A rare case of granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We report a rare case of infective granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that may be mistaken for prostatic carcinoma, both on clinical examination and transrectal sonography (TRUS). A large hypoechoic mass was detected in the prostate of a 46-year-old man during TRUS and histopathologic examination after TRUS-guided biopsies reported the diagnosis of tuberculous prostatitis. We herein describe the clinical and TRUS findings of this case.     

Correlations among prostatic biopsy results, transrectal ultrasound findings and PSA levels in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in relation to prostatic biopsy results and to analyze their individual and combined performances in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC). METHODS: Men (n=143) with PSA levels above 4 ng/ml underwent TRUS and randomized ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy through the peripheral zone, including additional hypoechoic nodules biopsies, if they were noted on TRUS. Data related to TRUS, biopsy, and PSA level results were then correlated. RESULTS: A significant correlation between TRUS images suspicious for PAC and a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of PAC, or between the lack of such images and a negative biopsy result, was not found. However, a significant correlation was found between positive biopsy results and PSA levels greater or equal to 10 ng/ml. The sensitivity of transrectal ultrasound in making a diagnosis of PAC was 63%, whereas its specificity was 73%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that while the separate performances of these examinations were not effective in diagnosing PAC, the integrated use of these methods was more adequate for making the diagnosis.     

肉芽肿性前列腺炎经直肠CEUS表现:5例报道并文献复习

目的 观察肉芽肿性前列腺炎（GP）的经直肠CEUS特征。方法 回顾性分析5例经病理证实的GP患者的超声资料,分析其常规超声和经直肠CEUS表现及病理结果。结果 5例均表现为前列腺外腺低回声结节,其中4例CEUS均表现为增强早、强度高,病理证实为非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎（NSGP）;1例无增强,病理证实为特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎（SGP）。结论 SGP及NSGP的CEUS表现无明显特异性。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法的价值

目的评价经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用，以期寻找有助于提高前列腺癌（Prostatic Cancer PCa）检出率的手段或方法。方法对151例前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigenPSA）升高（〉4ug／L）和（或）TRUS发现有结节的患者在经直肠超声引导下经会阴行前列腺改良穿刺活检，穿刺标本送病理检查。结果151例患者中，共检出PCa49例（32％），上皮内瘤12例（8％），慢性炎症48例（32％），良性增生42例（28％）。与标准系统穿刺法相比，改良穿刺法可将PCa的检出率提高18％。本组资料有25例（17％）的患者术后出现血尿，无其它并发症发生。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法，有助于提高PCa的检出率。     

超声引导穿刺活检确诊无症状性炎性前列腺炎

目的回顾性总结无症状性炎性前列腺炎（asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis，AIP）的临床和声像图特征。 方法1468例次患者因为怀疑前列腺癌而行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，其中84例确诊为AIP。 结果59例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高（〉4ng／ml），占70．2％（59／84），范围为4．3～45．3ng／ml，平均17．3ng／ml；32例声像图显示前列腺外腺有局限性低回声病灶，4例为外腺弥漫性低回声病变，另外48例声像图未发现前列腺外腺病灶。 结论AIP患者可以出现前列腺外腺低回声病变，但大部分患者前列腺外腺无声像图异常，AIP的最终确诊仍然需要前列腺液检查或穿刺活检。     

Specificity and accuracy of TRUS-measured PSA-density and transition zone-PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Between 4 and 15 ng/ml serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has a low specificity for prostate cancer (PCa). One accepted method to enhance this specificity is transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-measured PSA-density (PSA-D). We compared this method with a new alternative, transition zone PSA (PSA-TZ). We measured total and transition zone prostatic volumes by TRUS and calculated PSA-D and PSA-TZ in 59 patients with suspicion of PCa and PSA between 4 and 15 ng/ml. All patients then had sextant biopsies of the prostate, 30 were positive for PCa and 29 showed benign tissue. With a cut-off value of 0.35, PSA-TZ had a positive predicted value of 77% for PCa, whereas PSA-D, with a cut-off value of 0.12, had a positive predicted value of 55%. Our data suggest PSA-TZ to be more reliable for avoiding unnecessary biopsies in patients with PCa suspicion and serum PSA below 15 ng/ml. PSA-TZ, calculated by TRUS, enhances the specificity of PSA for needle biopsy diagnosis of PCa.     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺在前列腺疾病中的诊断价值

【目的】探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下前列腺穿刺活检术在前列腺疾病诊断中的价值。【方法】收集前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）升高、经 TRUS发现前列腺异常的患者105例进行超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术,采用经直肠6点穿刺法取组织条送病检。【结果】105例患者中前列腺炎3例、前列腺增生38例,前列腺癌64例,取材成功率100％,无血精、前列腺脓肿、败血症等严重并发症发生。【结论】超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺疾病的重要方法,其安全简便、准确性和成功率高,能有效的进行良恶性的鉴别及组织学诊断。     

经直肠彩超引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺微小癌的临床意义

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺结节穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断意义。方法对30例血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)<4.0ng/ml经直肠前列腺超声检查中发现的可疑结节进行穿刺活检。结果30例前列腺结节中前列腺增生17例,前列腺增生并炎症11例,前列腺结核1例,前列腺癌2例。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺结节穿刺活检有助于提高前列腺癌的诊断。     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺活检的临床应用

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在诊断前列腺疾病中的临床应用。方法对36例前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉4ng／ml或直肠指检（DRE）有结节或经直肠超声发现有异常的患者，行经直肠超声引导6针系统活检加异常区域处1～2针活检。结果36例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，检出良性前列腺增生20例，占55．6％，前列腺癌9例，占25％，前列腺轻度不典型增生4例，占11．1％，前列腺良性增生合并前列腺炎性改变3例，占8．3％。无严重的并发症。结论经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术有助于前列腺疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断，为临床进一步诊治提供了依据。     

Transrectal ultrasound appearance of granulomatous prostatitis

Granulomatous prostatitis is an uncommon condition that can masquerade as prostatic carcinoma on both digital rectal exam and prostate ultrasound. It occurs most often after acute urinary tract infection, transurethral prostate resection, or needle biopsy. It can be seen in systemic granulomatous diseases and after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder carcinoma. In some cases it is idiopathic. Six patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound of the prostate and subsequent transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy had histologic diagnosis of granulomatous prostatitis. One patient was undergoing BCG therapy for bladder cancer. Two patients had recent urinary tract infections. The other three patients had no known predisposing conditions. Sonographically, the glands were enlarged in five patients, with multiple large and small hypoechoic zones throughout the peripheral, transition, and central zones. The appearance was similar to that seen in diffuse prostatic carcinoma. In one patient, a solitary hypoechoic lesion in the peripheral zone, indistinguishable from carcinoma, was present. Granulomatous prostatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal and diffuse abnormality with prostatic ultrasound.     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎 (NSGP)诊断中的临床价值。方法　回顾分析 5 87例疑前列腺癌经超声引导下穿刺活检证实的 6例NSGP的临床资料。结果　 3例NSGP病灶位于前列腺周围区 ,2例为弥漫型 ,病灶呈低回声 ,难以同前列腺癌鉴别 ,另有 1例未显示病灶 ,经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断为NSGP。结论　经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检具有准确 ,安全等优点 ,是诊断NSGP的有效方法之一。     

Contrast-enhanced US of the prostate with time/intensity curves: Preliminary results

PurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography using second-generation contrast agent in the study of patients with focal prostate lesions and increased serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.Materials and methodsSix consecutive patients (age range: 72–87 years) with increased PSA (≥4 ng/ml) underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) followed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with injection of second-generation contrast agent. All patients showed areas of abnormal echostructure suspicious for neoplastic lesions. On the basis of CEUS, a time/intensity curve of the suspected area was compared to that of a normal-appearing distant area of the gland and to the results of biopsy of the hypoechoic area.ResultsAt CEUS two different patterns of enhancement were identified and considered to be significant: pattern 1 characterized by a rapid rise in the time/intensity curve of the suspected area compared with the normal gland. Two out of six patients had this pattern and biopsy showed cancer in the biopsied area. Pattern 2 was characterized by a similar rise in the time/intensity curve of the suspected area compared with the normal gland. Four out of six patients had this pattern and biopsy showed prostatitis in the biopsied area.ConclusionsCEUS using second-generation contrast agent can on the basis of time/intensity curves show differences in vascularization in normal and pathological tissue. Evaluation of the two patterns seems to be useful for identifying areas requiring biopsy, particularly when peripheral hypoechoic areas are observed at TRUS. Our data need to be confirmed in a larger patient population.     

前列腺低回声灶和PSAD对前列腺癌的诊断价值

术前经直肠超声检出前列腺低回声灶65例,范围0.5-2.0cm^2,84.61%位于移行区,病检证实前列腺癌（PCa)35例（53.84%),前列腺上皮内瘤（PIN）13例（20%）。结节增生17例（26.15%)。以PSA10ng/ml和PSAD0.1为界值,对PCa和PIN的敏感性是52%和85%A,特异性90%和56%,阳性预测值90%和71%,本研究提示,前列腺弱回声灶和PSAD较单一指标能提高对前列腺癌的检出率。     

非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎4例临床病理观察

目的观察非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎的临床病理特点。方法通过光镜、免疫组化和特染方法，对4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎穿刺组织进行病理组织学观察。结果4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎均表现尿路梗阻症状，肛门指诊前列腺质硬、结节感；3例临床印象前列腺癌，1例血PSA高于正常。镜下炎症以前列腺导管及腺泡为中心呈小叶状分布，导管及腺泡有不同程度的炎症和破坏，部分区域导管及腺泡结构消失，可见淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮样组织细胞弥漫性浸润，上皮样组织细胞LCA和CD68( )。结论组织形态、免疫组化、特染和病史相结合可以正确诊断该病。     

前列腺癌的声像特征及血清PSA与Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性研究

目的探讨前列腺癌（PCa）患者的声像图、血清PSA与PCa Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性。方法回顾性分析经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检确诊的220例PCa患者的临床资料和声像图表现。采用Spearman等级相关分析和秩和检验,分析血清PSA水平与Gleason评分、临床分期的关系。结果超声显示有异常回声结节178例,其中145例为低回声结节,42例在声像图上未发现异常。PCa患者Gleason评分越高,临床分期越晚,PSA值越高。血清PSA水平分别与Gleason评分（r=0．275,P〈0．01）、临床分期（r=0．314,P〈0．01）呈正相关;Gleason评分与临床分期亦呈正相关（r=0．325,P〈0．01）。结论前列腺内部低回声结节是PCa主要超声表现,血清PSA与Gleason评分和PCa临床分期有关,该指标可作为判断PCa预后的指标。     

经直肠超声对2 920例前列腺疾病的分析

目的探讨经直肠检查前列腺疾病的声像图特征。方法对2920例15～94岁经直肠超声检查前列腺疾病的资料进行回顾性分析。结果正常前列腺患者375人，前列腺增生2222人，前列腺炎143人，单纯前列腺结石132人，单纯前列腺囊肿11人，前列腺结石及囊肿11人，前列腺癌26人。结论经直肠超声检查前列腺较经腹超声能够提供更准确的前列腺体积及细微结构信息，但在诊断前列腺炎及前列腺癌疾病中，其敏感性和特异性仍有待提高。     

Prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume: A meta-analysis of prostate cancer screening criteria

Objective: To establish the value of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatespecific antigen per unit volume of prostate gland (PSAD) in detecting prostate carcinoma (CaP) in a hypothetical screening algorithm, a meta-analysis of the sensitivities, specificities, predictive values and likelihood ratios were combined from the published data. Data Sources: Journal articles identified by a MEDLINE database search from 1988 to October 1992, using prostate-specific antigen as a key word were used to calculate the distribution of PSA in healthy men, men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and men with prostate carcinoma (CaP) Study Selection: Only studies that contained the specified serum PSA values and patient outcomes were included. Data Extraction: The distributions of the serum PSA were plotted versus serum PSA for healthy men (2567), men with BPH (798) and men with CaP (835) from the abstracted data. Prostate volume distributions were estimated from the published transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) calculations. Data Synthesis: Hypothetical cohorts of 1,000 men between the ages of 60 and 70 years were screened using three different screening decision algorithms. Using a serum PSA cutoff of 3.0 ng/ml for referral for transrectal biopsy, 59 of 80 (74%) CaP would be detected and 21 (26%) would be missed. 209 transrectal biopsies would be performed, and 150 (72%) of them would be negative for CaP. Using a serum PSA cutoff of 4.0 ng/ml, 52 of 80 (65%) CaP would be detected and 28 (35%) would be missed. 146 transrectal biopsies would be performed, and 94 (64%) of them would be unnecessary. Using a cutoff of 2.0 ng/ml for serum PSA and 0.1 ng/ml/cc for PSAD, 55 of 80 (69%) of the cancers would be detected and 25 (31%) would be missed. Only 84 transrectal biopsies would be performed, and 29 (35%) of them would be negative for cancer. Conclusion: This algorithm maximizes the number of cancers detected (true-positive cases) and at the same time reduces the number of false-positive cases, minimizing the number of patients who would have to receive an unnecessary transrectal biopsy, compared to using a serum PSA cutoff of 3.0 or 4.0 ng/ml. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺并发直肠大出血及其处理

目的　探讨经直肠超声 (transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的直肠大出血及其处理方法。方法　回顾性总结 10 96例次 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的 11例直肠大出血的临床资料。结果　在 11例患者中 ,前列腺癌 (prostatic carcinoma,PCA) 5例 ,良性前列腺增生 (benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH) 4例 ,前列腺上皮内肿瘤 (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm ,PIN) 1例 ,前列腺炎 1例 ;7例直肠大出血自行停止 ,4例出血不止 ,并出现生命体征异常 ,需要局部止血和输血。结论　尽管 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检可能引起多种并发症 ,但一般不需处理 ,即便并发直肠大出血也能有效地治疗 ,因此 ,它仍然是诊断前列腺癌的可靠方法。     

Correlation between hypoechoic nodules on ultrasonography and benign hyperplasia in the prostatic outer gland.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to study the correlation between hypoechoic nodules detected on ultrasonography and benign hyperplasia in the prostatic outer gland (POG) diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsies. METHODS: The TRUS-guided biopsies were performed on 472 patients suspected of having prostate cancer. Specimens obtained by biopsies were independently assessed by pathologists at 3 hospitals. RESULTS: The histologic results of 310 patients (65.68%) were benign. Focal hypoechoic nodules located in the POG were found in 240 patients (50.8%) on TRUS scans. Among them, in 22 patients (9.17% of the 240 patients with hypoechoic nodules), benign hyperplasia was found in focal hypoechoic nodules located in the POG. Focal nodules were seen as well circumscribed with an ovoid shape and smooth surface in 18 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Benign hyperplasia may sometimes originate in the POG and may appear as a hypoechoic nodule, similar to the appearance of prostate cancer.     

前列腺癌经直肠超声声像特征

本文分析了172例可疑前列腺癌者经腔内超声及其引导下穿刺活检确诊的49例前列腺癌的声像学特征。认为前列腺癌除了主要表现为低回声型特点外,尚可出现其它回声类型改变及一些间接征象。前列腺介入性超声及其指引下的穿刺活检是前列腺癌诊断及疗效随访的主要方法。