左侧双椎动脉伴进入横突孔位置变异1例

患者女,41岁.因长期头晕,近日加重而来就诊.查体:血压14.6/10kPa.临床诊断:颈椎病,脑供血不足.彩超所见:左锁骨下动脉发出两条椎动脉(图1),并行一段后,位于后方的椎动脉(LVA2)进入第六颈椎[C6]横突孔,位于前方的椎动脉(LVA1)呈"挥鞭"样走行于C6横突前缘,于第六颈椎与第五颈椎(椎C6-5)间段前后两条血管并为一条椎动脉(LVA)上行入第五颈椎(C5)横突孔而后入颅(图2).右侧椎动脉走行正常.超声诊断:左侧双椎动脉伴入横突孔位置变异.     

左椎动脉走行异常的超声表现1例

患者男,42岁。因体检来院。超声检查见:左椎动脉自锁骨下动脉分出约2.8cm处突然折向椎静脉前上方行进约1.5cm后折向后下方,其夹角约呈40°,整个椎动脉管径无明显变化(图1)。CDFI见左椎动脉内呈红蓝血流信号;脉冲多普勒示左椎动脉内先呈收缩期正向双峰频谱,后转为收缩期负向双峰频谱,血流参数无明显差异。超声诊断:左椎动脉走行异常。后经血管造影证实。讨论彩色多普勒可显示椎动脉发自锁骨下动脉第一段的后上壁,多数情况下同时显示其前方的椎静脉。本例患者无动脉走行异常造成的不适,超声所见其内径无明显狭窄,对其供血无明显影响,但由于…     

超声用于椎动脉发育异常的检测

目的 探讨高频彩色多普勒超声检测椎动脉先天性发育异常的价值。方法 对77例临床可疑为椎．基底动脉供血不足的病人用高频超声观测椎动脉管腔结构、血管走行、血流动力学等变化。结果 在可疑椎．基底动脉供血不足的病人中，椎动脉先天性发育异常率为31％，其中，一侧椎动脉先天性狭窄率为27％，3例为椎动脉穿人颈椎横突孔的位置异常，1例椎动脉颈段呈C型弯曲。结论 高频超声能清晰显示椎动脉颈段及颈椎横突孔之间的椎骨段，由此能判断椎动脉颅外段是否存在先天性发育异常，可做为头晕病人的常规检测项目。     

颈部硬膜外注射治疗法治疗颈性眩晕125例

颈性眩晕是门诊上较为常见病之一.该病由颈椎骨质退变增生发生在钩突关节处,或椎体不稳致使钩椎关节松动,使横突孔出现移位而刺激或压迫椎动脉及周围交感神经,引起椎动脉痉挛、扭曲与狭窄,造成椎-基底动脉供血不足,表现为眩晕为主的临床症状,称为椎动脉型颈椎病[1].     

临床罕见的迷走右锁骨下动脉一例

[病例] 男,47岁.因胸主动脉CT示胸主动脉夹层,胸主动脉附壁血栓(图1见封3),在全麻下行覆膜支架腔内隔绝术.取右桡动脉行有创动脉血压监测,术中左前斜30°造影发现主动脉弓部血管变异,自右向左依次为右锁骨下动脉、右颈总动脉、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉,右椎动脉起始于右颈总动脉,夹层破口距左锁骨下动脉起始部3 cm.将收缩压控制在100 mmHg,经右股动脉切开,于左锁骨下动脉起始部置入覆膜支架一枚.     

经颅多普勒超声（TCD）误诊椎动脉起始闭塞为锁骨下动脉窃血综合征的分析

锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）与椎动脉闭塞性疾病均大多由于动脉硬化或动脉炎所致,均可导致椎基底动脉供血不足。现报告6例误诊为锁骨下动脉窃血综合征的椎动脉起始闭塞并分析原因。     

彩超诊断先天性椎动脉入横突孔位置异常

目的探讨先天性椎动脉入横突孔位置异常的超诊断及意义。方法2002年1月-2005年1月，200侧疑诊为椎动脉型颈椎病患者接受颅外段椎动脉彩超检查，男，125例，女75例，利用二维图像及彩色血流观测椎动脉。结果36例椎动脉颈段入横突孔位置异常。18例从第五横突孔穿入，12例从第四横突孔穿入，6例从第三横突孔穿入。36例患者中除3例双侧颈段均入横突孔位置异常外，余均为单侧，彩超表现为椎动脉颈段均不同程度延长，绕过第六横突孔，颈段椎动脉明显高于椎体段椎动脉，行走于前一椎骨的强回声之上，弯曲进入下一椎体的横突孔内，呈“挥鞭”样改变。此处可探及高速血流频谱信号。结论彩超可诊断先天性椎动脉入横突孔位置异常，具有较高的临床意义。     

血管内支架置入术治疗盗血综合征的护理干预

盗血综合征是指锁骨下动脉起始部到椎动脉段严重狭窄或闭塞而引起患肢缺血,患肢经椎动脉窃取颅底动脉环的血至椎动脉以远的锁骨下动脉,以缓解肢体的缺血症状,最终导致脑供血不足。随着神经介入放射技术的迅速发展,锁骨下动脉介入     

先天颈部血管发育异常超声表现1例

患者男,56岁,主因胸闷气短来我院就诊,于我科进行彩色多普勒超声检查时发现其颈部血管发育异常.超声显示:心内结构及血流未见明显异常;于胸骨上窝处可显示主动脉弓及其发出的两个分支,分别沿两个分支血管走行追踪,两分支偏左侧者为左锁骨下动脉,偏右侧一支从主动脉弓发出后又分为两支,左向右分别为左、右颈总动脉,由于患者肺气影响,此切面主动脉弓末端显示不清(图1),于右锁骨上窝可显示右锁骨下动脉,但其起始段显示不清;双侧颈动脉内中膜增厚,最厚处约1.1mm,颈总动脉内可见不均质斑块,血流频谱未见明显异常.     

椎基底动脉供血不足性眩晕与血管结构异常

背景:近年来国外有研究报道称血管结构异常是椎基底动脉供血不足眩晕发病的主要形态学基础,但国内极少有关于椎基底动脉供血不足的血管结构异常的报道。目的:观察椎基底动脉供血不足性眩晕患者血管结构异常的数字减影血管造影表现及临床意义。设计:病例分析。单位:南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院(无锡市第二人民医院)神经内科及南华大学附属怀化医院神经内科。对象:2003-08/2004-05在南华大学附属怀化医院神经内科就诊及2004-10/2005-05在南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院(无锡市第二人民医院)神经内科就诊、以发作性眩晕,恶心或呕吐症状的门诊及住院患者57例。方法:对两年来收治的57例椎基底动脉供血不足性眩晕患者行数字减影主动脉弓及全脑血管造影:采用股动脉穿刺逆行血管造影法,以预灌装针筒形式供应的Optiray(安射力)非离子型造影剂行主动脉弓造影。数字减影机从多角度显示双侧颈动脉、椎动脉,范围包括颈总动脉起始至颈内动脉虹吸弯,由2位神经科医生分别进行测量和评价。主要观察指标:主动脉弓、颈内动脉及椎基底动脉系统血管结构异常的类型、分布及比例。结果:参加实验57例患者,1例患者因左椎动脉不能进入而放弃。1例在行主动脉弓造影时并发大面积脑梗死手术中止。进入结果分析55例。经检查发现共有71%(39/55)患者存在颈及颅内血管结构异常,单纯前循环病变占11%(6/55);后循环病变占60%(33/55),其中合并有前循环异常的复合病变9例(16%),累及两条或两条以上血管的共24例(24/55,44%),以椎动脉合并其他血管狭窄最为常见;其余16例(16/55,29%)造影未见血管结构异常。结论:各种类型的血管结构异常是椎基底动脉供血不足性眩晕的主要病因,诊断椎基底动脉供血不足眩晕的金标准应为数字减影血管造影。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.