生理学应用PBL教学效果研究

目的：评价在生理学教学中应用“以问题为基础的学习”（Problem-Based Learning,PBL）的教学效果。方法：将本校2009级高护专业的两个教学班分别作为实验班（PBL）与对照班（以授课为基础的学习,Lecture-Based Leaming,LBL）,实验班采用PBL教学,对照班则全部采用LBL教学,采用期末考试成绩和问卷调查相结合的形式,进行教学效果的评估。结果：试验班的教学效果明显优于对照班。结论：在生理学教学中,采用PBL教学取得了满意的教学效果。     

PBL教学与多媒体结合在临床药理学教学中的应用

探索PBL（Problem-Based Learning）在临床药理学教学中的应用，分析多媒体对PBL教学的改进作用。方法：以泸州医学院临床医学专业2003级19-20班作为对照班，24-25班作为实验班，对照班采用以教师讲授为主的传统教学模式，实验班采用PBL教学与多媒体结合的教学模式。结果：PBI。教学与多媒体结合的教学模式能提高学生学习积极性和主动作用，加深对临床药理学内容的理解和应用，培养学生如何科学选药、制定最佳治疗方案的思维方法；考试成绩分析显示实验组学生成绩明显优于与对照组，P〈0．01。结论：PBL教学与多媒体结合的教学模式明显优于传统教学模式。     

生理学应用任务驱动法教学效果研究

目的:探讨任务驱动教学模式在生理学教学中的应用效果。方法:对试验班与对照班学生分别采用任务驱动教学模式和传统教学模式进行教学,采用期末考试成绩和问卷调查相结合的形式,进行教学效果的评估。结果:试验班的教学效果明显优于对照班。结论:任务驱动教学模式在生理学教学中具有明显的应用优势,它有利于激发学生的学习兴趣,充分调动学生的学习主动性与创造性,优于传统教学法。     

医用物理教学中PBL和LBL相结合的效果评估

目的：评价在医用物理教学中PBL结合LBL的教学效果。方法：将本院2005级预防医学专业和医学影像专业的两个本科教学班分别作为实验班（PBL班）与对照班（LBL班），实验班医用物理学在用LBL讲授完核心知识后采用PBL教学，对照班则全部采用LBL教学，采用期末考试成绩和问卷调查相结合的形式，进行教学效果的评估。结果：实验班与对照班学生基础知识部分成绩比较无显著性差异（t=1．44，P〉0．05）；而总成绩、综合应用部分成绩比较有显著性差异（t=3．64、t=5．54，P〈0．01），并且教学对象对PBL教学法的评价也明显优于传统教学法（P〈0．01）。结论：在医用物理教学中PBL和LBL相结合不但是可行的，而且是有效的。     

有效教学视域下《系统解剖学》“三课堂混合式教学”设计与应用效果

目的 对《系统解剖学》以有效教学理论为指导、促进学生有效学习为目的的“三课堂混合式教学”设计及其应用效果进行研究。方法 第1步，设计在有效教学理论指导下、促进学生有效学习的“三课堂混合式教学”与无系统设计的混合式教学；第2步，安排2021级临床医学专业2个自然班学生为研究对象，1个班为试验班，进行有效教学理论指导下，促进学生有效学习的“三课堂混合式教学”；另1个班为对照组，进行无系统设计的混合式教学。两组学生都进行了一个学期完整的教学实践后，收集所有相关的数据。结果 根据所得数据进行统计分析，发现试验班学生在课堂表现、综合作业、试验考试、理论考试和总评五个方面的成绩都优于对照班（P<0.05）；试验班学生在完成运用性题目、分析性题目和综合性题目得分高于对照班（P<0.05），在记忆性题目、理解性题目试验班也高于对照班，但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；学生对课程满意度也要优于无系统设计的混合式教学。结论 以有效教学理论指导下的“三课堂混合式教学”模式能更有效地激发学生学习主观能动性，提高“系统解剖学”的教学质量。     

基于“翻转课堂”的护理专业人体解剖学的探索与实践

目的分析"翻转课堂"应用于护理专业人体解剖学课程必要性,浅析"翻转课堂"背景下护理专业人体解剖学课程的探索和实践。方法 2015级护理学本科专业5班50人为试验班(采用"翻转课堂"教学模式进行教学),6班为对照班50人(采用传统教学模式进行教学),对学生的考试成绩进行统计学分析及问卷调查对教学效果进行评价。结果试验班考试成绩为(57.78±14.41)分,与对照班(48.02±14.24)分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验班问卷调查结果也取得较好的教学效果。结论人体解剖学"翻转课堂"课程教学模式可取得较传统教学法更好的教学效果,学生学习时间、场地更灵活,可以应用于护理学本科及其它专业人体解剖学教学中。     

在医学本科生教学中加强创新意识和科研技能培养的探索

目的: 探讨在本科生的病理生理学教学中加强创新意识和科研能力培养的可能方法和途径。方法:将学生随机分为改革班和对照班,在改革班的理论课教学中结合科学研究的实例分析,讲述科技创新意识的培养与科学研究之间的关系以及科学研究的方法;在实验课教学中将传统的验证性实验改为探索性科学研究实验。在对照班按常规方法进行理论课与实验课教学。结果:在科研技能方面,改革班学生普遍接受了科学研究全过程的培训;熟悉了有关科学研究的一些关键性环节;已撰写论文23篇,待发表7篇,还有15篇论文正在撰写中。在理论课考试中,改革班在科研能力分析测试题的得分显著高于对照班(n=1.010,P＜0.01)。结论:在医学本科生中加强创新意识和科研技能的培养可提高学生创造性思维以及独立分析和解决问题的能力,可望成为促进创新人才的成长和提高学生综合素质的途径之一。     

主线式PBL教学模式在医学教育中的应用

<正>主线式PBL(main-problem-based learning,M-PBL)是我们在多年教改实践中探索出以PBL为基础的一种创新的组合教学模式,包括主线式PBL,主线式单元串讲和病例讨论。主线PBL突出病理生理学课程内容的整体性和连贯性,主线单元串讲则强调各病理过程间的内在联系,病例讨论重在培养学生的临床综合思维能力。授课后对本校临床专业2012级1 155名中     

基于信息化的“探究式-小班化”教学的病理生理学教学模式探索#

目的:研究基于信息化的"探究式-小班化"教学模式在病理生理学本科教学中的应用效果,分析该模式目前存在的优缺点.方法:选择2022年春季病理生理学本科生70人为研究组研究对象,采用基于信息化的"探究式-小班化"教学模式进行教学,学期期末时通过调查问卷对学生进行调查;并与对照组2021年春季同层次班级的期末试卷成绩比较分析学习效果.结果:问卷调查结果显示,超过90％ 的学生对开展的信息化多种教学模式非常满意、满意或基本满意;最喜欢的教学模式为病案讨论和临床教师授课.与2021年春季病理生理学本科生试卷成绩比较显示,本年度试卷平均成绩明显提高,70分以下的占比明显降低(P<0.05).结论:基于信息化的"探究式-小班化"教学模式能提高本科生病理生理学的学习效果,促进教学相长,提高学生主动自主学习能力、团队合作能力,有利于培养学生的医学和科研素养,有推广应用价值.     

人体解剖学PBL教学模式的实践与思考

人体解剖学是研究正常人体形态结构的科学，是学习生理学、病理学和各临床学科的基础课程。解剖学名词多、内容繁杂、逻辑推理少，多以描述性语言为主，在传统的教学方法下，如何活跃课堂气氛、调动并激发学生的学习兴趣，一直是困扰教师的一个难题。为此，作者在2006级护理学本科专业的系统解剖学教学中，对传统的教学方式进行了一些改革性尝试，即结合授课内容，进行了小规模、阶段性的以问题为基础的学习模式（problem-based learning，PBL）的教学实践，收到了良好的效果，但也暴露了一些问题。本文就此次采用PBL教学模式的经验和存在的问题进行了总结。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.