显微外科修复在伴有大块软组织缺损下肢离断伤中的应用

目的 探讨显微外科手术修复在下肢毁损性离断、具备截肢适应证的治疗效果,努力保留肢体恢复功能.方法 对11例下肢完全毁损离断伤经过显微外科手术修复再植离断肢体,选择不同组织瓣修复缺损创面,提倡一期游离皮瓣修复.结果 11例完全离断的肢体再植成活,一期皮瓣修复巨大缺损者8例,二期皮瓣修复者3例,外观良好,功能满意.结论 应用显微外科技术修复小腿严重毁损离断伤可获得满意的临床效果,但应严格掌握截肢适应证;有感觉恢复,能负重,基本功能尚可的下肢比假肢更具人性化.     

前臂及手部毁损伤的急诊修复与功能重建

目的探讨前臂及手部毁损伤的急诊修复与功能重建方法。方法对16例前臂及手部毁损伤患者采用显微外科方法进行急诊修复与功能重建。软组织缺损面积4cm×5cm～20cm×8cm,均有不同程度的骨骼、肌腱、血管、神经的外露或缺损,其中患肢血供完全丧失8例,伴有大段血管缺损5例,伴有神经缺损3例。结果术后随访6月～5年,平均13月,16例全部成活,伤肢均获不同程度的功能恢复。结论前臂及手部的毁损伤是一种复杂而严重的损伤,正确评估损伤肢体的血循环及软组织的损伤程度和缺损的范围,确定缺损且要重建的结构,合理设计手术方案,采用显微外科方法急诊修复,恢复患肢血循环,同期或分期进行功能重建,恢复患肢功能,可以挽救一些符合截肢指征的肢体。     

股前外侧皮瓣治疗小腿严重毁损伤

目的探讨改良股前外侧皮瓣治疗小腿严重毁损伤的临床疗效。方法2003年1月- 2005年10月将股前外侧皮瓣切取成皮瓣、桥接血管、肌瓣三者并联的复合组织瓣,采用游离或带蒂转移的方法一期修复面临截肢的小腿毁损伤患者7例。结果7例皮瓣全部成活,肢体保留。术后获得随访3-18个月,肢体功能恢复满意,效果优良。结论应用改良的股前外侧皮瓣一期修复小腿严重毁损伤,皮瓣切取简单,伤肢血管、创面一次修复,供区隐蔽,创伤小,可获得良好的临床效果。     

四肢血管交通损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨总结交通伤四肢血管损伤显微外科治疗的临床效果.方法 应用显微外科技术修复交通伤四肢血管损伤68例.手术方法包括动静脉直接吻合33例、自体大隐静脉(长度5～12 cm)移植修复13例、人工血管(长度8～25 cm)移植22例.结果 术后随访6～12个月,损伤肢体存活良好并恢复功能65例,因肢体坏死截肢3例.结论 应用显微外科技术并选择适宜的血管重建方法、尽快恢复肢体血液循环,有助于降低截肢率.     

四肢主干血管损伤的急诊显微修复

目的 报道四肢主干血管损伤急诊显微修复和治疗的临床效果。方法 应用显微外科技术修复四肢主干血管开放性损伤76例79条血管，手术方法包括受损血管的显露、血管吻合和自体静脉移植术。结果 治愈73例，截肢2例，死亡1例。结论 对四肢主干血管开放性损伤的治疗是应尽快控制出血和恢复肢体血运，应用显微外科技术修复是肢体血液循环重建、肢体保护和功能恢复的保证。     

四肢主要动脉损伤的急诊显微外科修复56例

目的 探讨四肢主要动脉损伤的早期诊断及急诊显微外科修复的临床疗效。方法 对我科在1995年2月至2006年4月应用显微外科技术修复四肢主要动脉损伤56例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 治愈51例,截肢3例,主要原因是肢体的严重创伤或严重感染。死亡2例,主要原因均为严重颅脑外伤。本组51例均获随访,随访6个月～2年,患肢血运及功能良好,超声多普勒检查未见异常。结论 对周围主要血管损伤的应尽早诊断,应用显微外科技术进行急诊手术,尽快控制出血和恢复肢体血运,有助于提高治愈率和功能恢复。     

四肢主干血管损伤急诊显微外科修复的临床体会

目的通过对78例四肢主干血管急性损伤病例的诊治分析，探讨显微技术修复治疗的效果。方法对1993至2005年收治四肢主干血管急性损伤应用显微技术进行修复，直接血管修复38例，静脉移植24例，单纯修补16例。结果治愈75例，截肢2例，死亡1例。结果四肢主干血管急性损伤的治疗应尽快控制出血和恢复肢体血运，应用显微外科技术修复是肢体血液循环重建、肢体保护和功能恢复的保证。     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.