无锡地区不良妊娠结局妇女弓形虫感染及弓形虫病知识知晓率调查

目的 调查无锡地区不良妊娠结局妇女弓形虫感染情况及弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 方法 以2011年1月至2015年12月无锡市217例不良妊娠结局妇女作为研究对象（试验组）,以250例正常妊娠妇女作为对照。采用ELISA法检测并比较试验组和对照组血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率。采用自行设计的问卷对试验组和对照组妇女进行问卷调查,比较两组弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 结果 试验组妇女血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率为30.88%,显著高于正常妊娠妇女的8.80%（[χ2]= 36.70,P < 0.01）;抗弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体阳性率分别为20.74%和10.14%,显著高于对照组的6.00%和2.80%（[χ2]= 22.53和10.74,P 均 < 0.01）。此外,以胎停、自然流产、早产和出生缺陷为妊娠结局的妇女血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率及血清抗弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体阳性率均显著高于正常妊娠妇女（P均< 0.05）。试验组妇女对“你听说过弓形虫或弓形虫病吗？” （P < 0.01）、“你知道养宠物猫和犬会感染弓形虫吗？”（P < 0.05）和“你知道孕期需要进行弓形虫感染检查吗？”（P < 0.01）等3道问题的知晓率显著低于对照组,而两组妇女对“你知道吃火锅会感染弓形虫吗？”、“你知道家中砧板生熟不分可能会导致弓形虫感染吗？”、“你知道孕妇感染弓形虫会传给胎儿吗？”、“你知道孕期弓形虫感染会导致流产、死胎、胎儿畸形等不良妊娠结局吗？”和“你知道孕妇感染弓形虫需要治疗吗？”等问题的知晓率差异无统计学意义（P 均> 0.05）。结论 无锡市地区不良妊娠妇女弓形虫感染率显著高于正常妊娠妇女。考虑到孕妇感染弓形虫的危害以及孕妇对弓形虫病相关知识知晓率较低的现状,应进一步加大弓形虫病相关知识宣传和健康教育力度,特别是对备孕妇女开展有针对性的弓形虫病健康教育,以降低孕妇弓形虫感染率、提高优生优育水平。     

杭州市高危人群弓形虫感染血清流行病学调查

目的了解杭州市高危人群弓形虫感染和弓形虫病防治知识知晓情况。方法采用ELISA方法检测杭州市100例HIV/AIDS患者、100例恶性肿瘤患者、100例孕妇和100例健康对照者血清抗弓形虫抗体,对全部调查对象进行弓形虫病防治知识问卷调查。结果 HIV/AIDS、恶性肿瘤患者和孕妇血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为31%、30%和21%,均显著高于健康对照者的5%(χ~2=14.68,13.96和7.56,P均0.01)。孕妇对弓形虫病防治知识的知晓率整体较高,健康对照者对弓形虫病防治知识的知晓率整体较低;调查对象对"你知道弓形虫感染的危害吗?"、"你知道生食或食用未煮熟的肉类会感染弓形虫吗?"和"你知道接触被污染的土壤会感染弓形虫吗?"等问题的知晓率较低。结论杭州市HIV/AIDS、恶性肿瘤患者和孕妇等高危人群弓形虫感染率较高,且对部分弓形虫病防治知识知晓率较低。有必要加强对高危重点人群的弓形虫病防治知识健康教育,有效预防和控制弓形虫感染。     

孕妇弓形虫感染妊娠结局及危险因素调查

目的 目的 了解孕妇感染弓形虫感染后的妊娠结局及其危险因素。 方法 方法 2010-2013年采用酶联免疫吸附试验 （ELISA） 对在涿州市妇幼保健院行孕前检查的2 740例孕期妇女进行弓形虫IgM和IgG抗体检测并追踪随访, 观察其妊娠 结局; 采用问卷调查孕妇弓形虫感染的危险因素。 结果 结果 2 740例被调查的孕期妇女中, 弓形虫抗体检测阳性195例, 抗体 阳性率为7.12%, 其中IgM抗体阳性44例 （占22.56%）, IgG抗体阳性151例 （占77.44%）。随访结果表明, 195例感染弓形虫 的孕妇中41例出现不良妊娠结局 （占21.02%）, 包括32例IgM抗体阳性孕妇 （占78.05%） 和9例IgG抗体阳性 （占21.95%）; 未感染弓形虫孕妇6例出现不良妊娠结局 （占2.86%）, 两者差异有统计学意义 （P ＜ 0.05）。问卷调查表明, 与动物密切接 触、 喜吃生肉、 喜吃火锅或烧烤、 品尝生肉馅等是孕妇感染弓形虫的重要危险因素 （与未感染组比较, P ＜0.01）。 结论 结论 孕 妇感染弓形虫可导致不良妊娠结局的发生, 养成良好的生活卫生习惯是避免不良妊娠结局的有效途径。     

无锡地区孕妇弓形虫感染及危险因素调查

目的 调查江苏省无锡市孕妇弓形虫感染情况及其危险因素,为制定预防控制孕妇弓形虫感染措施提供参考依据。 方法 2011-2014年采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对3 014例孕妇进行抗弓形虫IgM和IgG抗体检测并追踪随访,观察其妊娠结局;采用问卷调查孕妇弓形虫感染的危险因素。 结果 3 014例被调查的孕妇中,弓形虫抗体检测阳性215例,抗体阳性率为7.13%,其中IgM抗体阳性49例（占22.79%）,IgG抗体阳性166例（占77.21%）。随访结果表明,215例感染弓形虫的孕妇中46例出现不良妊娠结局（占21.40%）,其中35例IgM抗体阳性（76.09%）,11例IgG抗体阳性（23.91%）。275例未感染弓形虫孕妇中,7例出现不良妊娠结局（占2.55%）。弓形虫感染和未感染孕妇不良妊娠结局发生率差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。单因素分析显示,与动物密切接触、喜吃生肉、喜吃火锅或烧烤、品尝生肉馅等是孕妇感染弓形虫的重要危险因素（与未感染组比较,P < 0.01）。 结论 孕妇弓形虫感染可导致不良妊娠结局的发生,减少动物密切接触、养成良好的饮食卫生习惯以及做好孕期弓形虫感染监测工作等是避免不良妊娠结局的有效途径。     

Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondi infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital,northwest Ethiopia

Objective: To determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and to assess the possible risk factors associated with the infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care center at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women. Three hundred eighty four serum samples were collected from November 2013 to January 2014. Data on socio-demographic and predisposing factors were collected from each study participant with simple random sampling technique. The serum samples were examined for anti- Toxoplasma gondii(T. gondii) antibodies using latex agglutination test. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among the pregnant women was 18.5%. All of T. gondii positive cases found to be positive only for Ig G antibody. Significant association was observed between seroprevalence and presence of domestic cats [AOR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.66-4.90, P=0.000], consumption of raw or undercooked meat [AOR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.15-2.43, P=0.014] and history of abortion [AOR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.40-4.34, P=0.002]. No significant association was observed between seroprevalence and socio-demographic characters, gestational age, gravidity, consumption of raw vegetable, and blood transfusion. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Bahir Dar town was relatively high. Presence of domestic cats at home and consumption of raw or undercooked meat were identified as main risk factors for T. gondii infection. Therefore, health education towards avoiding eating raw or undercooked meat and avoiding contact with cats are recommended for prevention of miscarriage or defects during pregnancy.     

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women using automated chemiluminescence and quantitative real time PCR

Objective: To identify serodiagnosis and quantification of Toxoplasma gondii(T. gondii) infection among pregnant women in Salmas, northwest of Iran. Methods: In this crosssectional study, 276 blood samples were collected from pregnant women referred to the health care centers in Salmas city. The demographic variables were also recorded. Titers of antiToxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies(Ab) were determined using the chemiluminescence immunoassay. Quantitative real-time PCR targeting the T. gondii repeated element gene was also performed on the blood sample. Results: Out of all, 19.92%(55/276) and 2.17%(6/276) patients were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM Ab, respectively. Moreover, the presence of T. gondii DNA was observed in 12.31%(34/276) blood samples. A significant relationship was observed between the IgG Ab seropositivity and contact with the cat as a risk factor(P=0.022). Conclusions: The seroprevalence rate of T. gondii infection in pregnant women is relatively low. Consequently, the seronegative pregnant women are at risk, and a considerable rate of positive blood samples for the presence of parasite's DNA should not be ignored. Besides, quantitative real-time PCR could be considered as an accurate method for diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis especially when the precise results are of the most importance in pregnancy. Limiting contact with cats is also suggested for pregnant women.     

芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率的研究

目的　探讨芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率，为芜湖地区孕妇弓形虫病防治提供参考。方法　采集芜湖市临产孕妇静脉血及新生儿足后跟血液，制成滤纸血片样本，应用环介导等温扩增技术检测临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率。结果　475例临产孕妇共检出阳性样本3例，平均阳性检出率为0.63%，其中< 20周岁孕妇（0/5）和高龄孕妇（0/24）阳性感染率均为0，适龄孕妇阳性感染率为0.67%（3/446）。新生儿检出阳性样本2例，垂直传播率为66.67%。结论　芜湖市临产孕妇存在弓形虫感染，且垂直传播率较高；孕妇应努力提高对弓形虫病潜在危险因素的认识，预防因弓形虫病带来的危害。     

芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率的研究

目的　探讨芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率，为芜湖地区孕妇弓形虫病防治提供参考。方法　采集芜湖市临产孕妇静脉血及新生儿足后跟血液，制成滤纸血片样本，应用环介导等温扩增技术检测临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率。结果　475例临产孕妇共检出阳性样本3例，平均阳性检出率为0.63%，其中< 20周岁孕妇（0/5）和高龄孕妇（0/24）阳性感染率均为0，适龄孕妇阳性感染率为0.67%（3/446）。新生儿检出阳性样本2例，垂直传播率为66.67%。结论　芜湖市临产孕妇存在弓形虫感染，且垂直传播率较高；孕妇应努力提高对弓形虫病潜在危险因素的认识，预防因弓形虫病带来的危害。     

Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in Slovenia by serological screening of pregnant women

A programme for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in Slovenia involving the screening of pregnant women for Toxoplasma infection is presented. Of 21,270 pregnant women screened for toxoplasmosis between, 1996 and the end of 1999, 13,987 (66%) were seronegative, 7,151 (34%) seropositive and 132 had primary infection; approximately 9/1,000 women were at risk of acquiring the primary infection. One hundred live-born infants of primary infected women were available for follow-up. Nine infected but asymptomatic children were born to mothers who were screened and treated in time and two congenitally infected babies were born to mothers in whom infection was detected too late in pregnancy and who therefore received no adequate treatment. It is suggested that the results obtained in this study outweigh the cost of screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Pregnant women should always be tested at the beginning of pregnancy and, in cases of seronegativity, should be re-tested in the second and third trimesters of the pregnancy. Toxoplasma primary infected pregnant women and neonates should be treated as soon as possible. However, long-term follow-up of children born to primary infected women would be necessary for an accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of the screening because of the possibility of late onset of symptoms.     

乙酰螺旋霉素联合阿奇霉素治疗孕期弓形虫感染的临床效果

目的 目的 探讨螺旋霉素联合阿奇霉素治疗孕期弓形虫感染的综合治疗方法。方法 方法 应用ELISA方法检测孕妇血清 特异性弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体, 并采用PCR方法检测羊水中弓形虫感染情况; 选取其中3例弓形虫IgM抗体阳性孕妇作为 治疗对象, 应用螺旋霉素联合阿奇霉素进行综合治疗, 通过血清学特异性抗体检测和PCR检测结果初步判断其疗效。结 结 果 果 经ELISA检测, 孕期妇女血清特异性弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体的阳性率分别为5.97% （17/285） 和1.05% （3/285）, 对3例血 清IgM抗体阳性孕妇的羊水进行PCR检测特异性弓形虫基因, 有2例呈阳性。经过2种药物的联合治疗, 这2例孕妇血清 特异性弓形虫IgM抗体滴度阴转, PCR检测产妇脐带血中弓形虫基因为阴性。结论 结论 螺旋霉素联合阿奇霉素治疗孕期弓 形虫感染安全、 有效。     

Elevated concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-12 and elastin degradation products in the sera of pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Although the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) appears to be increased in most inflammatory diseases, the role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, if any, is unknown. In a recent study in Taiwan, the serum concentrations of MMP-12 and its substrate elastin were evaluated in pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Compared with the healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women used as controls, the pregnant women with toxoplasmosis had significantly higher serum concentrations of MMP-12 and significantly higher levels of elastin synthesis and degradation. Interaction between MMP-12 and elastin in the serum samples was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. It seems possible that MMP-12 may contribute to elastin degradation occurring during the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women.     

弓形虫感染的影响因素与防治策略

作为一种分布广泛的人兽共患病,弓形虫病在孕妇及免疫缺陷的宿主中可产生严重的后果。许多因素包括的社会-人口、生物-生理、生活方式等都可以影响弓形虫的感染,采取控制传染源,切断传染途径,宣传教育易感人群等措施可以有效预防弓形虫感染,这对消除弓形虫感染,特别是对孕妇及胎儿群体的的健康危害具有积极意义。     

Toxoplasma gondii antibody profile in HIV-1-infected and uninfected pregnant women and the impact on congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ObjectiveCompare the anti-T. gondii IgG titer between HIV-1 infected and non HIV-1 infected pregnant women and report three cases of congenital toxoplasmosis resulting from reactivation of infection during pregnancy of HIV-1 infected women.MethodsThis study was conducted among 2,270 pregnant women with chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection (absence of IgM and presence of IgG), including 82 HIV-1 infected and 2,188 non-infected women.ResultsThe average anti-T. gondii IgG titer was 127 for the 2,188 non-HIV-1 infected women, and 227 for the 82 HIV-1-infected women (p = 0,007). These results suggested that higher anti-T. gondii IgG titers in HIV-1-infected pregnant women may not be indicative of an elevated risk for fetal infection. In this study three cases of congenital toxoplasmosis that resulted from infection reactivation during pregnancy of HIV-1-infected women were manifested by fetal death, symptomatic infection, and infant without symptoms, respectively. In two of these women, a ten-fold increase in IgG levels above used cutoff was observed (2,320 UI/mL and 3,613 UI/mL, respectively). In the third pregnant women anti-T. gondii IgG titers during pregnancy did not rise despite the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis (204; 198; 172 UI/mL).ConclusionsCongenital toxoplasmosis resulting reactivation of infection during pregnancy in the studied group leads us to believe that it is a public health problem, especially in our population, in which seroprevalence of T. gondii infections is high. These findings also suggest that special attention is necessary during pregnancy, because the serologic diagnosis may not be indicative of toxoplasmosis reactivation.     

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA and specific antibodies in high-risk pregnant women

Primary maternal infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is frequently associated with transplacental transmission to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect recent infections with Toxoplasma in pregnant women. One hundred forty-eight women with high-risk pregnancies who had abnormal pregnancy outcomes (cases) and 100 with normal pregnancies (controls) were tested for the presence of Toxoplasma DNA in their blood by a nested PCR and specific antibodies to Toxoplasma by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IgG results of the cases differed significantly from those of the controls (54% and 12%, respectively; P < 0.02). Four (2.7%) of the cases were IgM positive, but none of the controls were positive. Detection of Toxoplasma DNA in 20 (8.1%) of the IgG-positive cases suggests a recent infection. The risk factors associated with the infection were eating raw meat and contact with soil. The diagnostic serology of recent infection in early pregnancy could be confirmed by a positive Toxoplasma-specific PCR result in blood samples collected in the first half of pregnancy, even in the presence of serologic results difficult to interpret due to the lack of sequential follow-up during pregnancy.     

Toxoplasmosis-serological evidence and associated risk factors among pregnant women in southern Thailand

Toxoplasma gondii is an important parasite in pregnant women. This case-controlled study assessed the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in 640 pregnant women in southern Thailand and identified their associated risk factors. The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 181 (28.3%). Of this, 138 (21.6%) were positive for only anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, 43 (6.7%) were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies, and none were positive for IgM antibody. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-2.67), living outside Songkhla province (adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.08-2.24), parity (adjusted OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.01-2.68), contact with cats (adjusted OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.20-2.43), and drinking of unclean water (adjusted OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.08-2.68) were factors associated with Toxoplasma seroprevalence. On the basis of the results obtained, a health surveillance program should be initiated as a primary preventive measure for congenital toxoplasmosis and focus on educating women of the child-bearing age group to avoid contact with cats and to strictly practice personal hygiene.     

阿奇霉素抗弓形虫感染的体外实验研究

目的　为探索孕期弓形虫感染治疗效果好的药物。方法　本实验采用体外细胞培养技术 ,MTT(四甲基偶氮唑盐 )比色法 ,观察阿齐霉素抗弓形虫侵袭的猴肾细胞的活力及功能状态及通过透射电镜、扫描电镜观察猴肾细胞内弓形虫的形态、体积并超微结构的改变。结果　猴肾细胞的增殖在不同浓度的阿齐霉素加药组比未加药组差异均有显著性 ,P <0 0 1。经透射电镜观察发现 :虫体在药物作用下有的发生破裂、崩解 ,细胞内留下空泡 ,有的呈团块 ,没有明显的细胞器可见。扫描电镜观察显示猴肾细胞内的虫体与未加药组相比明显皱缩。结论　阿齐霉素具有很好的抗弓形虫效应 ,而对猴肾细胞无显著影响。这为阻断孕期弓形虫宫内垂直感染胎儿治疗时提供科学的实验依据     

孕早期妇女弓形虫感染对妊娠结局的影响

目的 目的 探讨孕早期妇女弓形虫感染对妊娠结局的影响。方法 方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测2 993例孕妇外周血 中弓形虫IgM和IgG抗体, 将感染者分为急性感染组、 既往感染组、 活动性感染组, 并从非感染者中随机抽取200 名孕妇作 为对照组, 对4组进行随访, 观察比较4组的妊娠结局。结果 结果 共检测出弓形虫感染者286例, 总感染率为9.56%（286/ 2 993）, 其中急性感染43例、 既往感染156例、 活动性感染87例; 以上3组及对照组不良妊娠结局发生率分别为13.95% （6/ 43）、 1.92% （3/156）、 5.75% （5/87） 和1.50% （3/200）。急性感染组和活动性感染组不良妊娠结局发生率与对照组比较, 差异 均有统计学意义 （P均＜0.05）; 既往感染组与对照组比较, 差异无统计学意义 （P＞0.05）。结论 结论 弓形虫急性感染和活动性 感染与孕早期妇女不良妊娠结局密切相关, 应将弓形虫IgM抗体检测作为育龄妇女孕前常规检查项目。     

河北省霸州地区不良妊娠史孕妇弓形虫感染状况调查

目的调查河北省霸州地区不良妊娠史孕妇弓形虫感染状况及其危险因素。方法选择2012年3月至2015年12月廊坊市第四人民医院妇产科接诊的不良妊娠史孕妇302例为调查对象(实验组),正常对照组为产前检查无异常妊娠史的孕妇197例。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测2组孕妇血清弓形虫IgG(TOX-IgG)和IgM抗体(TOX-IgM)含量。同时,对2组孕妇进行弓形虫感染危险因素问卷调查。收集整理数据并进行统计分析。结果实验组弓形虫抗体总阳性率为28.15%(85/302),对照组总阳性率为9.64%(19/197),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=24.76,P0.05)。其中实验组TOX-IgM阳性率为6.95%(21/302),TOX-IgG阳性率为18.54%(56/302),TOX-IgM和TOX-IgG同为阳性者占2.65%(8/302),均高于对照组的2.03%(4/197)、7.61%(15/197)和0(0/197)(χ~2值分别为6.07、11.67、3.76、P均0.05)。调查显示弓形虫感染孕妇中饲养宠物、菜板生熟不分、喜吃火锅或烧烤、吃生肉习惯、经常在外就餐等比例均明显高于未感染弓形虫的孕妇(χ~2值分别为22.57、3.96、5.87、7.40、4.86,P均0.05),提示上述不良生活或卫生习惯可能是孕妇感染弓形虫的重要危险因素。结论弓形虫感染可导致不良妊娠的发生。避免与宠物密切接触、不吃未煮熟的肉类以及加强个人卫生防护等是避免育龄妇女发生不良妊娠结局的有效途径。     

弓形虫病临床特征及诊治研究新进展

刚地弓形虫是一种专性细胞内寄生的机会致病原虫,可感染人及200多种动物,引起人兽共患弓形虫病。人类对弓形虫有较强的自然免疫力,感染后绝大多数无明显症状表现,或只出现亚急性弓形虫病,当机体免疫功能受损时,可出现多种临床表现。孕妇感染弓形虫可引起胎儿先天感染或引发流产、畸胎、死胎等。本文概述了弓形虫病的临床特征、诊断、预防及治疗等相关研究新进展。     

弓形虫既往感染在孕期内对胎儿的影响

目的探讨既往感染者孕期内弓形虫的活动情况及对胎儿的影响。方法对68例抗弓形虫抗体IgG阳性、IgM阴性孕妇的血清、脐血采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测弓形虫抗体IgG、IgM、弓形虫循环抗原（CAg）,PCR法检测虫体DNA;胎盘样本采用直接涂片、匀浆涂片及PCR法观察弓形虫感染情况。结果68例弓形虫抗体IgG阳性孕妇中脐血弓形虫抗体IgG阳性28例,IgG胎盘垂直传播率41.2%;脐血弓形虫DNA阳性6例,宫内感染发生率8.8%;胎盘组织中虫体DNA阳性9例,宫内感染发生率13.2%。结论既往弓形虫感染孕期内仍可导致垂直传播。