肺结核患者阳性率为88.66%(258/291);肺外结核61例患者AFB均阴性,IGRA和结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片阳性率分别为85.25%(52/61)和68.85%(42/61)。结论 IGRA与结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片法相比,对结核病诊断有较高的敏感度与特异度,尤其是对AFB阴性的结核病有较高的检出率,值得临床推广应用。     

艾滋病免疫重建过程合并结核病24例分析

目的 总结艾滋病高效抗逆转录病毒(HAART)后免疫重建过程合并结核病的特点,提高认识.方法 对24例患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析.结果 24例中纵隔、肺门淋巴结核10例,肺结核9例,颈淋巴结结核7例,结核性胸膜炎3例,结核性脑膜炎1例.结论 艾滋病免疫重建过程合并结核病以纵隔淋巴结结核及肺结核常见,其次为颈淋巴结结核.     

浅谈肺外结核病

结核病是一种慢性传染病。在抵抗力降低情况下，人体因受结核杆菌的感染而发病。结核病是一种全身性的疾病，各个器官都可以受累，以肺结核病为最多，约占所有结核病的８０％以上。 什么是肺外结核病呢？肺外结核病就是指除了肺脏以外的全身其他各个部位、器官组织的结核病。肺外结核病包括骨结核，淋巴结核，上呼吸道及口腔结核，心包结核，结核性脑膜炎，肾和尿路结核，肠、腹膜结核，生殖系结核。另外还有肾上腺结核和皮肤结核、眼结核等。 肺外结核病在各年龄组均有发生，但在中老年比较多。儿童肺外结核主要是结核性脑膜炎、骨结核和淋…     

结核性脑膜炎54例临床分析

目的：探讨结核性脑膜炎的诊断及治疗,方法：对近10a收住的54例结核脑膜炎患者进行回顾性调查研究。结果：其中28例入院时即确诊,26例误诊,误诊率为48%,通过全程抗痨化疗并结合糖皮质激素以及有效的对症支持能早期诊断及有效抗痨治者,结论：密切观察病情变化,全面检查有利于早期诊断,而早期诊断、尽快抗痨化疗、合理的糖皮质激素应用及强有力的对症支持治疗对结核性脑膜炎患者尤为重要,可有效降低病死率及致残率。     

2018-2020年9家结核病定点医院肺外结核病住院患者特征分析

目的 分析住院肺外结核病患者的流行病学特征，为肺外结核病的防治政策和措施制定提供科学依据。方法 采用回顾性调查的方法，从全国东中西部共选取9家结核病定点医疗机构，利用医院信息系统(HIS)收集出院第一诊断为“肺外结核”和“结核性胸膜炎”患者的人口学特征和临床特征等。采用频数、构成比和中位数对患者的相关资料进行描述性统计分析；采用χ²检验比较组间分布是否具有差异。结果 本研究共纳入3 451例肺外结核病患者，肺外结核病患者年龄中位数M(P₂₅,P₇₅)为44(29,59)岁；男、女性别比例为1.41∶1；农、牧民患者有1 615例(46.80%)。结核性胸膜炎、淋巴结结核和骨关节结核分别有689例(19.97%)、434例(12.58%)和427例(12.37%)。肺外结核合并肝胆疾病、肾脏疾病和营养不良分别有533例(15.44%)、354例(10.26%)和258例(7.48%)。从临床特征分析，入院前病情明确的患者有1973例(57.17%),46.28%(1 597例)的患者接受手术治疗。住院天数中位数为17d。从...     

体腔液中结核抗体检测对结核病的诊断价值

结核病,特别是肺外结核,仍然是常见且难于诊断的疾病之一。虽然从体腔液中查出结核菌可确定诊断,但由于检出率太低(<10％),远不能满足临床需要。我院自1996年2月至1998年5月用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法共检测42例脑脊液和166例胸腹水心包液的结核抗体(抗PPD-IgG),现报道如下。 1 材料和方法 1.1 对象 ①结核组:包括结核性脑膜炎(结脑)26例,结核性胸腹膜心包炎121例,均来自本院内科,系根据临床、生化或细     

肺下叶结核168例临床分析

目的探讨肺下叶结核的临床特点,为临床诊断提供参考。方法对168例肺下叶结核的症状、X线表现和纤维支气管镜检查进行回顾性分析。结果 168例患者体检发现15例(8.9%),因症就诊者153例(91.1%),主要症状有发热、咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、乏力、盗汗、胸痛等症状;病变位于肺下叶背段,多于基底段;纤维支气管镜检查有利于结核病的诊断。结论肺下叶结核病变隐匿,容易误诊,对有症状者要全面检查,必要时做纤维支气管镜检查以帮助诊断,部分患者病变局限,诊断不明确可考虑手术治疗。     

Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued revised first-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug dosage recommendations for children. No pharmacokinetic studies for these revised dosages are available for children <2 years. The aim of the study was to document the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-TB agents in children <2 years of age comparing previous and revised WHO dosages of isoniazid (INH; 5 versus 10 mg/kg/day), rifampin (RMP; 10 versus 15 mg/kg/day), and pyrazinamide (PZA; 25 versus 35 mg/kg/day) and to investigate the effects of clinical covariates, including HIV coinfection, nutritional status, age, gender, and type of tuberculosis (TB), and the effect of NAT2 acetylator status. Serum INH, PZA, and RMP levels were prospectively assessed in 20 children <2 years of age treated for TB following the previous and the revised WHO dosage recommendations. Samples were taken prior to dosing and at 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 h following dosing. The maximum drug concentration in serum (C(max)), the time to C(max) (t(max)), and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were calculated. Eleven children had pulmonary and 9 had extrapulmonary TB. Five were HIV infected. The mean C(max) (μg/ml) following the administration of previous/revised dosages were as follows: INH, 3.19/8.11; RMP, 6.36/11.69; PZA, 29.94/47.11. The mean AUC (μg·h/ml) were as follows: INH, 8.09/20.36; RMP, 17.78/36.95; PZA, 118.0/175.2. The mean C(max) and AUC differed significantly between doses. There was no difference in the t(max) values achieved. Children less than 2 years of age achieve target concentrations of first-line anti-TB agents using revised WHO dosage recommendations. Our data provided supportive evidence for the implementation of the revised WHO guidelines for first-line anti-TB therapy in young children.     

儿童结核治疗失败原因分析

目的:探讨儿童结核治疗失败的原因所在。方法:回顾性分析248例儿童结核患者的临床资料,分为治疗成功和治疗失败两组进行分析对比。结果:248例儿童结核患者满疗程后治疗成功187例(75.4%),失败61例(24.6%),肺结核的治愈率为96.0%,肺外结核的治愈率54.8%。PPD≥10mm(χ2=16.340,P=0.000)、痰结核菌涂片和/或培养阳性(χ2=6.073,P=0.014)多见于较大儿童组,未接种卡介苗多见于较小儿童组(χ2=10.811,P=0.001)。经多元Logistic回归分析,痰结核菌阳性[OR=1.161(95%CI=0.271-4.845)]、未接种卡介苗[OR=1.092(95%CI=0.850-4.934)]、肺外结核[OR=2.775(95%CI=0.477-8.791)]是与治疗失败有关的独立因素。结论:痰结核菌阳性、未接种卡介苗、肺外结核易导致治疗失败。儿童结核治疗疗程至少6个月以上,并建议给予全程DOT。国家结核病控制规划应包含预防接种计划的监督执行,以确保卡介苗接种100%的覆盖率。对疑似肺外结核的儿童及时给予经验性抗结核治疗也是减少治疗失败的重要措施。     

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of measuring IgG,IgM, and IgA antibodies to mycobacterial A60 antigen in active tuberculosis

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of detection of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM antibodies raised against the mycobacterial A60 antigen for the diagnosis and discrimination of active tuberculosis (TB) from other pulmonary diseases. Three commercially available ELISA kits (IgA, IgG, and IgM) (ANDA Biologicals, Strasbourg, France) were evaluated simultaneously in 246 serum samples from 3 groups of patients: group I, 171 patients with active TB (128 pulmonary TB and 43 extrapulmonary TB); group II, 73 patients with pulmonary non-TB diseases; and group III, 2 leprosies patients. The sensitivities of tests ranged from 31.3% (IgA) to 94% (IgG) in pulmonary TB patients and from 21% (IgA) to 84% (IgG) in extrapulmonary TB patients. The specificities of assays varied from 92% (IgG) to 96% (IgA) in the pulmonary non-TB group. Combination of IgG with IgA and/or IgM does not improve its sensitivity. Clinical use of the A60-based serodiagnostic IgG assay is of great value for the rapid diagnosis and discrimination between active TB and pulmonary non-TB diseases. Moreover, this test could be used to increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for smear-negative TB cases, which are difficult to diagnose.     

A novel metabolite of antituberculosis therapy demonstrates host activation of isoniazid and formation of the isoniazid-NAD+ adduct

One of the most effective and widely used antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs is isoniazid (INH), a prodrug activated via oxidation that forms an adduct with NAD(+) to inhibit NADH-dependent targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA). The metabolic by-products and potentially toxic intermediates resulting from INH therapy have been identified through a large body of work. However, an INH-NAD adduct or structures related to this adduct have not been identified in specimens from human TB patients or animal models of TB. Analyses by mass spectrometry of urine collected from TB patients in a study conducted by the NIAID-funded Tuberculosis Research Unit identified 4-isonicotinoylnicotinamide (C(12)H(9)N(3)O(2)) as a novel metabolite of INH therapy. This compound was formed by M. tuberculosis strains in a KatG-dependent manner but could also be produced by mice treated with INH independent of an M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, the 4-isonicotinoylnicotinamide observed in human urine samples is likely derived from the degradation of oxidized INH-NAD adducts and provides direct evidence of host INH activation.     

Paraplegia from spinal intramedullary tuberculosis: A case report

BACKGROUNDTuberculosis (TB) mostly attacks the lungs, and extrapulmonary TB involving the central nervous system is uncommon; among these cases, spinal intramedullary TB is even more rare. The clinical manifestations of spinal intramedullary TB are similar to those of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Therefore, it is necessary to make a careful differential diagnosis of spinal intramedullary lesions to achieve the appropriate treatment and favorable prognosis. We report a rare case of a young male patient with paraplegia due to spinal intramedullary TB, which is uncommon and regrettable.CASE SUMMARYA 23-year-old male presented with fever accompanied by nausea and vomiting lasting for 2 mo and was then diagnosed with tubercular meningitis. After anti-TB treatment, his symptoms were significantly improved. However, 2 mo after the diagnosis of tubercular meningitis, the patient felt numbness below the costal arch level, which lasted for 1 wk, and he paid no attention to this symptom. What followed was paraplegia and urine/fecal incontinence. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine showed a ring-enhanced intramedullary cord lesion at T8-T9. Lesion exploration showed enlargement of the spinal cord at T8-T9, and the lesion could be observed by incision. The lesion was adhered to the peripheral tissue and was grayish-white and tough with a poor blood supply and a diameter of approximately 0.8 cm. The lesion was resected completely. The results of pathological examination by both hematoxylin-eosin staining and acid-fast bacilli staining confirmed TB, accompanied by acute and chronic suppurative inflammation and granulation tissue formation. The patient was instructed to continue anti-TB treatment after the operation, but he did not follow the medical advice. Follow-up continued for ten years, the patient had persistent paraplegia, the numbness disappeared and urine/fecal sensation recovered.CONCLUSIONAlthough TB is a kind of benign disease, some cases progress rapidly. Moreover, spinal intramedullary TB may seriously endanger quality of life and still needs timely diagnosis and proper treatment.     

严重耐多药结核病的临床实验室监测

目的 监测结核分枝杆菌对一线和二线抗结核药物的耐药性水平,掌握严重耐多药结核病的流行情况.方法 2004年10月至2007年4月期间山东省胸科医院收集的1021株临床菌株,采用绝对浓度法在鸡蛋培养基上检测1 021株菌株对4种一线和5种二线抗结核药物的药物敏感性.结果 结核分枝杆菌复合群989株(96.9%),非结核分枝杆菌32株(3.1%).989株结核分枝杆菌对一线抗结核药物的总体耐药率为32.3%(95%可信区间为28.7%～35.8%),其中耐多药结核菌株107株(10.8%),有20株菌株符合严重耐多药结核的定义标准.严重耐多药结核菌株占所有耐多药结核菌株的18.7%,全部来自复治肺结核患者.结论 结核分枝杆菌对二线抗结核药物耐药性水平较高,严重耐多药结核在复治结核患者中的流行情况严重.研究显示持续开展抗结核药物耐药性的临床实验室监测十分必要.     

Salicylate reduces susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to multiple antituberculosis drugs

Salicylate induces multiple antibiotic resistance in various bacterial species. Here we investigated the effect of salicylate on the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a range of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs. In the presence of salicylate, the killing effects of isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RMP), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (STR), and p-aminosalicylate (PAS) were reduced, as shown with a tetrazolium redox dye viability assay and a bacterial survival assay. Salicylate-induced resistance was more pronounced for PAS, STR, and EMB but was not apparent for INH and RMP when salicylate and the anti-TB agents were incorporated into 7H11 plates. The significance of these findings for TB treatment needs to be further evaluated in vivo.     

Abdominal tuberculosis: Diagnosis and demographics,a 10-year retrospective review from a single centre

AIM: To review all cases of abdominal tuberculosis (ATB) for demographic details, diagnostic work up and evidence of vitamin D deficiency. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with ATB from June 2003 to August 2013 at St George’s Hospital, London. Demographic data was available from the local tuberculosis database. Further clinical information was collected from electronic patient records, including radiology, endoscopy, microbiology, histology, biochemistry and serology. Patients were classified as either confirmed ATB [if mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB) was cultured from abdominal site] or presumed ATB (if suggestive findings or high clinical suspicion). Subtypes of ATB were classified as tuberculosis (TB) peritonitis, luminal TB, solid organ TB or from a combination of sites. RESULTS: There were a total of 65 cases identified in this time period, with a mean of 6.5 cases per year (range 4-9). Mean age 42 years, 49.2% females. Fifty-two point three percent were South Asian, 38.5% African. Forty-nine point two percent had gastrointestinal endoscopy, 30.8% paracentesis and 24.6% surgery in order to obtain samples. Forty-seven point seven percent were defined as confirmed ATB with positive culture of MTB from abdominal sites, the rest were treated as presumed ATB. Twenty-four point six percent had co-existing sputum culture positive for MTB, and 30.8% had an abnormal chest X-ray. Subtypes of ATB: 35.4% had TB peritonitis; 27.7% luminal TB; 3.1% solid organ TB; and 33.8% TB at a combination of abdominal sites. Thirteen point nine percent were human immunodeficiency virus positive, all with CD4 count less than 300 cells/μL. Seventy point five percent had severe vitamin D deficiency, and 25% were vitamin D deficient. CONCLUSION: ATB mainly affects young South Asian and African patients, with difficulties in confirming diagnosis despite a range of non-invasive and invasive diagnostic tests.     

Eleven-year experience on anti-TB drugs direct susceptibility testing from Siriraj Hospital,Thailand

The early detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains is of utmost importance for patient management and effective TB control programs. This study aimed to demonstrate the performance of direct drug susceptibility testing (DST) performed in our laboratory in the past 11 years. The direct DST was performed on Middlebrook 7H10 medium using isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), and the results were compared with those obtained from indirect DST (gold standard). The direct DST was performed with 15,598 smear-positive sputum samples, of which 11,284 (72%) yielded reportable results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated and revealed 89%, 99%, 95%, and 99%, respectively, for RIF and 90%, 98%, 93%, and 97%, respectively, for INH. Direct DST results could be reported within 1 month after sample processing. This method was also shown to be suitable for use in resource-limited countries, particularly in settings with high numbers of TB cases.     

2010-2014年浙江省绍兴市涂阳肺结核患者耐药特征分析

目的 了解绍兴市肺结核病患者耐药状况及影响因素,为制定耐药结核病防制策略提供科学依据。方法 对2010-2014年期间在绍兴市就诊的涂阳肺结核病患者的痰标本进行培养,经鉴定为结核分枝杆菌的菌株进行异烟肼（isoniazid,INH）、利福平（rifampicin,RFP）、链霉素（streptomycin,SM）和乙胺丁醇（ethambutal,EMB）4种一线抗结核药物的敏感性测试。结果 检测的3042份结核分枝杆菌阳性标本总耐药率为11.28%,其中,初治患者耐药率9.11%,复治患者耐药率26.60%,耐药顺位由高到低依次为INH、SM、RFP和EMB;耐多药率为5.33%,初治患者耐多药率2.96%,复治患者耐多药率22.07%。结论 绍兴市肺结核耐药率总体低于全国水平,但复治患者耐多药率较高,应加大耐多药结核病防控措施。